Wireless Personal Communications (2021) 120:1923–1928
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-021-08753-0
GUEST EDITORIAL
5G System Design Solutions for Wireless Personal
Applications
Pavlos I. Lazaridis1 · J. N. Swaminathan2 · Seshadri Mohan3
Published online: 30 August 2021
© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2021
5G wireless standards will play a vital role in ensuring security, enabling automation on
many fronts such as connected vehicles, and facilitating data rates that are orders of mag-
nitude greater than 4G LTE and thereby enabling rapid access to information. With the
evolution in wireless technology, starting from 1G to the present 5G wireless networks, the
data rates have grown exponentially to tens and hundreds of Gbps, paving the foundation
for future networks with Tbps data rates. It is a major challenge to share huge volumes of
data (videos, pictures) at the 5G rates in a multi-user environment. Even though NOMA
and OFDMA address the problem of interference in a multi-user environment, the network
infrastructure and backhaul communication still lack the capabilities required to meet the
challenges posed by 5G data rates. There exists an urgent need to develop a suitable model
and protocols at all levels of the protocol stack for personal data access and networking.
Consequently, this special issue seeks to address the need to develop a portable standard
model in the areas of wireless personal access, 5G Mobile IOT, wireless personal home
automation solutions, and network security.
Various authors around the globe submitted thirty four papers for consideration in this
special issue, among which the guest editors have selected the best articles based on peer
review. We have grouped the papers under several 5G solution themes and provide a sum-
mary of the papers below.
* Pavlos I. Lazaridis
[email protected]
J. N. Swaminathan
[email protected]
Seshadri Mohan
[email protected]
1
Computing and Engineering, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK
2
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, QIS College of Engineering
and Technology, Ongole, Andhra Pradesh 523272, India
3
Systems Engineering Department, EIT 546, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, 2801 S
University Avenue, Little Rock, AR 72204, USA
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1924 P. I. Lazaridis et al.
1 5G Personal Access Solutions
The field of Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces (IRS) forms an exciting new research area. The
paper by Nagarajan and Balakrishnan discusses the use of IRS to modify the phase of the
carrier signal generated at the source and reflect the signal to the destination. The authors
analyze the performance of the system over k-mu fading channels using the moment gen-
erating function approach and validate the theoretical results using simulation. The results
reveal that significant performance gains can be achieved.
In order to capture the potential gains of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access(NOMA)-
aided Mobile Edge Computing systems, the paper by Nguyen et al. proposes a design of
multiple antennas and full-duplex for an edge computing aware NOMA architecture.
In the study by Le et al., the authors propose a scheme that combines NOMA with cog-
nitive radio (CR) for vehicle-to-everything (V2X) as a promising application with high
spectrum efficiency. Simulation results are provided to validate the derived expressions and
exhibit the advantages of the proposed CR-NOMA assisted V2X system with respect to
outage probability and bit error rate.
Millimeter wave (mmWave) communication requires large antenna arrays to increase
the capability of cellular networks of the fifth generation with good beam-forming gains
and a substantial reduction in path losses for both transmitting and receiving terminals.
As large antenna arrays require one radio frequency chain per antenna element, the fully
digital beamforming technique results in high cost and high-power consumption, and it is
therefore not feasible. Hybrid schemes are possible with exciting solutions that overcome
the deficiencies of pure digital or analog beam forming, which are explored in the paper by
Jeyakumar et al.
2 5G Massive MIMO Design Solutions
The paper by Sohal et al. investigates the effect of massive MIMO antenna in both linear
array and planar array configurations on the propagation environment of cellular systems
with line of sight (LoS) channels using minimum mean squared error detection technique
for uplink and derive some interesting conclusions regarding the suitability for different
scenarios.
The paper by Kumar and Babu presents a six-port multi-band MIMO antenna prototype
for 5G mobile phone applications that operates in the frequency band 3.33–3.63 GHz. The
paper studies MIMO parameters like envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), peak channel
capacity, and specific absorption rate (SAR) through measurements.
The paper by Priya et al. proposes a rectangular array antenna-based hybrid beamform-
ing in a massive MIMO model to improve the spectral efficiency of the system. Thus, chan-
nel capacity with small RF chains is used. To achieve the high signal strength in the main
lobe, the work applies Chebyshev tapering to suppress the side lobe signals. The hybrid
beamforming system offers bothreduced complexity and increasedspectral efficiency.
In the paper by Dwivedi et al., a compact size wideband circularly polarized 2-port
MIMO antenna is designed for 5G with (≤ − 10 dB) impedance bandwidth of 900 MHz in
the frequency band 3.3–4.2 GHz and 100% 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth. The antenna covers
the potential 5G band ranging from 3.3 to 3.8 GHz having left-handed circular polarization
characteristics.
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5G System Design Solutions for Wireless Personal Applications 1925
The paper by Khwandah et al. presents the MIMO technology evolution and challenges
in a simple introductory way and investigates potential system enhancements.
The paper by Jeyakumar et al. proposes a design of 28 GHz microwave wireless back-
haul link for small-cell base stations (SBSs) as well as the number of antennas required for
the base station (BS) to achieve a target backhaul rate of 10 Gbit/s within a given transmit
power of 40 dBm. The design minimizes the total transmit power over all BSs subjectto the
constraints of the signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) as beamformers are inte-
grated in a distributed manner.
Satyanarayana Nimma Murthy et al. integrate two meta-heuristic algorithms, beetle
swarm optimization (BSO) and Grey Wolf optimization (GWO), into a hybrid algorithm
called the alternative Grey Wolf with beetle swarm optimization (AGW-BSO) for develop-
ing a hybrid beam selection scheme in MIMO-NOMA to support the multiple SBSs.
The paper by Neema and Gopi considers the problem of path power loss prediction in
mmWave MIMO channels, line-of-sight as well as non-line-of-sight channels. The paper
applies two deep learning models to address the problem. One of the two models, which
the authors propose, is used to generate new data from a limited set of available channel
data, and the other, a deep convolutional neural network, is applied to predict the channel
path loss characteristics. Using simulations, the authors demonstrate that the two models,
respectively, generate more useful data from the available limited set and predict the chan-
nel characteristics with minimum error.
The paper by Sujanth Narayanan KG, et al. presents a compact Co-Planar Wave-
guide (CPW) fed antenna for next-generation Vehicular Communications. The antenna
is designed by employing two rectangular stacked patch structures and slots, making the
antenna resonate at dual frequency bands. The analytical study of antenna design is carried
out using the governing microstrip patch equations. On optimizing the patch’s dimensions
of CPW structures, the desired frequency range of operation is obtained from the single
element antenna structure. The designed antenna resonates at 3.5 GHz (LTE-42 Band)
and 5.9 GHz (DSRC Band), yielding this antenna to be a prime component for Vehicu-
lar to Everything (V2X) Communication. The overall efficiency of the antenna element is
between 60% and 80% at both frequency bands.
3 5G Mobile IOT Solutions
The paper by Sachdeva and Tomar proposes a low power twelve transistor (12 T) SRAM
cell that reduces multi-bit errors for IoT-based devices by facilitating bit interleaving, and
improves read, and write ability. The SRAM cell also exhibits reduced power dissipation.
The field of Internet of Things (IoT) finds applicability in smart agriculture by facilitat-
ing efficient utilization of natural resources. In order to manage the data generated in the
process of collecting information to administer smart agriculture, the paper by Al-Qurabat
et al. proposes data traffic management based on compression and minimum description
length techniques using differential encoding and Huffman encoding. Though the tech-
niques are well known, the results for compressing temperature measurements seem to sug-
gest that the scheme outperforms other available schemes.
The paper by Mishra et al. proposes an architecture for eHealthcare using the 5G NR.
Simulation results reveal, not surprisingly, that 5G reduces the latency by an order of mag-
nitude in comparison to LTE. The paper concludes that better eHealthcare facilities can be
provided with 5GNR, thereby facilitating rapid data sharing and diagnosis.
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1926 P. I. Lazaridis et al.
In the paper by Héctor Poveda et al., a prototype is presented that measures a set of
wireless metrics on raw wireless signals acquired with software defined radio technology.
This prototype aims to provide mechanisms to sense and monitor spectrum usage that can
mitigate one of the issues that IoT faces, i.e., the interference being produced by having dif-
ferent technologies using the same frequency channels.
Augmented, mixed and virtual reality are changing the way people interact and com-
municate. Five dimensional communications and services capable of integrating informa-
tion from all human senses are expected to emerge, together with holographic communica-
tions (HC), providing a truly immersive experience. HC presents considerable challenges
in terms of data gathering and transmission, demanding Artificial Intelligence empowered
communication technologies such as 5G. The paper by Manolova et al. presents a model of
a context-aware holographic architecture for real-time communication based on semantic
knowledge extraction.
Chochliouros et al. introduce the architectural approach that has been proposed by the
5G ESSENCE project, addressing the paradigms of edge computing and small-cell as-a-
service that has been realised via a cloud-enabled small-cell infrastructure leveraging
multi-access technologies in 5G.They propose a dedicated public safety use case, able to
offer a mission critical push-to-talk service as well as a chat and localization service.
Mahantesh et al. introduce a technique in which the optimum path is determined that
satisfies the QoS constraints: Rule Caching (RC) cost, packet loss probability, and delay.
A RC policy is designed that matches the requirements of SD-based IoT architecture such
that the cost of RC is minimized.
The paper by Hasan et al. proposes an enhanced repetitions cooperative process of nar-
row band physical uplink shared channel (NPUSCH). The NPUSCH is transmitted using
one or more resource units (RUs) and each of these RUs is repeated up to 128 times to
enhance coverage as well as to meet the requirement of ultra-low end IoT. The optimum
number of repetitions of identical slots for NPUSCH per RUs is calculated and then simu-
lated. In addition, the paper describes analytical simulation to evaluate the proposed repeti-
tion of cooperative process performance for LTE-NPUSCH channel.
4 5G Network Security
The area of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is gaining considerable attention recently due
to the promises it offers as a background cooperative mobile relay network and as an aug-
mented network to enhance the performance of mobile networks. The paper by Anand-
pushparaj et al. studies the system performance of UAV-assisted relay systems. Besides
deriving a closed-form expression for outage probability and system throughput, simula-
tion results provide some interesting insights on the impact of self-interference and the
fading parameter.
Chochliouros et al. discuss several security requirements coming from an assessment of
the use cases developed within the context of the original 5G-PPP “5G ESSENCE” pro-
ject. They have separately assessed each one towards identifying security threats affecting
the development of associated virtualised services within the broader 5G scope.
Jayapandian et al. propose tabu search concept to solve this encryption algorithm selec-
tion problem that reduces the average encoding and decoding time in multimedia data. The
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5G System Design Solutions for Wireless Personal Applications 1927
local search scheduling concept is to schedule the encryption algorithm and store the data
in local memory table.
Anil Kumar K et al. propose two reinforcement-learning techniques, namely the physi-
cal layer secured Q-learning algorithm for RS (PQL-RS) and the modified physical layer
secured Q-learning algorithm for RS (MPQL-RS) for different scenarios. The proposed
algorithms are compared to the different RS schemes. The simulation results show that the
MPQL-RS can deliver better performance and save the convergence time. It is shown that
the secrecy of the system improves by 7% on average for every doubling of modulation
order.
Narasimha Vankudoth and Kiran Kumar Gurrala introduce a hybrid-decode-amplify-
forward (HDAF) cooperative relaying into a control jamming aided NOMA network under
Rayleigh-flat-fading channel conditions. The secrecy performance of the considered net-
work in terms of secrecy rate at both NOMA users analytically under different jamming
scenarios. Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm-based power allocation is adopted to opti-
mize the powers of jammer, relay, and NOMA users for which maximization of secrecy
rate is chosen as the cost function.
We have grouped the papers appearing in this special issue under four major 5G themes
so as to direct the readers of this journal to the appropriate theme(s) and papers of inter-
est. Though we selected papers targeting four key themes under 5G, we do think that many
of the papers will find applicability to 6G systems and beyond and spur further research
interests.
Publisher’s Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and
institutional affiliations.
Dr. Pavlos I. Lazaridis is a Professor in Electronic and Electrical Engi-
neering at the University of Huddersfield, UK. He received the Electri-
cal Engineering degree from the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki,
Greece, in 1990, the M.Sc. Degree in Electronics from Université
Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, France, in 1992, and the Ph.D. degree in
Electronics and telecommunications from Ecole Nationale Supérieure
des Télécommunications (ENST) and Paris 6, Paris, in 1996. From
1991 to 1996, he was involved with research on semiconductor lasers,
wave propagation, and nonlinear phenomena in optical fibers for the
Centre National d’Etudes des Télécommunications (CNET) and teach-
ing at the ENST. In 1997, he became the Head of the Antennas and
Propagation Laboratory, TDF-C2R Metz (Télédiffusion de France/
France Télécom Research Center), where he was involved with
research on antennas and radio coverage for cellular mobile systems
(GSM), Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB), and Digital Video Broad-
casting-Terrestrial (DVB-T). From 1998 to 2002, he was with the
European Patent Office, Rijswijk, The Netherlands, as a Senior
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1928 P. I. Lazaridis et al.
Examiner in the field of Electronics and Telecommunications. From 2002 to 2014, he was involved with
teaching and research at the Alexander Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, Greece, and
Brunel University, West London. He is leading the EU Horizon 2020 projects ITN-MOTOR5G and RISE-
RECOMBINE for the University of Huddersfield. He is a member of the IET, senior member of the IEEE,
and senior member of URSI.
Dr. J. N. Swaminathan has received the B.E. Degree from Anna Uni-
versity, Chennai and the M.Tech. Degree from Sastra University,
Thanjavur. He has completed his Doctoral Degree in Anna University,
Chennai. He is currently working as Professor in QIS College of
Engineering and Technology, Ongole, Andhra Pradesh, India. He has
published his work in many refereed International journals and Inter-
national conference proceedings. His area of interests includes IOT,
Sensors and OFDM. He is a Professional member in GISFI-CTIF
Global Capsule, IEEE & IEEE SSIT and IETE.
Dr. Seshadri Mohan is currently a professor in Systems Engineering
Department at University of Arkansas at Little Rock, where, from
August 2004 to June 2013, he served as the Chair of the Department of
Systems Engineering. Prior to the current position he served as the
Chief Technology Officer (CTO) and Acting CEO of IP SerVoniX,
where he consulted for several telecommunication firms and venture
firms, and served as the CTO of Telsima (formerly known as Kinera).
Besides these positions, his industry experience spans a decade at New
Jersey-based Telcordia (formerly Bellcore) and Bell Laboratories.
Prior to joining Telcordia, he was an associate professor at Clarkson
and Wayne State Universities. Dr. Mohan has authored/coauthored
over 150 publications in the form of books, patents, and papers in ref-
ereed journals and conference proceedings with citations to his publi-
cations in excess of 6330. He has co-authored the textbook Source and
Channel Coding: An Algorithmic Approach. He has served as a Guest
Editor for several Special issues of IEEE Network, IEEE Communica-
tions Magazine, and ACM MONET. In April 2011, he was awarded
2010 IEEE Region 5 Outstanding Engineering Educator Award. He received the best paper award for the
paper “A Multi-Path Routing Scheme for GMPLS-Controlled WDM Networks,” presented at the 4th IEEE
Advanced Networks and Telecommunications Systems conference. Dr. Mohan holds a Ph.D. degree in elec-
trical engineering from McMaster University, Canada, the Master’s degree in electrical engineering from
the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India, and the Bachelor’s degree in Electronics and Telecommu-
nications from the University of Madras, India.
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