SANDIP INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH CENTER

NASHIK

SEMINAR ON ELECTRIC
VEHICLES

PRESENTED BY
NAME : MR. VISHAL SHAHAJI SAWANT
ROLL NO : 33
 BUZZ… IN THE INDIAN AUTOMOTIVE
INDUSTRY
•NITI Ayog 2032 plan: “All segments are market-ready for electrification and
deployment is underway nationally.”(India leaps ahead: transformative mobility
solutions for all)

•Nitin Gadkari(Minister for Road Transport & Highways): “We should move towards
alternative fuel... I am going to do this, whether you like it or not. And I am not
going to ask you. I will bulldoze it”.(SIAM's annual convention September 7, 2017)

•Government invites global bids for 10,000 electric cars. (ET August 16, 2017)

•Govt. push for e-vehicles: No permits, fast-charging stations. (Indian Express

July10, 2017)

•BS-VI implementation in April 2020. (Bharat stage emission standards)

•Paris Pact- Carbon Emissions.(22 April 2016)

2
WHY IS ELECTROMOBILITY
INTERESTING?
 ADVANTAGES OF
ELECTROMOBILITY

➢ Electric drive motors run quieter than internal-combustion engines. The noise emissions
from electric vehicles is very low. At high speeds, the rolling noise from the tires is the
loudest sound.

➢ Electric vehicles produce no harmful emissions or greenhouse gases while driving. If the
high-voltage battery is charged from renewable energy sources, an electric vehicle can be
run CO2-free.

➢ The electric drive motor is very robust and requires little maintenance. It is only
subject to minor mechanical wear.

➢ Electric drive motors have a high degree of efficiency of up to 96% compared with
internal-combustion engines that have an efficiency of 35–40%.

➢ The energy is only supplied when the user needs it. Compared with conventional vehicles,
the electric drive motor never runs when the vehicle stops at a red light. The electric drive
motor is highly efficient particularly in lines and bumper-to-bumper traffic.

➢ Apart from the reduction gearbox on the5electric drive motor, the electric vehicle does
not require any lubricating
 DISADVANTAGES OF ELECTRIC
VEHICLES

•Electric vehicles have a limited range due to battery size and

construction.

•Charging a high voltage battery can take a long time,

depending on the battery charge and power source.

• The network of electric charging stations is sparse.

•If the destination is beyond the range of the electric vehicle,

the driver will need to plan the journey. “Where can I charge
my electric vehicle on the road?
6
COMPARISON OF TORQUE
DEVELOPMENT

7
 ELECTRIC DRIVE
MOTOR

➢ The electric drive motor (a) reaches its maximum torque as

early as the first revolution. It does not require a start-up
phase to reach idling speed.

➢ Once a specific rpm figure has been reached, the

available torque falls as the revs increase. This motor
speed is approximately 14,000 rpm.

➢ These characteristics of an electric drive motor mean

that a complex transmission is not required
 INTERNAL-COMBUSTION
ENGINE

➢ The internal-combustion engine (b) requires an idling speed to

produce a torque.

➢ The available torque increases when the engine speed is

increased. In addition, this characteristic of the internal-
combustion engine requires a transmission with several gear
ratios.

➢ The torque is transferred to the transmission via a clutch or a

torque converter.
 VEHICLE
CONCEPTS

10
 DRIVE TRAIN
CONFIGURATIONS

❑An electric vehicle is driven by at least one electric drive motor. It

can be configured as a four-wheel drive vehicle or with one drive
axle. Other hybrid variations are also possible.

❑The two main concepts are described in this section.

❑ Drive with in-wheel motors

❑ Drive with just one electric drive motor in the central drive train
 DRIVE WITH IN-WHEEL
MOTORS

Design

➢ The wheels are connected directly to the in-wheel motors.

➢ The in-wheel concept is used for electric scooters, electric

bicycles and electrically driven wheelchairs.
Features
• No drive shafts are required
• No differential transmission required

Advantages
• Four-wheel drive is technically possible
• Output axles of the in-wheel motors are directly on the
wheel
• High efficiency because there are hardly any mechanical
losses

Disadvantages
• Unsprung masses in the wheel are greater than wheels on a
conventional
vehicle
•High mass of driven components (inertia and torque of
whole vehicle affected)
• Control is complex, both electric motors must run
synchronously
 BEV
OPERATING
MODES

▪ Electric Driving

➢ The high-voltage battery supplies energy to the power

electronics.
➢ The power electronics convert the direct voltage into an
alternating voltage to drive the electric motor.
 REGENERATIVE
BRAKING

➢ If the electric vehicle “coasts” (the vehicle moves without drive

torque from the electric motor), part of the kinetic energy is fed
into the high-voltage battery by the electric motor which functions
as an alternator.
 CLIMATE CONTROL WHILE
VEHICLE IS STATIONARY

➢ If the electric vehicle is standing in a traffic jam, no output is

required from the electric motor/generator.

➢ The comfort requirements of the occupants are met with a high-

voltage heating system and a high-voltage air conditioner
compressor.
 EXTERNAL
CHARGING

➢ The high-voltage battery is charged via the charging contact on the

vehicle.
➢ When the external charging source is connected, the vehicle is
charged automatically up to the previously set value. The process is
ended automatically.
➢ If electrical components are used during the charging process, they
are supported by
the charging voltage
THE GOLF BLUE-E-
MOTION (BEV)
BEV OPERATING
Electrical driving
MODES
The high-voltage battery supplies
energy to the power electronics.
The power electronics convert the
direct voltage into an alternating
voltage to drive the electric
motor.

Regenerative Braking
If the electric vehicle “coasts” (the
vehicle moves without drive
torque from the electric motor),
part of the kinetic energy is fed
into the high- voltage battery by
the electric motor which functions
as an alternator
Climate Control while Vehicle is
Stationary
If the electric vehicle is standing in
a traffic jam, no output is
required from the electric
motor/generator. The
comfort requirements of the
occupants are met with a high-
voltage
 THE MAIN COMPONENTS OF AN
ELECTRIC VEHICLE

The electric vehicle drive system includes:

➢ High-voltage battery with control unit for

battery regulation and charger
➢ Electric motor/generator with electronic control
(power electronics) and cooling system
➢ Transmission including the differential
➢ Brake system
➢ High-voltage air conditioning for vehicle interior
climate control
 THE ELECTRIC MOTOR/GENERATOR

❖ The term electric motor/generator is used instead

of alternator, electric motor and starter.
❖ When the electric motor/generator is driven mechanically, it
supplies electrical energy as an alternator.
❖ When the electric motor/generator is supplied with
an electrical current, it works as a drive.
❖ Three-phase synchronous motors are often used as the
electric motor/generator.
❖ A three-phase motor is powered by a three-phase
alternating
current.
❖ It works with three coils that are arranged in a circle around
the rotor to form the stator and are each electrically
connected to one of the three phases.
❖ Several pairs of permanent magnets are located on the
rotor in this synchronous motor.
CONTINUED…
• Since the three coils are
supplied sequentially with a
current, together they
generate a rotating electrical
field that causes the rotor to
rotate when the electric motor/
generator is used to drive the
vehicle.
• When used a
• s an alternator, the movement
of the rotor induces a three-
phase alternating voltage in
the coils that is transformed
into a direct voltage for the
high-voltage battery in the
power electronics.
• The direction of rotation of an
electric drive motor is freely
selectable. It can turn clockwise
to move the vehicle forwards
and counter-clockwise to
reverse it.
 THE HIGH-VOLTAGE
BATTERY
• The battery is the heart of electric vehicles. The high
voltage battery supplies its direct voltage to the
power electronics.
• The power electronics convert the direct voltage into
an alternating voltage and supply the electric motor/
generator with three electrical phases via the three
wires (U, V and W).
Energy Density

❖ This figure indicates the performance of a battery related to its weight.

The higher the energy density, the more energy can be stored and then
released again.
❖ The unit of energy density is watt hours per kilogram [Wh/kg] and is
calculated from the electrical work [Wh] and the weight [kg] of the
battery.
❖ The range of an electric vehicle can be determined from the energy
density.

Life

❖ The cycle stability of a high-voltage battery is set at a total of 3,000

cycles over a period of 10 years, i.e. 300 cycles/year..
❖ On the basis of this property, so-called “automotive batteries”, i.e.
batteries for use in a high-voltage vehicle, cannot be compared with the
“consumer batteries” used in laptops or mobile telephones.

Efficiency

❖ The efficiency indicates how much of the energy that is invested into
charging can be made useful again when the battery is discharged.
❖ A battery can never have 100% efficiency since a small part of the
charging energy is released in the form of heat (charge loss).
 TYPES OF RECHARGEABLE BATTERY
The different types of rechargeable batteries are distinguished by the
materials used for the electrodes and electrolytes
Lead-Acid Battery
The traditional 12 V vehicle electrical system battery has plates made
from lead and lead/lead oxide and are used as electrodes. Sulfuric acid
is the electrolyte.
❖ Requires maintenance (distilled water needs to be added to ensure the
required
electrolyte liquid level)
❖ Not well suited for powering electric vehicles because they are very
heavy and large, reducing the load capacity
❖ Can lose a large part of its capacity after just six years
❖ If damaged, electrolyte (acid) can leak
Nickel-Cadmium Battery
Cadmium (Cd) and a nickel compound are used for the electrodes in these
batteries. Potassium hydroxide is used as the electrolyte.
❖ Also called an alkaline battery
❖ Has a higher energy density than lead acid batteries
❖ Less prone to damage and electrolyte leaks
❖ Subject to a memory effect. This type of battery can tolerate deep-
discharging or
overcharging only to a certain extent without becoming less efficient
❖ Cadmium and cadmium compounds are poisonous
 Nickel-Metal Hydride Battery
➢ These batteries use a nickel compound and a compound of another
metal for the electrodes. Potassium hydroxide is the electrolyte. They
CONTINUED…
have a higher energy density than Ni-Cd batteries and are relatively
resistant to damage.
➢ Even if a memory effect does not occur to the extent of the Ni-Cd
batteries, these
batteries also lose efficiency over the course of their life.
➢ To a certain extent, this loss in efficiency is reversible.
➢ Nickel metal hydride batteries do not contain any poisonous heavy
metals like lead or cadmium.
➢ The electrolyte is stored in the battery in solid form. If the housing is
broken, only a few droplets will escape.

Lithium-Ion Battery

➢ This battery uses lithium metal oxides and graphite for electrodes.
➢ Different solvents for lithium salts form the electrolyte.
➢ Lithium-ion batteries contain only a small amount of water and do not
have a memory effect.
➢ Compared with the nickel cadmium batteries, they have more than twice
as much energy density.
➢ This means that this battery type requires less space in an electric vehicle
leaving
more room for the occupants and the luggage compartment.
EMISSIONS
THANK
YOU