Sheet One (Review)

Extended Surface (Fins)

1. A 0.3 cm thick aluminum plate has rectangular fins on one side, (0.15 x 0.5
cm) spaced 1.0 cm apart. The finned side is a contact with a low-pressure air
at 35 °C and the average convection coefficient is 30 W/m2 K on the unfinned
side water flows at 100 °C and the convection coefficient is 300 W/m2 K
a) Calculate the efficiency of the fins.
b) Calculate the rate of heat transfer per unit area of wall.
c) Comment on the design if the water and a if were, interchanged.

2. Heat is transferred from water to air through a brass wall. The addition of
rectangular brass fins, 0.08 cm thick and 2.5 cm long, spaced 1.25 cm apart, is
contemplated. Assuming a water-side heat transfer coefficient of 170 W/m2 K
and an air-side heat transfer coefficient of 17 W/m2 K, compare the gain in heat
transfer rate achieved by adding fins to (a} the water side, (b) the air side, and
(c) both sides. (Neglect temperature drop through the wall.)

3. An air heater consists of a steel tube (k = 20 W/m K), with inner and outer
radii of r1 = 13mm and r2 = 16 mm,
respectively, and eight integrally
machined longitudinal fins each of
thickness t = 3 mm, The fins extend to a
concentric tube, which is of radius r3 = 40
mm and insulated on its outer surface
Water at a temperature T,i = 90 °C flows
through the inner tube while air at T,o = 25 °C flows through the annular
region formed by the larger concentric tube .

(a) Sketch the equivalent thermal circuit of the heater and relate each
thermal resistance to appropriate system parameters.
(b) If hi = 5000 W/m2 K and ho = 200 W/m2 K, what is the heat rate per unit
length?

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4. It is proposed to air-cool the
cylinders of a combustion
chamber by joining an aluminum
casing with annular fins to the
cylinder wall (k = 50 W/m K).
The air is at 320 K and the
corresponding convection
coefficient is 100 W/m2 K.
Although heating at the inner
surface is periodic, it is
reasonable to assume steady-state conditions with a time-averaged heat
flux of qi"= 105 W/m2. If the interface contact resistance is Rt,c = 10-4 m2
K/W between the wall and the casing, Determine the wall inner
temperature Ti, the interface temperature T1, and the fin base temperature
Tb. Also, calculate the overall effectiveness.

External flow (Flow over bodies)

5. An array of electronic chips is
mounted within a sealed rectangular
enclosure, and cooling is
implemented by attaching an
aluminum heat sink (k = 180 W/m
K). The base of the heat sink has
dimensions of w1 = w2 = 100 mm,
while the 6 fins are of thickness t =
10 mm and pitch S = 18 mm. The fin
length is Lf = 50 mm, and the base
of the heat sink has a thickness of Lb = 10 mm.

If cooling is implemented by water flow through the heat sink, with

u = 3 m/s and T = 17°C, what is the base temperature Tb of the heat
sink when power dissipation by the chips is Pelec = 1800 W? The
average convection coefficient for surfaces of the fins and the exposed
base may be estimated by assuming parallel flow over a flat plate.

6. A tube bank uses an aligned arrangement of 30-mm-diameter tubes with

ST = SL = 60 mm and a tube length of 1 m. There are 10 tube rows in the
flow direction (NL = 10) and 7 tubes per row (NT = 7). Air with upstream
conditions of T = 27°C and V = 15 m/s is in cross flow over the tubes,
while a tube wall temperature of 100°C is maintained by steam
condensation inside the tubes. Determine the temperature of air leaving
the tube bank, the pressure drop across the bank, and the fan power
requirement.
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Internal Flow (Flow inside Tubes or Ducts)
7. One concept used for solar energy collection
involves placing a tube at the focal point of a
parabolic reflector and passing a fluid through the
tube. The net effect of this arrangement may be
approximated as one of creating a condition of
uniform heating at the surface of the tube. That is,
the resulting heat flux to the fluid qs may be
assumed to be a constant along the circumference and axis of the tube.
Consider operation with a tube of diameter D = 60 mm on a sunny day for
which qs = 2000 W/m2.
a) If pressurized water enters the tube at m = 0.01 kg/s and Tm,i = 20C, what
tube length L is required to obtain an exit temperature of 80C?
b) What is the surface temperature at the outlet of the tube, where fully
developed conditions may be assumed to exist?

8. Consider an air solar collector that is 1 m wide and

5 m long and has a constant spacing of 3 cm
between the glass cover and the collector plate.
Air enters the collector at 30°C at a rate of 0.15
m3/s through the 1-m-wide edge and flows along
the 5-m-long passage way. If the average
temperatures of the glass cover and the collector
plate are 20°C and 60°C, respectively,
Determine
(a) the net rate of heat transfer to the air in the
collector
(b) the temperature rise of air as it flows through the collector.

9. To cool a summer home without

using a vapor compression
refrigeration cycle, air is routed
through a plastic pipe (k = 0.15
W/m.K, Di = 0.15 m, Do = 0.17 m)
that is submerged in an adjoining
body of water. The water
temperature is nominally at T = 17C, and a convection coefficient of ho =
1500 W/m2 K is maintained at the outer surface of the pipe. If air from the
home enters the pipe at a temperature of Tm,i=29C and a volumetric flow
rate of 0.025m3/s, what pipe length L is needed to provide a discharge

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 temperature of Tm,o = 21C? What is the fan power required to move the air
through this length of pipe if its inner surface is smooth?

Concentric Tube Annulus

10. Water at m = 0.02 kg/s and Tb.i = 20 °C enters an annular region formed by an
inner tube of diameter Di = 25 mm and outer tube of diameter Do = l00 mm.
Saturated steam flows through the inner tube, maintaining its surface at
uniform temperature of Ts.i = 100 °C, while the outer surface of the outer tube
is well insulated. If fully developed conditions may be assumed throughout
the annulus, how long must the system be to provide an outlet water
temperature of 75 °C? What is the heat flux from inner tube at the outlet?

Noncircular Ducts
11. Air at 1 atm and 285 K enters a 2-m-long rectangular duct with cross section 75
mm × 150 mm. The duct is maintained at a constant surface temperature of 400
K, and the air mass flow rate is 0.10 kg/s. Determine the heat transfer rate from
the duct to the air and the air outlet temperature.

Internal and External Flow

12. A tube bank that used to heat the air used in a combustion process by extracting
energy from the products of combustion (the flue gas). Ceramic tubes (k = 20
\V/m K) of inner mid outer diameters equal to 55 and 80 mm, respectively and
of length L = 1.4 m are arranged as staggered tube bank of longitudinal and
transverse pitches SL = 100 mm and ST = 120 mm, respectively. There are
rows in the flow direction (NL) and the number of tubes in the transverse plane
is NT. Cold air is in cross flow over the tube bank at 5 kg/s in a duct of l .344
m2 cross section area, while hot flue gases pass through the tubes at flow
velocity 22 m/s. The inlet temperatures of the air and fuel gas are 300 and 1400
K, respectively. For simplicity, the physical properties of the cold air may be
assumed constant and obtained at 300 K, and the fuel gas properties
(approximated air) are at 1400 K. Determine:

a) The overall heat transfer coefficient Uo•

b) If the average outer surface temperature of the tubes 790 K, and the cold air
outlet temperature T,o. = 450 K, determine the total number of tubes and NL,
and NT
c) The fan power requirement to move the cold air.