MAWLANA BHASHANI SCINCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

Santosh, Tangail – 1902

ASSIGNMENT
Department: Computer Science and Engineering
Assignment No: 01
Assignment On: Techniques of Differentiation, The Product and Quotient
Rules, Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
Course Title: Differential Calculus and Coordinate Geometry
Course Code: CSE1107

Submitted by, Submitted to,

Name: Md. Adnin Zahid Ropun Mr. Saikh Shahjahan Miah

ID: CE23017 Assistant Professor
Name: Tanvir Ahammed Lisan Dept. of Mathematics, MBSTU
ID: CE23018
Name: Ranok Ferdous Haque
ID: CE23019
Name: Amimul Ihsan Tamim
ID: CE23020

Session: 2022-23
Year: 1st Semester: 1st
Dept. of CSE, MBSTU

Date of Performance: 20.09.2023 Date of Submission: 22.09.2023

SECTION 3:
INTERODUCTON TO TECHNIQUES OF DIFFERENTIATION:
The derivative of a function at a point tells us the rate at which the value of the function is
changing at that point. Geometrically, we can think of the derivative as the slope of the curve
or of the tangent line at the point. We consider a variety of points, the derivative generally
takes on different values at different points and itself a function.

For any function f , we define the derivative function, fˊ, by

f (x +ℎ) −f ( x)
f ˊ( x ) = Rate of change of f at x = lim
ℎ→ 0 ℎ
DERIVATIVES OF A CONSTANT:
The graph of a constant function y = f(x) = c is a horizontal line, with a slope of 0
everywhere. Therefore, its derivative is 0 everywhere.

If f ( x )=k , then fˊ( x ¿=0

Slope = 0

The tangent line to the graph of f(x) = c has slope 0 for all x

Figure 2.3.1

2.3.1 THEOREM:
The derivative of a constant function is 0; that is, if c is any real number, then

d
[c ]=0
dx
DERIVATIVES OF A POWER FUNCTIONS:
A power of function is a function of the form f(x) = ax 2, where ' a ' is a constant and ‘n’ is a
real number. To find the derivative of a power function with respect to ‘x’, we can use the
power rule . The power rule states that if we have a function of the from f (x)=xn , then its
derivative is given by:

d
[x ]=1
dx

The tangent line to the graph of f(x) = x

has slope 1 for all x

Figure 2.3.2

PROOF: Let f ( x )=x n .Thus,from the definition of a derivative and the binomial formula for
expanding the expression (x +ℎ)n, we obtain

d n
[ x ]=fˊ ( x )=lim f ( x+ ℎ ) − f (x) =lim ¿ ¿ ¿
dx ℎ→ 0 ℎ ℎ→ 0

¿ lim
[ x n+ n x n − 1 ℎ+
n ( n −1 ) n − 2 2
2! ]
x ℎ +…+ ℎn − x n

ℎ→ o ℎ

n(n− 1) n − 2 2
n x n −1 ℎ+ x ℎ +…+ nx ℎ n− 1+ ℎn
2!
¿ lim
ℎ→ 0 ℎ

¿ lim ¿ ¿
ℎ→ 0

n −1
¿n x +0+0+ …+0
n −1
¿n x

2.3.2 THEOREM (The Power Rule):

If n is a positive integer, then
 d n n−1
[x ]=n x
dx

DERIVATIVE OF A CONSTANT TIME A FUNCTION:

When finding the derivative of a function of the form f(x) = c ∙ f (x ),where ‘c’ is a constant
and ‘ f (x)’ is a differentiable function of ‘x’, The constant ‘c’ remains a constant and is not
affected by differentiation. In the derivative formula, the constant ‘c’ is simply multiplied by
the derivative of the function g ’( x).

d cf ( x+ℎ ) − cf (x )
[ cf ( x ) ]=lim
dx ℎ→ 0 ℎ

f ( x +ℎ ) − f (x )
¿ lim c [ ]
ℎ→ 0 ℎ

f ( x +ℎ ) − f (x )
¿ c lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

d
¿c [f ( x ) ]
dx

DERIVATIVES OF SUMS AND DIFFERENCES:

Derivative of sum:
If we have a function of the form f (x)=g (x)+ℎ (x), where g(x) and h(x) are both
differentiable functions of x then the derivative of the sum is found by taking the sum of the
derivatives of the individual function:

fˊ ( x )=gˊ ( x )+ hˊ(x )

Derivative of a difference:
If we have a function of the from f (x)=g (x)−ℎ (x),where g(x) and h(x) are both
differentiable function of x, then the derivative of the difference is found by taking the
difference of individual function:

fˊ ( x )=gˊ ( x ) − hˊ(x )

Proof:

d [ f ( x +ℎ )+ g ( x +ℎ ) ] −[f ( x )+ g ( x ) ]
dx
[ f ( x ) + g ( x ) ] =lim
ℎ
ℎ→ 0
 f ( x+ℎ ) − f (x) g ( x+ℎ ) − g(x)
¿ lim + lim
ℎ→ 0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ

d d
¿
dx
[ f ( x ) ] + dx [ g ( x )]

Higher Derivatives:
The derivative f ´ of a function f is itself a function and hence may have a derivative of its
own. If f ´ is differentiable, then its derivative is denoted by f '' and is called the second
derivative of f . As long as we have differentiability, we can continue the process of
differentiating to obtain third, fourth, fifth, and even higher derivatives of f . These successive
derivatives are denoted by
' ' '' ' '' ' '
f , f =( f ) , f =( f ) , f ( 4 )=( f ) , f (5 )=( f (4 ) ) ,… .
'' '' ''

If y = f ¿ ), then successive derivatives can also be denoted by

y ' , y ' ' , y ' '' , y '' ' , y (5 ) ,.. .

Other common notations are,

dy d
= [f ( x )]
'
y=
dx dx

[ ]
2 2
d y d d ( )
y =
''
2
= [ f x ] = d 2 [f ( x )]
d x dx dx dx

[ ]
3 2 3
d y d d
y =
' ''
3
= 2
[ f ( x )] = d 3 [f ( x )]
d x dx d x dx

These are called, in succession, the first derivative, the second derivative, the third derivative,
and so forth. The number of times that f is differentiated is called the order of the derivative.
A general nth order derivative can be denoted by
n n
d y ( n) ( ) d
n
=f x = n [ f ( x ) ]
dx dx

and the value of a general nth order derivative at a specific point x=x 0 can be denoted by

ⅆn y
ⅆ xn | x=x 0
(n )
=f ( x 0 )=
ⅆn
ⅆ xn
[ f ( x ) ]|x= x 0
Example:

Differentiate with respect to x (1-11):

1. x 4

d 4
Solution 1: ( x ) =4 x 4 −1=4 x 3
dx

2. t12

d 12
Solution 2: ( t ) =12t 12 −1=12 t 11
dx

3. 4x7

d
Solution 3: ( 4 x 7 )=28 x 7 −1=28 x 6
dx

4. -3x12

d
Solution 4: ( −3 x 12 )=− 36 x 12 −1=− 36 x 11
dx
2
x +1
5.
5

( )
2
d x +1 1 ( 2 −1 ) 1
Solution 5: = 2 x +0 = (2 x)
dx 5 5 5

π
6.
x

Solution 6:
d π
()
dx x
=π
d −1
dx
(x )

−2
¿−π x
2
7. ( 3 x 2+ 1 )

d
( 3 x 2+1 ) =2 ( 3 x2 +1 ) d ( 3 x 2+1 )
2
Solution 7:
dx dx
 d
¿ 12 x ( 3 x + 1 ) +
2
( 1 )=12 x(3 x 2 +1)
dx

8. −3 x 8 +2 √ x

d
Solution 8: ( −3 x 8 +2 √ x ) = d ( −3 x 8 ) + d ( 2 √ x )
dx dx dx
1
1 −1 1
¿ −24 x7 +2 × x 2 =− 24 x 7+
2 2√x

1 7
9. − ( x +2 x −9)
3

Solution 9:
d 1
dx 3 { 1 d
}
3 dx
d
dx
d
− ( x 7 +2 x − 9 ) =− { ( x 7 )+ 2 ( x ) − ( 1 )
dx

1 6
¿ − (7 x + 2)
3

1
10. √ 2 x +( )
√2
d 1 d d 1
Solution 10: {√ 2 x +( )}=√ 2 (x)+ ( )=√ 2
dx √2 dx dx √2
11. 3 x 8 − 2 x 5 +6 x +1

d
Solution 11: ( 3 x 8 − 2 x 5 +6 x +1 )= d ( 3 x 8 ) − d ( 2 x 5 ) + d ( 6 x )+ d ( 1 )
dx dx dx dx dx
7 4
¿ 24 x −10 x +6

12. At what points, if any, does the graph of y=x 3 −3 x +4 have a horizontal tangent line?

Solution 12: Horizontal tangent lines have slope zero, so we must find those values of x for
which y ' ( x )=0. Differentiating yields

d 3
'
y ( x )= [ x −3 x +4 ]=3 x 2 − 3
dx

Thus, horizontal tangent lines occur at those values of x for which 3 x 2 −3=0 , that is, if x =
−1 or x = 1. The corresponding points on the curve y=x 3 −3 x +4 are (−1, 6) and (1, 2).
Exercise:
Find ' ( x ) :

−3 1
1. f ( x )=x + 7
x

Solution 1:
dx(
d −3 1
x dx )
d − 3 d −7
x + 7 = ( x ) + ( x ) =−3 x −7 x
dx
−4 −8

3 7
¿− 4
− 8
x x
1
2. f ( x )= √ x +
x

√ x + = ( x 2 + x− 1)= ( x 2 )+
1 1
Solution 2:
d
dx ( 1
)d
x dx
d
dx
d 1
=
1
()
dx x 2 √ x
− x− 2

1 1
¿ −
2√ x x
2

π 1
3. f ( x )=x +
x √10

Solution 3:
d π 1
dx (x
π −1
)
x + √10 =π x − √ 10 x− √ 10− 1

3
2
4. f ( x )= x + 2
x
 ( ) ( )
1 3
3 2

( )
3
x ∙ ( x ) − x 2 +2 ∙ 1
Solution 4: d x +2 2 2
=
dx x ( x )2
' '
g (x ) ' g ( x ) ∙ℎ ( x ) − g ( x ) ∙ ℎ ( x )
¿ If f ( x )= Then, f ( x )= ¿
ℎ( x) ℎ ( x )2

( )
3 3 3 3
3 2 3 2 1
2
x −x −2 −1 x −2 x 2 −2
2 2 2
¿ = =
x2 x2 x2

5. f ( x )=a x3 +b x 2 +cx + d (a, b, c, d constant)

Solution 5: Here, a, b, c, d are constant.

d
So, ( a x 3 +b x 2+ cx +d ) =a d ( x 3 )+ b d ( x 2 )+ c d ( x ) + d ( d )
dx dx dx dx dx
2
¿ 3 a x + 2bx + c

SECTION 4: THE PRODUCT RULE

INTRODUCTION:
Calculus plays a fundamental role in understanding how functions change and the product
and the quotient rules are essential tools for finding derivatives of functions that involve
products and quotients of other functions. In this assignment, we will delve into the product
and quotients rules, explore their theorems, provide examples to illustrate their applications
and draw a conclusion summarizing their significance in calculus.

DERIVATIVE OF A PRODUCT:
To find the derivative of two functions multiplied together, we use the product rule. This rule
says that we take the derivative of the first function, multiply it by the second function, and
then add it to the first function multiplied by the derivative of the second function.

Consider the functions:

f (x)=xand g( x )=x 2

The product of their derivatives is:

 f ' (x)∙ g ' (x)=2 x

but the product is ℎ( x )=f ( x )∙ g ( x)=x3 , so the derivative of the product is :

2
ℎ ' ( x)=3 x

thus, the derivative of product is not equal to the product of the derivatives. The correct
relationship, which is credited to Leibniz, is given by the following theorem.

2.4.1 THEOREM (The Product Rule):

If f (x) and g(x ) are differentiable at x , then the product is f(x )∙ g (x), and

d d d
dx
[ f ( x ) ∙ g ( x ) ] =f ( x ) [ g ( x ) ] + g ( x ) [f (x )]
dx dx

Formula 1 can also be expressed as:

(f ∙ g)' = f ∙ g '+ g ∙ f '

Proof:
d f (x +ℎ)∙ g(x +ℎ)− f ( x)∙ g(x )
[f (x)∙ g ( x)]=lim
dx ℎ→0 ℎ

f ( x+ℎ ) g ( x +ℎ ) − f ( x +ℎ ) g ( x ) +f ( x +ℎ ) g ( x ) − f ( x ) g ( x )
¿ lim
ℎ→ 0 ℎ

¿ lim ¿ ¿ g(x )∙ f ( x+ ℎ ) − f ( x ) ¿
ℎ→ 0 ℎ

¿¿

d d
¿ f (x) [ g(x )]+ g ( x) [ f (x)]
dx dx [Proved]

dy
Example 1: Find dx if y =¿2 - 1) (7x3 + x)

Solution:
Method 1: (using the product rules)

dy d 2
= ¿ - 1) (7x3 + x)]
dx dx

d 3 d 2
= (4x2 - 1) ¿ + x] + (7x3 + x) ¿ - 1)
dx dx

= (4x2 - 1) (21x2 + 1) + (7x3 + x) (8x)

= 140x4 - 9x2 - 1

Method 2: (multiplying first)

y ¿ ¿2 - 1) (7x3 + x) = 28x5 - 3x3 - x

Thus,

dy d
= [ 28x5 - 3x3 - x]
dx dx

= 140x4- 9x2 - 1

dt
Example 2: Find ds if s = (1+t)√ t

Solution: applying the product rules,

ds d
= ¿]
dt dt

d d 1+t 1+ 3t
= ( 1+t ) √ t+ √t [ 1+t ] = 1+ √ t =
dt dx 2 √t 2 √t

THE QUOTIENT RULES:

INTRODUCTION:
In calculus the quotient rule is a method for determining the derivative in the form of the ratio
of two differentiable functions. It is a formal rule used in the differentiation problems in
which one function is divided by the other function. The quotient rule follows the definition
of the limit of the derivative. Remember that the quotient rule begins with the bottom
function squared. In this article, you will look at the definition, quotients rules formula, proof
and examples in details.

QUOTIENT RULES DEFINITION:

In calculus quotient rule is similar to the product rule. A quotient rule is a stated as the ratio
of the quantity of the denominator times the derivative of the numerator function minus the
numerator times the derivative of the denominator function.

2.4.2 THEOREM (The quotient rule):

If f and g are both differentiable at x and if g(x)≠0, f/g is differentiable at x and

d d
g(x ) [f ( x )]− f (x) [g ( x)]
dy f (x ) dx dx
[ ]=
dx g( x ) [g(x )]
2

PROOF:
dy
¿
dx

f (x +ℎ)∙ g(x )− f ( x)∙ g(x +ℎ)

¿ lim
ℎ→ 0 ℎ ∙ g (x) ∙ g (x+ ℎ)

Adding and subtracting f(x) ∙g(x) in the numerator yields

d f (x ) f (x+ℎ)∙ g (x)− f ( x) ∙ g (x)− f (x) ∙ g (x+ ℎ)+ f (x )∙ g( x )

[ ]=lim
dx g ( x) ℎ →0 ℎ ∙ g (x)∙ g ( x+ℎ)

[ ][ ]
1
f ( x +ℎ ) − f ( x ) g ( x +ℎ ) − g ( x )
g(x)∙ − f ( x )∙
ℎ ℎ
¿ lim
ℎ→ 0 ℎ ∙ g ( x ) ∙ g ( x +ℎ )

f ( x+ ℎ ) −f ( x ) g ( x+ ℎ ) − g ( x )
lim g ( x ) ∙ lim − lim f ( x ) ∙ lim −
ℎ→0 ℎ→ 0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ→0 ℎ
¿
lim g ( x ) ∙ lim g ( x +ℎ )
ℎ→ 0 ℎ→ 0

¿¿¿
 d d
g (x) [f (x)]− f (x ) [g( x )]
dx dx
¿ 2
[g (x)]

3 2
x +2 x − 1
EXAMPLE 3: Find y’(x) for y =
x+5

Solution: Applying the quotient rule yields

dy d x3 +2 x 2 − 1
= ¿ ]
dx dx x+5

d 3
( x+5 ) ( x +2 x2 −1 ) − ( x 3 +2 x 2 −1 ) d (x+5)
dx dx
¿ 2
( x +5 )

( x+5 ) ( x 3 +4 x ) − ( x 3 −2 x 2 − 1 )
¿
( x+ 5 )2

( 3 x3 +19 x 2+ 20 x ) − ( x3 +2 x 2 − 1 )
¿
( x +5 )2
3 2
2 x +17 x + 20 x +1
¿ 2
( x +5)

2
x −1
EXAMPLE 4: Let f(x) = 4
x +1
 (a) Graph y=f(x), and use your graph to make rough estimates of
the locations of all horizontal tangent lines.

(b) By differentiating, find the exact locations of the horizontal

tangent lines.

Figure 2.4.1

Solution(a): in figure 2.4.1. we have shown the graph of the equation y = f(x) in the window

[-2.5,2.5] × [1,1]. This graph suggests that horizontal tangent lines occur at x=0, x ≈1.5 ,

and x ≈− 1.5

Solution(b): To find the exact locations of the horizontal tangent lines, we must find the
points

dy dy
where =0. We start by finding
dx dx

dy d x 2 −1
=
dx dx x 4 +1 [ ]
4 d 2 2 dy 4
(x +1) [x −1]−(x −1) ( x +1)
dx dx
¿
¿¿
4 2 3
(x +1)(2 x)−( x −1)(4 x )
¿
¿¿
5 3
(− 2 x +4 x +2 x)
¿
¿¿
4 2
−2 x( x − 2 x −1)
¿
¿¿

dy
Now we will set =0 and solve for x. We obtain
dx
 4 2
−2 x( x − 2 x −1)
¿¿

The solution of this equation are the values of x for which the numerator is 0, that is
4 2
2 x ( x − 2 x −1)=0

The first factor yields the equation Is 0. Other solution can be found by solving the equation
4 2
x −2 x −1=0

This can be treated as a quadratic equation in x 2 and solved by the quadratic formula.

This yields,

2 2± √ 8
x= ¿ 1 ± √2
2

The minus sign yields imaginary values of x, which we ignore since they are not relevant to
the problem. The plus sign yields the solutions

x=± √ 1+ √ 2

In summary, horizontal tangent lines occur at

x = 0, x=√ 1+ √ 2≈ 1.55 ,∧x=− √ 1+ √ 2≈ − 1.55

Which is consistent with the rough estimates that we obtained graphically in part(a).

SUMMARY OF DIFFERENTIATION RULES

The following formulas summarizes the differentiation rules that we have encountered thus
far.
Rules For Differentiation:
d
 [c ]=0
dx

 (f +g)’ = f’ + g’

 (f∙ g)’ = f∙ g’ + g∙f’

 (cf )'=cf '

 (f − g)'=f ' − g '

f g∙f '−f ∙ g'

 ( )'=
g g
2

d r r −1
 [x ]=r x
dx
Section 5: Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

5.1 Importance of Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions:

Trigonometric functions are a fundamental part of mathematics and science, often used to
describe periodic phenomena, oscillations, and waveform. Understanding their derivatives is
crucial for analyzing how these functions change with respect to their input variables.

5.2 Objective:

The main objective of this section is to obtain formulas for the derivatives of the six basic
trigonometric functions.

5.3 Derivation of Trigonometric Formulas:

We will assume in this section that the variable x in the trigonometric functions sin x , cos x ,
tan x , cot x , sec x , and csc x is measured in radians. Also, we will need the limits
sinℎ 1 − cosℎ
(a) lim =1 (b) lim =0
ℎ→ 0 ℎ ℎ→ 0 ℎ

Let us start with the problem of differentiating f (x)=sin x. Using the definition of the
derivative we obtain
f (x+ ℎ)− f ( x )
f ' (x)=lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

sin(x+ ℎ)− sinx

¿ lim
ℎ→ 0 ℎ
By the addition formula for sine
sin x cos ℎ+ cos x sin ℎ − sin x
¿ lim
ℎ→ 0 ℎ

cosℎ−1 sinℎ
¿ lim [sin x ( )+ cos x ( )]
ℎ→ 0 ℎ ℎ

cos ℎ −1 sin ℎ
¿ lim [sin x ( )+cos x( )]
ℎ→ 0 ℎ ℎ

sin ℎ 1− cos ℎ Algebraic recognition

¿ lim [cos x ( )−sin x ( )]
ℎ→ 0 ℎ ℎ

sinℎ 1 −cos ℎ
¿ lim [cos x ( )− sin x ( )]
ℎ→ 0 ℎ ℎ

sinℎ 1− cosℎ
¿ lim cosx ∙ lim ( )− lim sin x ∙ lim ( )
ℎ→ 0 ℎ →0 ℎ ℎ→ 0 ℎ→0 ℎ
 ¿(lim cosx)(1)−(lim sinx)(0) Formulas (1) and (2)
ℎ→0 ℎ→0

¿ lim cos x=cos x cos x does not involve the variable h and
ℎ→ 0
hence is treated as a constant in the limit
computation.

Thus, we have shown that,

d
[sin x ] =cos x
dx

dy
Example 1: dx Find if
y=sinx

d
Solution: Using dx [sin x ] ¿ cos x Formula and the product rule we obtain

dy d
= [ xsin x ]
dx dx

d d
¿x [sin x ]+ sin x [ x ]
dx dx

¿ x cos x+ sin x
(ans)

dy sinx
Example 2: Find dx if y= 1+cos x

Solution: Using the quotient rule together with Formulas we obtain

d d
(1+cos x ) [sin x ]−sin x [1+ cosx]
dy dx dx
=
dx (1+ cosx)
2

(1+cos x )(cos x )−(sin x )(−sin x)

¿
¿¿

(1+cosx )(cosx)−(sinx)(−sinx )
¿
¿¿
2 2
cosx +cos x +sin x
¿
¿¿
 cosx+1 1
¿ 2 ¿
(1+cosx ) 1+ cosx (ans)

The derivatives of the remaining trigonometric functions are

d 2
 [tanx]=sec x
dx

d
 [secx]=secxtanx
dx

d 2
 [cotx ]=− csc x
dx

d
 [cscx ]=− cscxcotx
dx

These can all be obtained using the definition of the derivative, but it is easier to use
formulas (3) and (4) and apply the quotient rule to the relationships
sinx
 tanx=
cosx

cosx
 cotx=
sinx

1
 secx=
cosx

1
 cscx=
sinx

π
Example 3: Find f”( 4 ) if f (x)=secx

Solution: f ' (x)=secxtanx

f (x)=secx ∙ {d } over {dx } [tanx] + tanx∙ {d } over {dx } [secx
 3 2
¿ sec x + secx tan x
2
¿ secx∙ sec x +tanx ∙ secxtanx

Thus,

f ( {π } over {4 } )= {sec } ^ {3 } ( {π } over {4 } )+sec( {π } over {4 } ) {tan } ^ {2 } ( {π } over {4 }

3
¿( √ 2) +( √ 2)(1)2

¿ 3 √2
(ans)

Example 4:
On a sunny day, a 50 ft flagpole casts a shadow that
changes with the angle of elevation of θ the sum
(Figure 2.5.1). Find the rate at which the length of the
shadow and the angle of the elevation of the sun
(Figure 2.5.1). Find the rate at which the length of the
shadow is changing with respect to θ when θ = 45◦.
Express your answer in units of feet/degree.

Figure 2.5.1

Solution: The variables s and θ are related by tan θ= 50/s or, equivalently,

s = 50 cot θ

If θ is measured in radians, then,

ds 2
=− 50 csc θ
dθ

which is the rate of change of shadow length with respect to the elevation angle θ in units of
feet/radian. When θ = 45◦ (or equivalently θ = π/4 radians), we obtain
 ds
dθ |
θ=
π
4
2 π
= −50 csc ( )=−100 feet/radian
4

Converting radians (rad) to degrees (deg) yields

ft π rad 5 ft
−100 ∙ =− π ≈ −1.75 ft/deg
rad 180 deg 9 deg

Thus, when θ = 45◦, the shadow length is decreasing (because of the minus sign) at an
approximate rate of 1.75 ft/deg increase in the angle of elevation.

Example 5:
As illustrated in Figure 2.5.2, suppose that a spring with an
attached mass is stretched 3cm beyond its position and rel-
eased at time t = 0. Assuming that the position function of
the top of the attached mass is s=−3 cost where s is
in centimeters and t is in seconds, find the velocity
Function and discuss the motion of the attached mass.

Figure 2.5.2 Solution: The velocity function is

ds d
v= = [−3 cost ]=3 sint
dt dt

Figure 2.5.3 shows the graphs of the position and velocity

functions. The position function tells us that the top of the
mass oscillates between a low point of s=−3 and a high
point of s=3 with one complete oscillation occurring every
2 π seconds [the period of (10)]. The top of the mass is
 moving up (the positive s-direction) when v is positive, is
moving down when v is negative, and is at a high or low
Figure 2.5.3 point when v = 0. Thus, for example, the top of the mass
moves up from time t = 0 to time t = π , at which time it
reaches the high point s=3 and then moves down until
Time t = 2π, at which time it reaches the high point s = 3
and then moves down until time t = 2π, at which it reaches
the low point of s=−3. The motion then repeats
periodically.

Exercises:
1. Find f '(x ) when f (x )=4 cosx +2 sinx

Solution:

d d
f ' (x)=4 [cosx ]+2 [sinx ]
dx dx

¿ − 4 sinx+2 cosx
(ans)

2. Find f ' ( x ) when f ( x )=− 4 x 2 cosx

Solution:

f ' (x)=−4 ¿ d dv du
As, (uv )=u + v
dx dx dx
2
¿ − 4( x (− sinx)+ cosx∙ 2 x)
2
¿ 4 x sinx −8 xcosx
(ans)

5− cosx
3. Find f '(x ) when f (x )=
5+ sinx

Solution:
d u
As, ( )=
dx v
du dv
v −u
dx dx
2
v
 d d
(5+ sinx) (5− cosx )−(5 − cosx) (5+ sinx)
dx dx
f ' (x)= 2
(5+ sinx)

(5+ sinx)(sinx)−(5 − cosx)(cosx)

¿
(5+ sinx)2
2 2
5 sinx+ sin x −5 cosx+cos x
¿ 2
(5+ sinx)
As, sin2 x+ cos2 x=1
1+ 5 sinx −5 cosx
¿ 2
(5+sinx)
(ans)
4. Find f '(x ) when f (x )=secx− √ 2tanx

Solution:

d d
f ' (x)= (secx)− √2 (tanx)
dx dx

¿ secxtanx − √2 sec x
2
(ans)

5. Find f '(x )when f (x )=4 cscx −cotx

Solution:

d d
f ' (x)=4 (cscx)− (cotx)
dx dx
2
¿ 4 (− cscx ∙ cotx)−(− csc x )
2
¿ − 4 cscx cotx +csc x
(ans)

cotx
6. Find f '(x ) when f (x )=
1+ cscx

Solution:

cotx
f (x)=
1+cscx
cosx
sinx
¿
1
1+
sinx
cosx
¿
sinx+ 1
d d
(sinx+1) (cosx)−cosx (sinx+1)
dx dx
∴ f ' (x )= ¿¿
(sinx+1)(− sinx)− cosx ∙ cosx
¿
¿¿
2 2
−sin x − sinx − cos x
¿
¿¿
2 2
−(sin x +cos x )− sinx
¿
¿¿
 −(1+ sinx)
¿
¿¿

−1
−1 ¿ cscx
¿ 1 ¿−
1+ sinx 1+ 1+cscx(ans)
cscx
2
d y
7. Find 2 when y=xcosx
dx

Solution:

dy d d
=x cosx + cosx (x)
dx dx dx

¿ x (− sinx)+cosx ∙ 1

¿ − xsinx +cosx

2
d y d d d
∴ 2
=−(x sinx+ sinx (x ))+ (cosx )
dx dx dx dx

¿ −(xcosx+ sinx)+(− sinx)

¿ − xcosx − 2 sinx
(ans)

2
d y
8. Find 2
when y=xsinx −3 cosx
dx

Solution:

dy d d d
=x sinx+ sinx (x )− 3 (cosx )
dx dx dx dx

¿ xcosx+ sinx+3 sinx

2
d y d d d
∴ 2
=x cosx+ cosx (x)+ (4 sinx)
dx dx dx dx

¿ x (− sinx)+cosx+ 4 cosx

¿ − xsinx +5 cosx
(ans)
 31. A 10 ft ladder leans against a wall at an angle θ with the horizontal, as
shown in the accompanying figure.The top of the ladder is x feet above the
ground. If the bottom of the ladder is pushed toward the wall, find the rate at
which x changes with respect to θ when θ = 60◦.Express the answer in units of
feet/degree.

Figure Ex-31

Solution:

The variables x and θ are related by sin θ= x/10 or, equivalently,

x = 10 sin θ

If θ is measured in radians, then,

dx
=10 cos θ
dθ

which is the rate of change of x with respect to the angle θ in units of feet/radian. when θ =
60◦ (or equivalently θ = π/3 radians), we obtain

dx
dθ |
θ=
π
3
3
π
= 10 cos ( ) = 5 feet/radian

Converting radians (rad) to degrees (deg) yields

ft π rad π ft
5 ∙ = ≈ 0.087 ft/deg
rad 180 deg 36 deg

Thus, when θ = 60◦, the rate of change of x with respect to θ is 0.087 ft/deg (approximately).
 32. An airplane is flying on a horizontal path at a height
of 3800 ft, as shown in the accompanying figure.
At what rate is the distance s between the airplane
and the fixed-point P changing with respect to θ

when θ = 30◦? Express the answer in units of

Figure Ex-32 feet/degree.

Solution:

The variables s and θ are related by sin θ = 3800/s or, equivalently,

s = 3800/sin θ

If θ is measured in radians, then,

ds 1
=3800(− 2 ∙ cosθ)
dθ sin θ

which is the rate of change of s with respect to the angle θ in units of feet/radian. when θ =
30◦ (or equivalently θ = π/6 radians), we obtain

1
ds
dθ |
θ=
π
6
=
3800(−
2π
sin ( )
6
∙cos (π /6))
= -13163.586 feet/radian

Converting radians (rad) to degrees (deg) yields

ft π rad
−13163.586 ∙ ≈ −229.75 ft/deg
rad 180 deg

Thus, when θ = 30◦, the distance s between the airplane and the fixed-point P is decreasing
with respect to θ (because of the minus sign) at an approximate rate of 229.75 ft/deg increase
in the angle of elevation.
 33. A searchlight is trained on the side of a tall building.
As the light rotates, the spot it illuminates moves up
and down the side of the building. That is, the
distance D between ground level and the illuminated
spot on the side of the building is a function of the
angle θ formed by the light beam and the horizontal
(see the accompanying figure). If the searchlight is
located 50m from the building, find the rate at which

Figure Ex-33 D is changing with respect to θ when θ = 45◦.

Express your answer in units of meters/degree.

Solution:

The variables D and θ are related by tan θ= D/50 or, equivalently,

D = 50 tan θ

If θ is measured in radians, then,

dD 2
=50 sec θ
dθ

which is the rate of change of D with respect to the angle θ in units of meters/radian. when θ
= 45◦ (or equivalently θ = π/4 radians), we obtain

dD
dθ |
θ=
π
4
2 π
= 50 sec ( ) = 100 meters/radian
4

Converting radians (rad) to degrees (deg) yields

meters π rad 5 π meters

100 ∙ = ≈ 1.75 meters/deg
rad 180 deg 9 deg

Thus, when θ = 45◦, the rate of change of D with respect to θ is 1.75 meters/deg
(approximately).
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the study of calculus and, more specifically, the techniques of
differentiation, opens a gateway to understanding the fundamental principles of change and
rates of change in mathematics. We explored essential concepts such as the product rule
and quotient rule, which are indispensable tools for finding derivatives of more complex
functions. These rules allow us to break down intricate expressions into simpler components,
making the differentiation process more manageable.

Furthermore, we delved into the derivative of trigonometric functions, a vital area of

calculus with extensive applications in science and engineering. By understanding how
trigonometric functions change with respect to their inputs, we gain valuable insights into the
behaviour of periodic phenomena.