Chapter 8 Test Bank
Question 1
The shift in post-secondary academic and career paths is in response to
a. immigration trends.
b. the job market.
c. government policies.
d. tuition costs.
Correct answer: b
Page: 230
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Conceptual
Question 2
What path has seen a decrease in popularity following the shifting demands of the job market?
a. vocational training
b. university
c. college
d. early-leaving
Correct answer: d
Page: 230
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Factual/Recall
Question 3
A recent college graduate working as an office's Administration Assistant would be in a _____
collar position.
a. white
b. blue
c. pink
d. green
Correct answer: a
Page: 230
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Applied
Question 4
The graduate of a pipe-fitting apprenticeship would be viewed as working a _____ collar job.
a. white
b. blue
c. pink
d. green
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Correct answer: b
Page: 230
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Applied
Question 5
A continuously adapting society based on the skills of highly educated and technically proficient
employees is considered a _____ economy.
a. emerging
b. postmodern
c. traditional
d. knowledge
Correct answer: d
Page: 230
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Conceptual
Question 6
The adaptation that takes place in a knowledge economy is evident through the expansion of
a. credentialism.
b. lifelong learning.
c. bilingualism.
d. organized labour.
Correct answer: b
Page: 230
Difficulty: 3
Skill: Conceptual
Question 7
“Knowledge workers” account for _____ of the jobs in Canada?
a. a majority
b. half
c. a minority
d. all
Correct answer:c
Page: 231
Difficulty: 3
Skill: Factual/Recall
Question 8
Prestige can relate to certain academic disciplines in the form of
a. limited enrollment.
b. credentials.
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c. high tuition costs.
d. none of the above.
Correct answer: c
Page: 231
Difficulty: 3
Skill: Conceptual
Question 9
Executive MBA students pay _____ times more in tuition costs in relation to other fields?
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 5
Correct answer: d
Page: 232
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Factual/Recall
Question 10
Tying high tuition costs to the fields of business, law, and medicine and low tuition costs to
agriculture and education is an example of
a. social closure.
b. cultural hegemony.
c. self-fulfilling prophecy.
d. status groups.
Correct answer: b
Page: 232
Difficulty: 3
Skill: Applied
Question 11
Comparing the worth of lost wages, study time and tuition costs against the potential earnings of
a post-secondary degree determines the student's
a. academic freedom.
b. socioeconomic status.
c. human capital.
d. opportunity cost.
Correct answer: d
Page: 232
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Conceptual
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Question 12
Choosing a vocational training program because you are unable to afford attending university is
an example of
a. primary effects.
b. secondary effects.
c. low human capital.
d. high human capital.
Correct answer: b
Page: 232
Difficulty: 3
Skill: Applied
Question 13
Skills acquired through education are a typical example of _____ capital.
a. social
b. cultural
c. ethnic
d. economic
Correct answer: d
Page: 232
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Conceptual
Question 14
Personal characteristics, like work experience gained through an internship, that can result in
economic reward are examples of _____ capital.
a. social
b. human
c. cultural
d. ethnic
Correct answer: b
Page: 232
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Conceptual
Question 15
An individual's bilingualism is an example of _____ capital.
a. ethnic
b. cultural
c. social
d. human
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Correct answer: d
Page: 232
Difficulty: 3
Skill: Applied
Question 16
Which of the following is the most promoted school-to-work pathway?
a. high school – vocational training – job
b. high school – post-secondary studies – job
c. high school – job – vocational training
d. high school – job – post-secondary studies
Correct answer: b
Page: 233
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Factual/Recall
Question 17
Rural students that drop out of school early for economic opportunities are considered high school
a. second chancers
b. apprentices
c. adolescent students
d. leavers
Correct answer: d
Page: 234
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Applied
Question 18
“Second chancers” drop out of high school early and
a. permanently join the labour force.
b. return to education at a later point in time.
c. have higher educational attainment in the second-generation.
d. return to vocational training.
Correct answer: b
Page: 234
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Conceptual
Question 19
Students entering post-secondary education aged 21 or older with no high school diploma are
_____ students.
a. delayed
b. secondary cycle
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c. mature
d. lifelong
Correct answer: c
Page: 235
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Conceptual
Question 20
What differentiates adult learners from mature students?
a. age
b. cycle of education
c. academic program
d. occupation
Correct answer: b
Page: 235
Difficulty: 3
Skill: Conceptual
Question 21
Individuals that complete high school but enter the labour force before continuing with their
education are considered
a. mature students.
b. adult learners.
c. gappers.
d. early leavers.
Correct answer: c
Page: 235
Difficulty: 3
Skill: Conceptual
Question 22
What differentiates a gapper from a mature student?
a. age
b. cycle of education
c. work experience
d. high school diploma
Correct answer: d
Page: 235
Difficulty: 3
Skill: Conceptual
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Question 23
The proportion of Canadians that do not desire post-secondary education or do not finish the
programs that they begin are known as the forgotten
a. quarter
b. third
c. half
d. two thirds
Correct answer: c
Page: 236
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Factual/Recall
Question 24
The pressure to follow the “proper path” instead of what students do well exemplifies a lack of
a. leadership.
b. agency.
c. structure.
d. choice.
Correct answer: b
Page: 236
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Conceptual
Question 25
Alberta's success in linking schools and industry though youth apprenticeship programs is related
to
a. school initiatives.
b. local industry environment.
c. charter schools.
d. provincial policies.
Correct answer: b
Page: 236
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Factual/Recall
Question 26
The conditions responsible for Alberta's successful apprenticeship system relate most closely to
which of Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems?
a. microsystem
b. mesosystem
c. exosystem
d. macrosystem
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Correct answer: c
Page: 236
Difficulty: 3
Skill: Conceptual
Question 27
The stigma against "non-academic" pathways in education is an example of
a. cultural hegemony.
b. cultural reproduction.
c. credential inflation.
d. none of the above.
Correct answer: a
Page: 236
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Conceptual
Question 28
The fact that children of individuals with post-secondary education are more likely to pursue
post-secondary education is an example of
a. cultural hegemony.
b. cultural reproduction.
c. self-fulfilling prophecy.
d. intangible assets.
Correct answer: b
Page: 238
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Conceptual
Question 29
A student's need to maintain a heavy work schedule that results in them not completing high
school exemplifies the role of _____ on educational attainment.
a. socialization
b. social capital
c. human capital
d. socioeconomic status
Correct answer: d
Page: 238
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Applied
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Question 30
A student's uncertainty towards attending university that stems from their parents' unfamiliarity
with the environment and culture relates to the different _____ experienced by individuals.
a. structure
b. agency
c. habitus
d. classes
Correct answer: c
Page: 238
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Applied
Question 31
Unpaid internships can be seen as a type of _____ in that individuals that participate must be
able to afford living without an income.
a. status group
b. streaming
c. credentialism
d. habitus
Correct answer: a
Page: 239
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Applied
Question 32
A lack of _____ capital among first generation university students can result in a struggle to “fit
in.”
a. human
b. social
c. ethnic
d. economic
Correct answer: b
Page: 239
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Applied
Question 33
Which of the following graduate groups experience the lowest rate of unemployment?
a. high school diplomas
b. post-secondary diplomas
c. certificates
d. degrees
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Correct answer: d
Page: 239
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Factual/Recall
Question 34
Which of the following groups experience the highest rate of unemployment?
a. high school graduates
b. college graduates
c. university graduates
d. doctoral graduates
Correct answer: a
Page: 239
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Factual/Recall
Question 35
Those with a high degree of _____ capital have a greater chance of securing employment
through existing contact networks.
a. ethnic
b. economic
c. social
d. cultural
Correct answer: c
Page: 239
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Conceptual
Question 36
Among post-secondary graduates, which group has the highest rate of employment?
a. college
b. undergraduate
c. masters
d. doctoral
Correct answer: c
Page: 241
Difficulty: 3
Skill: Factual/Recall
Question 37
What group tends to study in areas that are associated with lower pay?
a. men
b. women
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Chapter 8: Test Bank
c. first generation immigrants
d. second generation immigrants
Correct answer: b
Page: 242
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Factual/Recall
Question 38
A science graduate working as a French teacher is an example of _____ mismatch.
a. qualification
b. sector
c. certification
d. job-education
Correct answer: d
Page: 242
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Conceptual
Question 39
When a PhD graduate takes a job as an Administrative Assistant, they are an example of
a. cross-qualification
b. cross-certification
c. overqualification
d. underqualification
Correct answer: c
Page: 242
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Conceptual
Question 40
_____-mismatch is when the years of education needed for a job is different from the years
attained by an individual.
a. Horizontal
b. Vertical
c. Credential
d. Experience
Correct answer: b
Page: 242
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Conceptual
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Question 41
_____-mismatch is when an employee's field of study and job do not match.
a. Horizontal
b. Vertical
c. Credential
d. Experience
Correct answer: a
Page: 242
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Conceptual
Question 42
What factor(s) show(s) no effect on job-education mismatch?
a. sex
b. grades
c. field of study
d. all of the above
Correct answer: a
Page: 242
Difficulty: 3
Skill: Factual/Recall
Question 43
Underutilizing the skill sets of _____ is known as brain waste.
a. graduates
b. new immigrants
c. advanced students
d. bilingual graduates
Correct answer: b
Page: 243
Difficulty: 3
Skill: Conceptual
Question 44
The flow of medical doctors from Canada to America is an example of brain
a. waste.
b. gain.
c. drain.
d. mismatch.
Correct answer: c
Page: 243
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Applied
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Question 45
Brain _____ is the benefit experienced by Canada through the immigration of highly skilled
immigrants.
a. waste
b. gain
c. drain
d. mismatch
Correct answer: b
Page: 243
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Conceptual
Question 46
Which group experiences a greater proportion of job-education mismatch?
a. women
b. men
c. immigrants
d. French Canadians
Correct answer: c
Page: 243
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Factual/Recall
Question 47
Higher levels of job dissatisfaction and employee turnover is a common result of
a. overqualification.
b. underqualification.
c. credential inflation.
d. apprenticeships.
Correct answer: a
Page: 244
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Conceptual
Question 48
What effect does credential inflation have on job-education mismatch?
a. jobs require more specialized skills
b. the number of high-skill jobs increases
c. jobs require a broader skill base
d. job skill levels stay the same
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Correct answer: d
Page: 245
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Conceptual
Question 49
Traits related to communication, leadership and teamwork are categorized as what kind of skills?
a. social
b. soft
c. support
d. stigmatized
Correct answer: b
Page: 245
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Conceptual
Question 50
What set of educational programs involve exposure to the work environment?
a. new education
b. classical curriculum
c. homeschooling
d. experiential learning
Correct answer: d
Page: 245
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Conceptual
Question 51
The expansion of experiential learning was tied to which education movement?
a. alternate ways of knowing
b. progressive education movement
c. new education movement
d. the Edmonton Model
Correct answer: b
Page: 245
Difficulty: 3
Skill: Conceptual
Question 52
Which of the following skills would be rewarded in a knowledge economy?
a. computer programming
b. teacher certification
c. bilingualism
d. communication
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Correct answer: a
Page: 247
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Applied
Question 53
A student balancing a job at a coffee shop and an academic schedule is participating in what type
of employment?
a. second-shift
b. rational choice
c. in-school
d. co-operative
Correct answer: c
Page: 247
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Applied
Question 54
The majority of jobs held by post-secondary students are
a. career-related
b. high-skilled
c. not career-related
d. unpaid
Correct answer: c
Page: 248
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Factual/Recall
Question 55
The transition from childhood to adulthood documents the path to
a. maturity.
b. independence.
c. parenthood.
d. economic stability.
Correct answer: b
Page: 248
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Conceptual
Question 56
In recent generations, the transition from adolescence to adulthood has
a. shortened.
b. lengthened.
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c. stayed constant.
d. stabilized.
Correct answer: b
Page: 249
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Factual/Recall
Question 57
Which of the following is not considered a key school-to-work transition stage?
a. leaving the parental home
b. completing one year of full-time employment
c. entering a spousal partnership
d. paying-off student loans
Correct answer: d
Page: 249
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Conceptual
Question 58
Which group tends to establish their independence at a younger age than the others?
a. men
b. women
c. visible minorities
d. immigrants
Correct answer: b
Page: 252
Difficulty: 3
Skill: Factual/Recall
Question 59
Kidults, adultescents and boomerangs all belong to which life stage?
a. play
b. game
c. emerging adulthood
d. school-to-work transition
Correct answer: c
Page: 252
Difficulty: 3
Skill: Conceptual
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Question 60
What was the most common reason for leaving the family home in earlier generations?
a. work
b. education
c. marriage
d. independence
Correct answer: c
Page: 253
Difficulty: 3
Skill: Factual/Recall
Question 61
What is the most common reason for leaving the family home in the current generation?
a. work
b. education
c. marriage
d. independence
Correct answer: d
Page: 253
Difficulty: 3
Skill: Factual/Recall
Question 62
_____ is the transitional life stage that focuses on identity formation and combating instability.
a. Emerging adulthood
b. Adolescence
c. Progressive aging
d. Soul searching
Correct answer: a
Page: 253
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Conceptual
Question 63
Identity capital theory conceptualizes the changing transition to adulthood as what kind of
experience?
a. community
b. cultural
c. individual
d. class
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Correct answer: c
Page: 254
Difficulty: 3
Skill: Conceptual
Question 64
A 1950's era adolescent would would likely base their transition to adulthood on
a. tradition.
b. personal preferences.
c. class.
d. none of the above.
Correct answer: a
Page: 254
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Applied
transitions once followed tradition and cultural norms, now more reflect personal preferences
and choices 254
Question 65
A recent university graduate would likely base their transition to adulthood on
a. tradition.
b. personal preferences.
c. class.
d. none of the above.
Correct answer: b
Page: 254
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Applied
Question 66
Unsure of their future career path, a graduate that joins the family business at the urging of a
parents would be experiencing what kind of individualization?
a. developmental
b. ideological
c. parental
d. default
Correct answer: d
Page: 255
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Applied
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Chapter 8: Test Bank
Question 67
A student that has planned their career path since middle school would experience what kind of
individualization following graduation?
a. developmental
b. ideological
c. parental
d. default
Correct answer: a
Page: 255
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Applied
Question 68
One's teaching certificate, country club membership or personal style would be considered
_____ assets.
a. capital
b. tangible
c. intangible
d. exchangeable
Correct answer: b
Page: 255
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Applied
Question 69
One's confidence, analytical skills and work ethic would be considered _____ assets.
a. capital
b. tangible
c. intangible
d. exchange-like
Correct answer: c
Page: 255
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Applied
Question 70
Regulating and expanding one's assets results in a shift in what type(s) of capital?
a. social
b. cultural
c. economic
d. all of the above
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Correct answer: a
Page: 255
Difficulty: 3
Skill: Conceptual
Question 71
Similar to educational attainment, those who overcome a series of risk factors to make a
successful transition to adulthood display which sociological trait?
a. independence
b. social reproduction
c. resilience
d. intergenerational effects
Correct answer: c
Page: 255
Difficulty: 3
Skill: Conceptual
Question 72
The use of new transition paths that are based on personal choices exemplifies the use of
a. structure.
b. agency.
c. class.
d. individualization.
Correct answer: b
Page: 256
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Conceptual
Question 73
Across cultures, which demographic experiences the hardest challenges when entering the labour
market?
a. adult learners
b. young workers
c. immigrant workers
d. aged workers
Correct answer: b
Page: 257
Difficulty: 3
Skill: Factual/Recall
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Question 74
Initial jobs following transition tend to be
a. stable.
b. flexible
c. unstable
d. unskilled
Correct answer: c
Page: 257
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Factual/Recall
Question 75
Economically inactive youth that are not participating in education, employment or training are
given what label?
a. AWOL
b. YOET
c. NEET
d. IYEC
Correct answer: c
Page: 259
Difficulty: 3
Skill: Factual/Recall
Question 76
The different approaches used by countries to support the school-to-work transition is known as
their transition
a. strategy
b. implementation
c. ideology
d. typology
Correct answer: d
Page: 260
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Conceptual
Question 77
Students who are trained in a trade while learning on the job are taking part in a(n) _____
program.
a. co-op
b. apprenticeship
c. intern
d. practice
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Correct answer: b
Page: 260
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Conceptual
Question 78
Clear training pathways and job requirements can be found in what kind of labour market?
a. occupational
b. internal
c. laissez-faire
d. conservative
Correct answer: a
Page: 260
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Conceptual
Question 79
Fluid occupational boundaries and a focus on a general skill set can be found in what kind of
labour market?
a. occupational
b. internal
c. laissez-faire
d. conservative
Correct answer: b
Page: 260
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Conceptual
Question 80
Germany, Austria and Switzerland are all examples of what kind of labour market?
a. internal
b. laissez-faire
c. occupational
d. conservative
Correct answer: c
Page: 260
Difficulty: 3
Skill: Factual/Recall
Question 81
The United States, Canada and the United Kingdom are all examples of what labour market?
a. internal
b. laissez-faire
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c. occupational
d. conservative
Correct answer: a
Page: 260
Difficulty: 3
Skill: Factual/Recall
Question 82
Occupational labour markets make it hard for participants to achieve what sociological concept?
a. primary socialization
b. structural functionalism
c. social mobility
d. social competence
Correct answer: c
Page: 260
Difficulty: 3
Skill: Conceptual
Question 83
_____ is the increase of technological, economic, and migratory linkages between cultures in
recent decades.
a. Internationalism
b. Cross-culturalism
c. Multiculturalism
d. Globalization
Correct answer: d
Page: 261
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Conceptual
Question 84
Canada is considered to be which of the following “regime” types?
a. family-oriented
b. liberal
c. conservative
d. social democratic
Correct answer: b
Page: 262
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Factual/Recall
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