Microsoft PowerPoint

Microsoft PowerPoint is a presentation program,[8]

Microsoft PowerPoint
created by Robert Gaskins and Dennis Austin[8] at a
software company named Forethought, Inc.[8] It was
released on April 20, 1987,[9] initially for Macintosh
computers only.[8] Microsoft acquired PowerPoint for
about $14 million three months after it appeared.[10]
This was Microsoft's first significant acquisition,[11] and
Microsoft set up a new business unit for PowerPoint in
Silicon Valley where Forethought had been located.[11]

PowerPoint became a component of the Microsoft Office

suite, first offered in 1989 for Macintosh[12] and in 1990
for Windows,[13] which bundled several Microsoft apps.
Beginning with PowerPoint 4.0 (1994), PowerPoint was
A photo presentation being created and
integrated into Microsoft Office development, and
adopted shared common components and a converged edited in PowerPoint, running on
user interface.[14] Windows 11
Developer(s) Microsoft
PowerPoint's market share was very small at first, prior
Initial release May 22, 1990
to introducing a version for Microsoft Windows, but
grew rapidly with the growth of Windows and of Stable release 2209
Office.[15]:402–404 Since the late 1990s, PowerPoint's (16.0.15629.20208)
worldwide market share of presentation software has / October 11,
been estimated at 95 percent.[16] 2022[1]
Written in C++ (back-end)[2]
PowerPoint was originally designed to provide visuals
for group presentations within business organizations, Operating system Microsoft Windows
but has come to be very widely used in many other Available in 102 languages[3]
communication situations, both in business and
beyond.[17] The impact of this much wider use of List of languages [show]
PowerPoint has been experienced as a powerful change Afrikaans, Albanian, Amharic, Arabic,
throughout society,[18] with strong reactions including Armenian, Assamese, Azerbaijani
advice that it should be used less,[19] should be used (Latin), Bangla (Bangladesh), Bangla
differently,[20] or should be used better.[21] (Bengali India), Basque, Belarusian,
Bosnian (Latin), Bulgarian, Catalan,
The first PowerPoint version (Macintosh 1987) was used Chinese (Simplified), Chinese
to produce overhead transparencies,[22] the second
(Traditional), Croatian, Czech, Danish,
(Macintosh 1988, Windows 1990) could also produce
Dari, Dutch, English, Estonian, Filipino,
color 35 mm slides.[22] The third version (Windows and
Finnish, French, Galician, Georgian,
Macintosh 1992) introduced video output of virtual
slideshows to digital projectors, which would over time German, Greek, Gujarati, Hausa,
completely replace physical transparencies and Hebrew, Hindi, Hungarian, Icelandic,
slides.[22] A dozen major versions since then have added Igbo, Indonesian, Irish, isiXhosa, isiZulu,
many additional features and modes of operation[14] and Italian, Spanish, Kannada, Kazakh,
have made PowerPoint available beyond Apple Khmer, Kinyarwanda, Kiswahili,
Macintosh and Microsoft Windows, adding versions for Konkani, Korean, Kyrgyz, Latvian,
iOS, Android, and web access.[23] Lithuanian, Luxembourgish, Macedonian
(Macedonia), Malay (Latin), Malayalam,

History Maltese, Maori, Marathi, Mongolian

(Cyrillic), Nepali, Norwegian (Bokmål),
Norwegian (Nynorsk), Odia, Pashto,
Creation at Forethought (1984–1987) Persian (Farsi), Polish, Portuguese
(Portugal), Portuguese (Brazil), Punjabi
PowerPoint was created by Robert Gaskins and Dennis (India), Quechua, Romanian, Romansh,
Austin at a software startup in Silicon Valley named Russian, Scottish Gaelic, Serbian
Forethought, Inc.[24] Forethought had been founded in (Cyrillic, Serbia), Serbian (Latin, Serbia),
1983 to create an integrated environment and Serbian (Cyrillic, Bosnia and
applications for future personal computers that would Herzegovina), Sesotho sa Leboa,
provide a graphical user interface, but it had run into
Setswana, Sindhi (Arabic), Sinhala,
difficulties requiring a "restart" and new plan.[25]
Slovak, Slovenian, Spanish, Swedish,
On July 5, 1984, Forethought hired Robert Gaskins as its Tamil, Tatar (Cyrillic), Telugu, Thai,
vice president of product development[26]:51 to create a Turkish, Turkmen (Latin), Ukrainian,
new application that would be especially suited to the Urdu, Uyghur, Uzbek (Latin), Valencian,
new graphical personal computers, such as Microsoft Vietnamese, Welsh, Wolof, Yoruba
Windows and Apple Macintosh.[27] Gaskins produced
Type Presentation
his initial description of PowerPoint about a month later
(August 14, 1984) in the form of a 2-page document program
titled "Presentation Graphics for Overhead License Trialware
Projection." [28] By October 1984, Gaskins had selected Website microsoft.com/en-
Dennis Austin to be the developer for PowerPoint.[29] us/microsoft-365
Gaskins and Austin worked together on the definition
/powerpoint (http://
and design of the new product for nearly a year, and
microsoft.com/en-u
produced the first specification document dated August
s/microsoft-365/po
21, 1985.[30] This first design document showed a
werpoint)
product as it would look in Microsoft Windows 1.0,[31]
which at that time had not been released.[32]
Microsoft PowerPoint for
Development from that spec was begun by Austin in Mac
November 1985, for Macintosh first.[26]:104 About six
months later, on May 1, 1986, Gaskins and Austin chose a
second developer to join the project, Thomas
Rudkin.[26]:149 Gaskins prepared two final product
specification marketing documents in June 1986; these
described a product for both Macintosh and Windows.
[33][34] At about the same time, Austin, Rudkin, and
PowerPoint for Mac (version
Gaskins produced a second and final major design
specification document, this time showing a Macintosh 16.69.1), running on macOS
look.[35] Ventura (13.2)
Developer(s) Microsoft
Throughout this development period, the product was
Initial release April 20, 1987
called "Presenter." Then, just before release, there was a
last-minute check with Forethought's lawyers to register the Stable release 16.70 (Build
name as a trademark, and "Presenter" was unexpectedly 23021201) /
rejected because it had already been used by someone else. February 14,
Gaskins says that he thought of "PowerPoint", based on the 2023[4]
product's goal of "empowering" individual presenters, and
sent that name to the lawyers for clearance, while all the
documentation was hastily revised.[36] Written in C++ (back-
end),
Funding to complete development of PowerPoint was
Objective-C
assured in mid-January 1987, when a new Apple Computer
(API/UI)[2]
venture capital fund, called Apple's Strategic Investment
Group,[37] selected PowerPoint to be its first Operating system macOS 11 or
investment.[26]:169–171 A month later, on February 22, 1987, later
Forethought announced PowerPoint at the Personal Available in 26 languages[5]
Computer Forum in Phoenix; John Sculley, the CEO of
Apple, appeared at the announcement and said "We see List of languages [show]
desktop presentation as potentially a bigger market for English, Arabic, Czech, Danish,
Apple than desktop publishing."[38] Dutch, Finnish, French, German,
Greek, Hebrew, Hungarian,
PowerPoint 1.0 for Macintosh shipped from manufacturing Indonesian, Italian, Japanese,
on April 20, 1987, and the first production run of 10,000
Korean, Norwegian Bokmål, Polish,
units was sold out.[39]
Portuguese, Russian, Simplified
Chinese, Slovak, Spanish, Swedish,
Acquisition by Microsoft (1987–1992) Thai, Traditional Chinese, Turkish

Type Presentation
By early 1987, Microsoft was starting to plan a new
program
application to create presentations, an activity led by Jeff
Raikes, who was head of marketing for the Applications License Proprietary
Division.[40] Microsoft assigned an internal group to write a commercial
specification and plan for a new presentation product.[41] software
They contemplated an acquisition to speed up
development, and in early 1987 Microsoft sent a letter of Microsoft PowerPoint for
intent to acquire Dave Winer's product called MORE, an Android
outlining program that could print its outlines as bullet
charts.[42] During this preparatory activity Raikes
discovered that a program specifically to make overhead
presentations was already being developed by
Forethought, Inc., and that it was nearly completed.[40]
Raikes and others visited Forethought on February 6,
1987, for a confidential demonstration.[26]:173

Raikes later recounted his reaction to seeing PowerPoint

and his report about it to Bill Gates, who was initially
skeptical:[40]

Powerpoint for Android running on

I thought, "software to do overheads—that's a
Android 13
great idea." I came back to see Bill. I said,
"Bill, I think we really ought to do this;" and Developer(s) Microsoft
Bill said, "No, no, no, no, no, that's just a Corporation
feature of Microsoft Word, just put it into Stable release 16.0.16501.20160
Word." ... And I kept saying, "Bill, no, it's not
/ May 26, 2023[6]
just a feature of Microsoft Word, it's a whole
genre of how people do these presentations." Operating system Android Pie or
And, to his credit, he listened to me and later
ultimately allowed me to go forward and ... Type Presentation
buy this company in Silicon Valley called program
Forethought, for the product known as
 PowerPoint. License Proprietary
commercial
When PowerPoint was released by Forethought, its initial software
press was favorable; the Wall Street Journal reported on Website products.office
early reactions: " 'I see about one product a year I get this .com/en-us
excited about,' says Amy Wohl, a consultant in Bala /powerpoint (http
Cynwyd, Pa. 'People will buy a Macintosh just to get s://products.offic
access to this product.' "[43] e.com/en-us/pow
On April 28, 1987, a week after shipment, a group of erpoint)
Microsoft's senior executives spent another day at
Forethought to hear about initial PowerPoint sales on Microsoft PowerPoint for
Macintosh and plans for Windows.[26]:191 The following iOS
day, Microsoft sent a letter to Dave Winer withdrawing its Developer(s) Microsoft
earlier letter of intent to acquire his company,[44] and in Corporation
mid-May 1987 Microsoft sent a letter of intent to acquire
Stable release 2.73 / May 15,
Forethought.[45] As requested in that letter of intent, Robert
2023[7]
Gaskins from Forethought went to Redmond for a one-on-
one meeting with Bill Gates in early June, 1987,[26]:197 and Operating system iOS 15 or later
by the end of July an agreement was concluded for an IPadOS 15 or
acquisition. The New York Times reported:[46] later
watchOS 8 or
later
... July 30, 1987— The Microsoft Corporation
announced its first significant software Available in 33 languages
acquisition today, paying $14 million
[47] List of languages [show]
[$36.1 million in present-day terms ] for
English, Arabic, Catalan, Croatian,
Forethought Inc. of Sunnyvale, Calif.
Forethought makes a program called Czech, Danish, Dutch, Finnish,
PowerPoint that allows users of Apple French, German, Greek, Hebrew,
Macintosh computers to make overhead Hindi, Hungarian, Indonesian,
transparencies or flip charts. ... [T]he acquisition Italian, Japanese, Korean, Malay,
of Forethought is the first significant one for Norwegian Bokmål, Polish,
Microsoft, which is based in Redmond, Wash. Portuguese, Romanian, Russian,
Forethought would remain in Sunnyvale, giving Simplified Chinese, Slovak, Spanish,
Microsoft a Silicon Valley presence. The unit will Swedish, Thai, Traditional Chinese,
be headed by Robert Gaskins, Forethought's vice
Turkish, Ukrainian, Vietnamese
president of product development.
Type Presentation
program
Microsoft's president Jon Shirley offered Microsoft's
motivation for the acquisition: " 'We made this deal License Proprietary
primarily because of our belief in desktop presentations as a commercial
product category. ... Forethought was first to market with a software
product in this category.' "[48] Website products.office
.com/en-us
Microsoft set up within its Applications Division an
independent "Graphics Business Unit" to develop and /powerpoint (ht
market PowerPoint, the first Microsoft application group tps://products.o
distant from the main Redmond location.[48] All the ffice.com/en-us
PowerPoint people from Forethought joined Microsoft, and /powerpoint)
the new location was headed by Robert Gaskins, with
Dennis Austin and Thomas Rudkin leading development.[49] PowerPoint 1.0 for Macintosh was
modified to indicate the new Microsoft ownership and
continued to be sold.[49]
PowerPoint Mobile for Windows
10
A new PowerPoint 2.0 for Macintosh, adding color Developer(s) Microsoft
35 mm slides, appeared by mid-1988,[49] and again
Final release 16002.12325.20032.0
received good reviews.[50] The same PowerPoint 2.0
/ December 10, 2019
product re-developed for Windows was shipped two
years later, in mid-1990, at the same time as Windows Operating system Windows 10,
3.0.[51] Much of the color technology was the fruit of a Windows 10 Mobile
joint development partnership with Genigraphics, at Type Presentation program
that time the dominant presentation services
License Trialware
company.[52]
Website www.microsoft.com
PowerPoint 3.0, which was shipped in 1992 for both /store/productid
Windows and Mac, added live video for projectors and /9WZDNCRFJB5Q (h
monitors, with the result that PowerPoint was ttps://www.microsoft.c
thereafter used for delivering presentations as well as om/store/productid/9
for preparing them. This was at first an alternative to
WZDNCRFJB5Q)
overhead transparencies and 35 mm slides, but over
time would come to replace them.[53]

Part of Microsoft Office (since 1993)

PowerPoint had been included in Microsoft Office from the beginning. PowerPoint 2.0 for
Macintosh was part of the first Office bundle for Macintosh which was offered in mid-1989.[54]
When PowerPoint 2.0 for Windows appeared, a year later, it was part of a similar Office bundle
for Windows, which was offered in late 1990.[55] Both of these were bundling promotions, in
which the independent applications were packaged together and offered for a lower total price.
[54][55]

PowerPoint 3.0 (1992) was again separately specified and developed,[14] and was prominently
advertised and sold separately from Office.[56] It was, as before, included in Microsoft Office
3.0, both for Windows and the corresponding version for Macintosh.[57]

A plan to integrate the applications themselves more tightly had been indicated as early as
February 1991, toward the end of PowerPoint 3.0 development, in an internal memo by Bill
Gates:[58]

Another important question is what portion of our applications sales over time will
be a set of applications versus a single product. ... Please assume that we stay ahead
in integrating our family together in evaluating our future strategies—the product
teams WILL deliver on this. ... I believe that we should position the "OFFICE" as our
most important application.

The move from bundling separate products to integrated development began with PowerPoint
4.0, developed in 1993–1994 under new management from Redmond.[59] The PowerPoint
group in Silicon Valley was reorganized from the independent "Graphics Business Unit" (GBU)
to become the "Graphics Product Unit" (GPU) for Office, and PowerPoint 4.0 changed to adopt
a converged user interface and other components shared with the other apps in Office.[14]

When it was released, the computer press reported on the change approvingly: "PowerPoint 4.0
has been re-engineered from the ground up to resemble and work with the latest applications in
Office: Word 6.0, Excel 5.0, and Access 2.0. The integration is so good, you'll have to look twice
to make sure you're running PowerPoint and not Word or Excel."[60] Office integration was
further underscored in the following version, PowerPoint 95, which was given the version
number PowerPoint 7.0 (skipping 5.0 and 6.0) so that all the components of Office would share
the same major version number.[61]

Although PowerPoint by this point had become part of the integrated Microsoft Office product,
its development remained in Silicon Valley. Succeeding versions of PowerPoint introduced
important changes, particularly version 12.0 (2007) which had a very different shared Office
"ribbon" user interface, and a new shared Office XML-based file format.[62] This marked the
20th anniversary of PowerPoint, and Microsoft held an event to commemorate that anniversary
at its Silicon Valley Campus for the PowerPoint team there. Special guests were Robert Gaskins,
Dennis Austin, and Thomas Rudkin, and the featured speaker was Jeff Raikes, all from
PowerPoint 1.0 days, 20 years before.[63]

Since then major development of PowerPoint as part of Office has continued. New development
techniques (shared across Office) for PowerPoint 2016 have made it possible to ship versions of
PowerPoint 2016 for Windows, Mac, iOS, Android, and web access nearly simultaneously, and
to release new features on an almost monthly schedule.[64] PowerPoint development is still
carried out in Silicon Valley as of 2017.[65]

In 2010, Jeff Raikes, who had most recently been President of the Business Division of
Microsoft (including responsibility for Office),[66] observed: "of course, today we know that
PowerPoint is oftentimes the number two—or in some cases even the number one—most-used
tool" among the applications in Office.[40]

Sales and market share

PowerPoint's initial sales were about 40,000 copies sold in 1987 (nine months), about 85,000
copies in 1988, and about 100,000 copies in 1989, all for Macintosh.[67] PowerPoint's market
share in its first three years was a tiny part of the total presentation market, which was very
heavily dominated by MS-DOS applications on PCs.[68] The market leaders on MS-DOS in
1988–1989[69] were Harvard Graphics (introduced by Software Publishing in 1986[70]) in first
place, and Lotus Freelance Plus (also introduced in 1986[71]) as a strong second.[72] They were
competing with more than a dozen other MS-DOS presentation products,[73] and Microsoft did
not develop a PowerPoint version for MS-DOS.[74] After three years, PowerPoint sales were
disappointing. Jeff Raikes, who had bought PowerPoint for Microsoft, later recalled: "By 1990,
it looked like it wasn't a very smart idea [for Microsoft to have acquired PowerPoint], because
not very many people were using PowerPoint."[40]

This began to change when the first version for Windows, PowerPoint 2.0, brought sales up to
about 200,000 copies in 1990 and to about 375,000 copies in 1991, with Windows units
outselling Macintosh.[67]:403 PowerPoint sold about 1 million copies in 1992, of which about 80
percent were for Windows and about 20 percent for Macintosh,[67]:403 and in 1992
PowerPoint's market share of worldwide presentation graphics software sales was reported as
63 percent.[67]:404 By the last six months of 1992, PowerPoint revenue was running at a rate of
over $100 million annually ($258 million in present-day terms[47]).[67]:405[75]

Sales of PowerPoint 3.0 doubled to about 2 million copies in 1993, of which about 90 percent
were for Windows and about 10 percent for Macintosh,[67]:403 and in 1993 PowerPoint's market
share of worldwide presentation graphics software sales was reported as 78 percent.[67]:404 In
both years, about half of total revenue came from sales outside the U.S.[67]:404

By 1997 PowerPoint sales had doubled again, to more than 4 million copies annually,
representing 85 percent of the world market.[76] Also in 1997, an internal publication from the
PowerPoint group said that by then over 20 million copies of PowerPoint were in use, and that
total revenues from PowerPoint over its first ten years (1987 to 1996) had already exceeded
$1 billion.[77]

Since the late 1990s, PowerPoint's market share of total world presentation software has been
estimated at 95 percent by both industry and academic sources.[78]

Operation
The earliest version of PowerPoint (1987 for Macintosh) could be used to print black and white
pages to be photocopied onto sheets of transparent film for projection from overhead
projectors, and to print speaker's notes and audience handouts; the next version (1988 for
Macintosh, 1990 for Windows) was extended to also produce color 35mm slides by
communicating a file over a modem to a Genigraphics imaging center with slides returned by
overnight delivery for projection from slide projectors. PowerPoint was used for planning and
preparing a presentation, but not for delivering it (apart from previewing it on a computer
screen, or distributing printed paper copies).[79] The operation of PowerPoint changed
substantially in its third version (1992 for Windows and Macintosh), when PowerPoint was
extended to also deliver a presentation by producing direct video output to digital projectors or
large monitors.[79] In 1992 video projection of presentations was rare and expensive, and
practically unknown from a laptop computer. Robert Gaskins, one of the creators of
PowerPoint, says he publicly demonstrated that use for the first time at a large Microsoft
meeting held in Paris on February 25, 1992, by using an unreleased development build of
PowerPoint 3.0 running on an early pre-production sample of a powerful new color laptop and
feeding a professional auditorium video projector.[80]:373–375

By about 2003, ten years later, digital projection had become the dominant mode of use,
replacing transparencies and 35mm slides and their projectors.[80]:410–414[81] As a result, the
meaning of "PowerPoint presentation" narrowed to mean specifically digital projection:[82]

... in the business lexicon, "PowerPoint presentation" had come to refer to a

presentation made using a PowerPoint slideshow projected from a computer.
Although the PowerPoint software had been used to generate transparencies for over
a decade, this usage was not typically encompassed by a common understanding of
the term.

In contemporary operation, PowerPoint is used to create a file (called a "presentation" or

"deck") containing a sequence of pages (called "slides" in the app) which usually have a
consistent style (from template masters), and which may contain information imported from
other apps or created in PowerPoint, including text, bullet lists, tables, charts, drawn shapes,
images, audio clips, video clips, animations of elements, and animated transitions between
slides, plus attached notes for each slide.[83]

After such a file is created, typical operation is to present it as a slide show using a portable
computer, where the presentation file is stored on the computer or available from a network,
and the computer's screen shows a "presenter view" with current slide, next slide, speaker's
notes for the current slide, and other information.[84] Video is sent from the computer to one or
more external digital projectors or monitors, showing only the current slide to the audience,
with sequencing controlled by the speaker at the computer. A smartphone remote control built
in to PowerPoint for iOS (optionally controlled from Apple Watch)[85] and for Android[86]
allows the presenter to control the show from elsewhere in the room.

In addition to a computer slide show projected to a live audience by a speaker, PowerPoint can
be used to deliver a presentation in a number of other ways:

Displayed on the screen of the presentation computer or tablet (for a very small group)[87]
Printed for distribution as paper documents (in several formats)[88]
Distributed as files for private viewing, even on computers without PowerPoint[89]
Packaged for distribution on CD or a network, including linked and embedded data[90]
Transmitted as a live broadcast presentation over the web[91]
Embedded in a web page or blog[92]
Shared on social networks such as Facebook or Twitter[93]
Set up as a self-running unattended display[94]
Recorded as video/audio (H.264/AAC), to be distributed as for any other video[95]

Some of these ways of using PowerPoint have been studied by JoAnne Yates and Wanda
Orlikowski of the MIT Sloan School of Management:[82]

The standard form of such presentations involves a single person standing before a
group of people, talking and using the PowerPoint slideshow to project visual aids
onto a screen. ... In practice, however, presentations are not always delivered in this
mode. In our studies, we often found that the presenter sat at a table with a small
group of people and walked them through a "deck", composed of paper copies of the
slides. In some cases, decks were simply distributed to individuals, without even a
walk-through or discussion. ... Other variations in the form included sending the
PowerPoint file electronically to another site and talking through the slides over an
audio or video channel (e.g., telephone or video conference) as both parties viewed
the slides. ... Another common variation was placing a PowerPoint file on a web site
for people to view at different times.

They found that some of these ways of using PowerPoint could influence the content of
presentations, for example when "the slides themselves have to carry more of the substance of
the presentation, and thus need considerably more content than they would have if they were
intended for projection by a speaker who would orally provide additional details and nuance
about content and context."[82]

Other platforms

PowerPoint for mobile

PowerPoint Mobile is included with Windows Mobile 5.0. It is a presentation program capable
of reading and editing Microsoft PowerPoint presentations, although authoring abilities are
limited to adding notes, editing text, and rearranging slides. It can't create new presentations.
[96][97] Versions of PowerPoint Mobile for Windows Phone 7 can also watch presentation

broadcasts streamed from the Internet.[98] In 2015, Microsoft released PowerPoint Mobile for
Windows 10 as a universal app. In this version of PowerPoint users can create and edit new
presentations, present, and share their PowerPoint documents.[99]

PowerPoint for the web

PowerPoint for the web is a free lightweight version of Microsoft PowerPoint available as part of
Office on the web, which also includes web versions of Microsoft Excel and Microsoft Word.

PowerPoint for the web does not support inserting or editing charts, equations, or audio or
video stored on your PC, but they are all displayed in the presentation if they were added in
using a desktop app. Some elements, like WordArt effects or more advanced animations and
transitions, are not displayed at all, although they are preserved in the document. PowerPoint
for the web also lacks the Outline, Master, Slide Sorter, and Presenter views present in the
desktop app, as well as having limited printing options.[100]

Cultural impact

Business uses

PowerPoint was originally targeted just for business

presentations. Robert Gaskins, who was responsible for its
design, has written about his intended customers: "... I did
not target other existing large groups of users of
presentations, such as school teachers or military officers. ...
I also did not plan to target people who were not existing
users of presentations ... such as clergy and school children A PowerPoint presentation in
... . Our focus was purely on business users, in small and progress
large companies, from one person to the largest
multinationals."[101]:76–77 Business people had for a long
time made presentations for sales calls and for internal company communications, and
PowerPoint produced the same formats in the same style and for the same purposes.[101]:420

PowerPoint use in business grew over its first five years (1987-1992) to sales of about 1 million
copies annually, for worldwide market share of 63 percent.[67] Over the following five years
(1992-1997) PowerPoint sales accelerated, to a rate of about 4 million copies annually, for
worldwide market share of 85 percent.[102] The increase in business use has been attributed to
"network effects," whereby additional users of PowerPoint in a company or an industry
increased its salience and value to other users.[103]

Not everyone immediately approved of the greater use of PowerPoint for presentations, even in
business. CEOs who very early were reported to discourage or ban PowerPoint presentations at
internal business meetings included Lou Gerstner (at IBM, in 1993),[104] Scott McNealy (at Sun
Microsystems, in 1996),[105] and Steve Jobs (at Apple, in 1997).[106] But even so, Rich Gold, a
scholar who studied corporate presentation use at Xerox PARC, could write in 1999: "Within
today's corporation, if you want to communicate an idea ... you use PowerPoint."[107]

Uses beyond business

At the same time that PowerPoint was becoming dominant in business settings, it was also
being adopted for uses beyond business: "Personal computing ... scaled up the production of
presentations. ... The result has been the rise of presentation culture. In an information society,
nearly everyone presents."[108]

In 1998, at about the same time that Gold was pronouncing PowerPoint's ubiquity in business,
the influential Bell Labs engineer Robert W. Lucky could already write about broader uses:[109]

... the world has run amok with the giddy power of presentation graphics. A new
language is in the air, and it is codified in PowerPoint. ... In a family discussion about
what to do on a given evening, for example, I feel like pulling out my laptop and
giving a Vugraph presentation... In church, I am surprised that the preachers haven't
caught on yet. ... How have we gotten on so long without PowerPoint?

Over a decade or so, beginning in the mid 1990s, PowerPoint began to be used in many
communication situations, well beyond its original business presentation uses, to include
teaching in schools[110] and in universities,[111] lecturing in scientific meetings[112] (and
preparing their related poster sessions[113]), worshipping in churches,[114] making legal
arguments in courtrooms,[115] displaying supertitles in theaters,[116] driving helmet-mounted
displays in spacesuits for NASA astronauts,[117] giving military briefings,[118] issuing
governmental reports,[119] undertaking diplomatic negotiations,[120][121] writing novels,[122]
giving architectural demonstrations,[123] prototyping website designs,[124] creating animated
video games,[125] creating art projects,[126] and even as a substitute for writing engineering
technical reports,[127] and as an organizing tool for writing general business documents.[128]

By 2003, it seemed that PowerPoint was being used everywhere. Julia Keller reported for the
Chicago Tribune:[129]

PowerPoint ... is one of the most pervasive and ubiquitous technological tools ever
concocted. In less than a decade, it has revolutionized the worlds of business,
education, science, and communications, swiftly becoming the standard for just
about anybody who wants to explain just about anything to just about anybody else.
From corporate middle managers reporting on production goals to 4th-graders
fashioning a show-and-tell on the French and Indian War to church pastors
explicating the seven deadly sins ... PowerPoint seems poised for world domination.

Cultural reactions

As uses broadened, cultural awareness of PowerPoint grew and commentary about it began to
appear. "With the widespread adoption of PowerPoint came complaints ... often very general
statements reflecting dissatisfaction with modern media and communication practices as well
as the dysfunctions of organizational culture."[130] Indications of this awareness included
increasing mentions of PowerPoint use in the Dilbert comic strips of Scott Adams,[131] comic
parodies of poor or inappropriate use such as the Gettysburg Address in PowerPoint[132][133] or
summaries of Shakespeare's Hamlet and Nabokov's Lolita in PowerPoint,[134] and a vast
number of publications on the general subject of PowerPoint, especially about how to use
it.[135][136]

Out of all the analyses of PowerPoint over a quarter of a century, at least three general themes
emerged as categories of reaction to its broader use: (1) "Use it less": avoid PowerPoint in favor
of alternatives, such as using more-complex graphics and written prose, or using nothing;[19] (2)
"Use it differently": make a major change to a PowerPoint style that is simpler and pictorial,
turning the presentation toward a performance, more like a Steve Jobs keynote;[20] and (3)
"Use it better": retain much of the conventional PowerPoint style but learn to avoid making
many kinds of mistakes that can interfere with communication.[21]

Use it less

An early reaction was that the broader use of PowerPoint was a mistake, and should be
reversed. An influential example of this came from Edward Tufte, an authority on information
design, who has been a professor of political science, statistics, and computer science at
Princeton and Yale, but is best known for his self-published books on data visualization, which
have sold nearly 2 million copies as of 2014.[137]

In 2003, he published a widely-read booklet titled The Cognitive Style of PowerPoint, revised in
2006.[19] Tufte found a number of problems with the "cognitive style" of PowerPoint, many of
which he attributed to the standard default style templates:[19]

PowerPoint's convenience for some presenters is costly to the content and the
audience. These costs arise from the cognitive style characteristics of the standard
default PP presentation: foreshortening of evidence and thought, low spatial
resolution, an intensely hierarchical single-path structure as the model for
organizing every type of content, breaking up narratives and data into slides and
minimal fragments, rapid temporal sequencing of thin information rather than
focused spatial analysis, conspicuous chartjunk and PP Phluff, branding of slides
with logotypes, a preoccupation with format not content, incompetent designs for
data graphics and tables, and a smirky commercialism that turns information into a
sales pitch and presenters into marketeers [italics in original].

Tufte particularly advised against using PowerPoint for reporting scientific analyses, using as a
dramatic example some slides made during the flight of the space shuttle Columbia after it had
been damaged by an accident at liftoff, slides which poorly communicated the engineers' limited
understanding of what had happened.[19]:8–14 For such technical presentations, and for most
occasions apart from its initial domain of sales presentations, Tufte advised against using
PowerPoint at all; in many situations, according to Tufte, it would be better to substitute high-
resolution graphics or concise prose documents as handouts for the audience to study and
discuss, providing a great deal more detail.[19]

Many commentators enthusiastically joined in Tufte's vivid criticism of PowerPoint uses,[138]

and at a conference held in 2013 (a decade after Tufte's booklet appeared) one paper claimed
that "Despite all the criticism about his work, Tufte can be considered as the single most
influential author in the discourse on PowerPoint. ... While his approach was not rigorous from
a research perspective, his articles received wide resonance with the public at large ... ."[139]
There were also others who disagreed with Tufte's assertion that the PowerPoint program
reduces the quality of presenters' thoughts: Steven Pinker, professor of psychology at MIT and
later Harvard, had earlier argued that "If anything, PowerPoint, if used well, would ideally
reflect the way we think."[140] Pinker later reinforced this opinion: "Any general opposition to
PowerPoint is just dumb, ... It's like denouncing lectures—before there were awful PowerPoint
presentations, there were awful scripted lectures, unscripted lectures, slide shows, chalk talks,
and so on."[141]

Much of the early commentary, on all sides, was "informal" and "anecdotal", because empirical
research had been limited.[142]

Use it differently

A second reaction to PowerPoint use was to say that PowerPoint can be used well, but only by
substantially changing its style of use. This reaction is exemplified by Richard E. Mayer, a
professor of psychology at the University of California, Santa Barbara, who has studied
cognition and learning, particularly the design of educational multimedia, and who has
published more than 500 publications, including over 30 books.[143] Mayer's theme has been
that "In light of the science, it is up to us to make a fundamental shift in our thinking—we can
no longer expect people to struggle to try to adapt to our PowerPoint habits. Instead, we have to
change our PowerPoint habits to align with the way people learn."[20]

Tufte had argued his judgment that the information density of text on PowerPoint slides was too
low, perhaps only 40 words on a slide, leading to over-simplified messages;[144] Mayer
responded that his empirical research showed exactly the opposite, that the amount of text on
PowerPoint slides was usually too high, and that even fewer than 40 words on a slide resulted in
"PowerPoint overload" that impeded understanding during presentations.[145]

Mayer suggested a few major changes from traditional PowerPoint formats:[20]

replacing brief slide titles with longer "headlines" expressing complete ideas;
showing more slides but simpler ones;
removing almost all text including nearly all bullet lists (reserving the text for the spoken
narration);
using larger, higher-quality, and more important graphics and photographs;
removing all extraneous decoration, backgrounds, logos and identifications, everything but
the essential message.

Mayer's ideas are claimed by Carmine Gallo to have been reflected in Steve Jobs's presentations:
"Mayer outlined fundamental principles of multimedia design based on what scientists know
about cognitive functioning. Steve Jobs's slides adhere to each of Mayer's principles ... ."[146]:92
Though not unique to Jobs, many people saw the style for the first time in Jobs's famous
product introductions.[147] Steve Jobs would have been using Apple's Keynote which was
designed for Jobs's own slide shows beginning in 2003, but Gallo says that "speaking like Jobs
has little to do with the type of presentation software you use (PowerPoint, Keynote, etc.) ... all
the techniques apply equally to PowerPoint and Keynote."[146]:14,46 Gallo adds that "Microsoft's
PowerPoint has one big advantage over Apple's Keynote presentation software—it's everywhere
... it's safe to say that the number of Keynote presentations is minuscule in comparison with
PowerPoint. Although most presentation designers who are familiar with both formats prefer to
work in the more elegant Keynote system, those same designers will tell you that the majority of
their client work is done in PowerPoint."[146]:44

Consistent with its association with Steve Jobs's keynotes, a response to this style has been that
it is particularly effective for "ballroom-style presentations" (as often given in conference center
ballrooms) where a celebrated and practiced speaker addresses a large passive audience, but
less appropriate for "conference room-style presentations" which are often recurring internal
business meetings for in-depth discussion with motivated counterparts.[148]

Use it better
A third reaction to PowerPoint use was to conclude that the standard style is capable of being
used well, but that many small points need to be executed carefully, to avoid impeding
understanding. This kind of analysis is particularly associated with Stephen Kosslyn, a cognitive
neuroscientist who specializes in the psychology of learning and visual communication, and
who has been head of the department of psychology at Harvard, has been Director of Stanford's
Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, and has published some 300 papers and
14 books.[149]

Kosslyn presented a set of psychological principles of "human perception, memory, and

comprehension" that "appears to capture the major points of agreement among
researchers."[150] He reports that his experiments support the idea that it is not intuitive or
obvious how to create effective PowerPoint presentations that conform to those agreed
principles, and that even small differences that might not seem significant to a presenter can
produce very different results in audiences' understanding. For this reason, Kosslyn says, users
need specific education to be able to identify best ways to avoid "flaws and failures":[150]

Specifically, we hypothesized and found that the psychological principles are often
violated in PowerPoint slideshows across different fields ..., that some types of
presentation flaws are noticeable and annoying to audience members ..., and that
observers have difficulty identifying many violations in graphical displays in
individual slides ... . These studies converge in painting the following picture:
PowerPoint presentations are commonly flawed; some types of flaws are more
common than others; flaws are not isolated to one domain or context; and, although
some types of flaws annoy the audience, flaws at the level of slide design are not
always obvious to an untrained observer ... .

The many "flaws and failures" identified were those "likely to disrupt the comprehension or
memory of the material." Among the most common examples were "Bulleted items are not
presented individually, growing the list from the top to the bottom," "More than four bulleted
items appear in a single list," "More than two lines are used per bulleted sentence," and "Words
are not large enough (i.e., greater than 20 point) to be easily seen." Among audience reactions
common problems reported were "Speakers read word-for-word from notes or from the slides
themselves," "The slides contained too much material to absorb before the next slide was
presented," and "The main point was obscured by lots of irrelevant detail."[150]

Kosslyn observes that these findings could help to explain why the many studies of the
instructional effectiveness of PowerPoint have been inconclusive and conflicting, if there were
differences in the quality of the presentations tested in different studies that went unobserved
because "many may feel that 'good design' is intuitively clear."[150]

In 2007 Kosslyn wrote a book about PowerPoint, in which he suggested a very large number of
fairly modest changes to PowerPoint styles and gave advice on recommended ways of using
PowerPoint.[21] In a later second book about PowerPoint he suggested nearly 150 clarifying style
changes (in fewer than 150 pages).[151] Kosslyn summarizes:[21]:2–3,200

... there's nothing fundamentally wrong with the PowerPoint program as a medium;
rather, I claim that the problem lies in how it is used. ... In fact, this medium is a
remarkably versatile tool that can be extraordinarily effective. ... For many purposes,
PowerPoint presentations are a superior medium of communication, which is why
they have become standard in so many fields.
In 2017, an online poll of social media users in the UK was reported to show that PowerPoint
"remains as popular with young tech-savvy users as it is with the Baby Boomers," with about
four out of five saying that "PowerPoint was a great tool for making presentations," in part
because "PowerPoint, with its capacity to be highly visual, bridges the wordy world of yesterday
with the visual future of tomorrow."[152]

Also in 2017, the Managerial Communication Group of MIT Sloan School of Management polled
their incoming MBA students, finding that "results underscore just how differently this
generation communicates as compared with older workers."[153] Fewer than half of respondents
reported doing any meaningful, longer-form writing at work, and even that minority mostly did
so very infrequently, but "85 percent of students named producing presentations as a
meaningful part of their job responsibilities. Two-thirds report that they present on a daily or
weekly basis—so it's no surprise that in-person presentations is the top skill they hope to
improve."[153] One of the researchers concluded: "We're not likely to see future workplaces with
long-form writing. The trend is toward presentations and slides, and we don't see any sign of
that slowing down."[153]

U.S. military excess

Use of PowerPoint by the U.S. military services began slowly, because they were invested in
mainframe computers, MS-DOS PCs and specialized military-specification graphic output
devices, all of which PowerPoint did not support.[154] But because of the strong military
tradition of presenting briefings, as soon as they acquired the computers needed to run it,
PowerPoint became part of the U.S. military.[155]

By 2000, ten years after PowerPoint for Windows appeared, it was already identified as an
important feature of U.S. armed forces culture, in a front-page story in the Wall Street
Journal:[156]

Old-fashioned slide briefings, designed to update generals on troop movements,

have been a staple of the military since World War II. But in only a few short years
PowerPoint has altered the landscape. Just as word processing made it easier to
produce long, meandering memos, the spread of PowerPoint has unleashed a
blizzard of jazzy but often incoherent visuals. Instead of drawing up a dozen slides
on a legal pad and running them over to the graphics department, captains and
colonels now can create hundreds of slides in a few hours without ever leaving their
desks. If the spirit moves them they can build in gunfire sound effects and images
that explode like land mines. ... PowerPoint has become such an ingrained part of
the defense culture that it has seeped into the military lexicon. "PowerPoint Ranger"
is a derogatory term for a desk-bound bureaucrat more adept at making slides than
tossing grenades.

U.S. military use of PowerPoint may have influenced its use by armed forces of other countries:
"Foreign armed services also are beginning to get in on the act. 'You can't speak with the U.S.
military without knowing PowerPoint,' says Margaret Hayes, an instructor at National Defense
University in Washington D.C., who teaches Latin American military officers how to use the
software."[156]

After another 10 years, in 2010 (and again on its front page) the New York Times reported that
PowerPoint use in the military was then "a military tool that has spun out of control":[157]
 Like an insurgency, PowerPoint has crept into the daily lives of military commanders
and reached the level of near obsession. The amount of time expended on
PowerPoint, the Microsoft presentation program of computer-generated charts,
graphs and bullet points, has made it a running joke in the Pentagon and in Iraq and
Afghanistan. ... Commanders say that behind all the PowerPoint jokes are serious
concerns that the program stifles discussion, critical thinking and thoughtful
decision-making. Not least, it ties up junior officers ... in the daily preparation of
slides, be it for a Joint Staff meeting in Washington or for a platoon leader's pre-
mission combat briefing in a remote pocket of Afghanistan.

The New York Times account went on to say that as a result some U.S. generals had banned the
use of PowerPoint in their operations:[157]

"PowerPoint makes us stupid," Gen. James N. Mattis of the Marine Corps, the Joint
Forces commander, said this month at a military conference in North Carolina. (He
spoke without PowerPoint.) Brig. Gen. H. R. McMaster, who banned PowerPoint
presentations when he led the successful effort to secure the northern Iraqi city of
Tal Afar in 2005, followed up at the same conference by likening PowerPoint to an
internal threat. "It's dangerous because it can create the illusion of understanding
and the illusion of control," General McMaster said in a telephone interview
afterward. "Some problems in the world are not bullet-izable."

Several incidents, about the same time, gave wide currency to discussions by serving military
officers describing excessive PowerPoint use and the organizational culture that encouraged
it.[158][159][160] In response to the New York Times story, Peter Norvig and Stephen M. Kosslyn
sent a joint letter to the editor stressing the institutional culture of the military: "... many
military personnel bemoan the overuse and misuse of PowerPoint. ... The problem is not in the
tool itself, but in the way that people use it—which is partly a result of how institutions promote
misuse."[161]

The two generals who had been mentioned in 2010 as opposing the institutional culture of
excessive PowerPoint use were both in the news again in 2017, when James N. Mattis became
U.S. Secretary of Defense,[162] and H. R. McMaster was appointed as U.S. National Security
Advisor.[163]

Artistic medium

Musician David Byrne has been using PowerPoint as a medium for art for years, producing a
book and DVD and showing at galleries his PowerPoint-based artwork.[126] Byrne has written:
"I have been working with PowerPoint, the ubiquitous presentation software, as an art medium
for a number of years. It started off as a joke (this software is a symbol of corporate
salesmanship, or lack thereof) but then the work took on a life of its own as I realized I could
create pieces that were moving, despite the limitations of the 'medium.' "[164]

In 2005 Byrne toured with a theater piece styled as a PowerPoint presentation. When he
presented it in Berkeley, on March 8, 2005, the University of California news service reported:
"Byrne also defended its [PowerPoint's] appeal as more than just a business tool—as a medium
for art and theater. His talk was titled 'I ♥ PowerPoint' ... . Berkeley alumnus Bob Gaskins and
Dennis Austin ... were in the audience ... . Eventually, Byrne said, PowerPoint could be the
foundation for 'presentational theater,' with roots in Brechtian drama and Asian puppet
theater."[165] After that performance, Byrne described it in his own online journal: "Did the
PowerPoint talk in Berkeley for an audience of IT legends and academics. I was terrified. The
guys that originally turned PowerPoint into a program were there, what were THEY gonna
think? ... [Gaskins] did tell me afterwards that he liked the PowerPoint as theater idea, which
was a relief."[166]

The expressions "PowerPoint Art" or "pptArt" are used to define a contemporary Italian artistic
movement which believes that the corporate world can be a unique and exceptional source of
inspiration for the artist.[167][168] They say: "The pptArt name refers to PowerPoint, the
symbolic and abstract language developed by the corporate world which has become a universal
and highly symbolic communication system beyond cultures and borders."[169]

The wide use of PowerPoint had, by 2010, given rise to " ... a subculture of PowerPoint
enthusiasts [that] is teaching the old application new tricks, and may even be turning a dry
presentation format into a full-fledged artistic medium,"[170] by using PowerPoint animation to
create "games, artworks, anime, and movies."[171]

PowerPoint Viewer
PowerPoint Viewer is the name for a series of small free application programs to be used on
computers without PowerPoint installed, to view, project, or print (but not create or edit)
presentations.[172]

The first version was introduced with PowerPoint 3.0 in 1992, to enable electronic presentations
to be projected using conference-room computers and to be freely distributed; on Windows, it
took advantage of the new feature of embedding TrueType fonts within PowerPoint
presentation files to make such distribution easier.[173] The same kind of viewer app was
shipped with PowerPoint 3.0 for Macintosh, also in 1992.[174]

Beginning with PowerPoint 2003, a feature called "Package for CD" automatically managed all
linked video and audio files plus needed fonts when exporting a presentation to a disk or flash
drive or network location,[175] and also included a copy of a revised PowerPoint Viewer
application so that the result could be presented on other PCs without installing anything.[176]

The latest version that runs on Windows "was created in conjunction with PowerPoint 2010, but
it can also be used to view newer presentations created in PowerPoint 2013 and PowerPoint
2016. ... All transitions, videos and effects appear and behave the same when viewed using
PowerPoint Viewer as they do when viewed in PowerPoint 2010." It supports presentations
created using PowerPoint 97 and later.[172] The latest version that runs on Macintosh is
PowerPoint 98 Viewer for the Classic Mac OS and Classic Environment, for Macs supporting
System 7.5 to Mac OS X Tiger (10.4).[177] It can open presentations only from PowerPoint 3.0,
4.0, and 8.0 (PowerPoint 98), although presentations created on Mac can be opened in
PowerPoint Viewer on Windows.[178]

As of May 2018, the last versions of PowerPoint Viewer for all platforms have been retired by
Microsoft; they are no longer available for download and no longer receive security updates.[179]
The final PowerPoint Viewer for Windows (2010)[180] and the final PowerPoint Viewer for
Classic Mac OS (1998)[181][182] are available only from archives. The recommended
replacements for PowerPoint Viewer: "On Windows 10 PCs, download the free ... PowerPoint
Mobile application from the Windows Store,"[179] and "On Windows 7 or Windows 8/8.1 PCs,
upload the file to OneDrive and view it for free using ... PowerPoint Online."[179]
Versions
Old version, not Older version, still Current stable Latest preview
Legend:
maintained maintained version version
 PowerPoint release history

Date Name Version System Comments

April 1987[183] PowerPoint 1.0 Macintosh Shipped by Forethought, Inc.

October 1987[184] PowerPoint 1.01 Macintosh Relabeled and shipped by Microsoft

May 1988[185] PowerPoint 2.0 Macintosh

Added Genigraphics software and

December 1988[186] PowerPoint 2.01 Macintosh
services

Announced with Windows 3.0,

May 1990[187] PowerPoint 2.0 Windows numbered to match contemporary
Macintosh version

May 1992[188] PowerPoint 3.0 Windows Announced with Windows 3.1

September 1992[189] PowerPoint 3.0 Macintosh

February 1994[190] PowerPoint 4.0 Windows

October 1994[191] PowerPoint 4.0 Macintosh Native for Power Mac

Versions 5.0 and 6.0 were skipped

July 1995[192] PowerPoint 95 7.0 Windows on Windows, so all apps in Office 95
were 7.0[193]

January 1997[194] PowerPoint 97 8.0 Windows

Versions 5.0, 6.0, and 7.0 were

March 1998[195] PowerPoint 98 8.0 Macintosh skipped on Macintosh, to match
Windows[196]

June 1999[197] PowerPoint 2000 9.0 Windows

August 2000[198] PowerPoint 2001 9.0 Macintosh

May 2001[199] PowerPoint XP 10.0 Windows

November 2001[200] PowerPoint v. X 10.0 Macintosh

October 2003[201][202] PowerPoint 2003 11.0 Windows

June 2004[203] PowerPoint 2004 11.0 Macintosh

PowerPoint Windows
May 2005[204] 11.0
Mobile Mobile 5

January 2007[205] PowerPoint 2007 12.0 Windows End of support October 10, 2017[206]

PowerPoint Windows
September 2007[207] 12.0
Mobile Mobile 6

January 2008[208] PowerPoint 2008 12.0 Macintosh

Version 13.0 was skipped for

June 2010[209] PowerPoint 2010 14.0 Windows
triskaidekaphobia concerns[210]

PowerPoint 2010
June 2010[211] 14.0 Web
Web App

PowerPoint Windows
June 2010[212] 14.0
Mobile 2010 Phone 7

Date Name Version System Comments

 Date Name Version System Comments
Version 13.0 was skipped for
November 2010[213] PowerPoint 2011 14.0 Macintosh triskaidekaphobia concerns[210] End
of support October 10, 2017[214]

PowerPoint Nokia
April 2012[215] 14.0
Mobile 2010 Symbian

PowerPoint Web
October 2012[216] 15.0 Web
App 2013

PowerPoint Windows
November 2012[217] 15.0
Mobile 2013 Phone 8

PowerPoint RT
November 2012[218] 15.0 Windows RT
2013

January 2013[219] PowerPoint 2013 15.0 Windows

PowerPoint
June 2013[220] Mobile 2013 for 15.0 iPhone
iPhone

PowerPoint
July 2013[221] Mobile 2013 for 15.0 Android
Android

PowerPoint 2013
February 2014[222] 15.0 Web
Online

PowerPoint 2013
March 2014[223] 15.0 iPad
for iPad

PowerPoint
November 2014[224] Mobile 2013 for 15.0 iOS
iOS

PowerPoint
June 2015[225] Mobile 2016 for 16.0 Android
Android

There had been no PowerPoint 2013

PowerPoint 2016
July 2015[226] 16.0 Macintosh for Mac.[227] Was version 15.0 from
for Macintosh
July 2015 to January 2018.[228]

PowerPoint Windows 10
July 2015[229] 16.0
Mobile 2016 Mobile

PowerPoint
July 2015[230] Mobile 2016 for 16.0 iOS
iOS

PowerPoint 2016
September 2015[231] 16.0 Windows
for Windows

PowerPoint 2016
January 2018[232] for Windows 16.0 Windows
Store

Windows
2018 PowerPoint 2019 17.0 and other
OS
Date Name Version System Comments

PowerPoint 1.0
For Macintosh: April 1987[183]
Innovations included: multiple slides in a single file, organizing slides with a slide sorter
 view and a title view (precursor of outline view), speakers' notes pages
attached to each slide, printing of audience handouts with multiple slides
per page, text with outlining styles and full word-processor formatting,
graphic shapes with attached text for drawing diagrams and tables.[233] It
also shipped with a hardbound book as its manual.[234] Icon for
"It produced overhead transparencies on a black-and-white Macintosh PowerPoint for
for laser printing. Presenters could now directly control their own Mac 2008
overheads and would no longer have to work through the person with
the typewriter. PowerPoint handled the task of making
the overheads all look alike; one change reformats
them all. Typographic fonts were better than an Orator
typeball, and charts and diagrams could be imported
from MacDraw, MacPaint, and Excel, thanks to the
new Mac clipboard."[235]
System requirements: (Mac) Original Macintosh or
better, System 1.0 or higher, 512K RAM.[236]

PowerPoint 2.0 Microsoft PowerPoint for Mac 2011

For Macintosh: May 1988; [185] for Windows: May
1990 [187]
Part of Microsoft Office for Mac and Microsoft Office for Windows. Innovations included:
color, more word processing features, find and replace, spell checking, color schemes for
presentations, guide to color selection, ability to change color scheme retrospectively,
shaded coloring for fills.[233]
"It added color 35 mm slides, transmitting the resulting file over a modem to Genigraphics
for imaging on Genigraphics' film recorders and photo processing in Genigraphics' labs
overnight. Genigraphics was the leading professional service bureau, having developed
its own Digital Equipment Corp. PDP-11-based computer systems for its artists. After a
short time, though, Genigraphics itself switched to PowerPoint."[235]
System requirements: (Mac) Original Macintosh or better, System 4.1 or higher, 1 MB
RAM. (Windows) 286 PC or higher, Windows 3.0, 1 MB RAM.[236]

PowerPoint 3.0
For Windows, May 1992;[188] for Mac: September 1992[189]
Part of Microsoft Office for Windows 3.0 and Microsoft Office for Mac 3.0. Innovations
included: the first application designed exclusively for the new Windows 3.1 platform, full
support for TrueType fonts (new in Windows 3.1), presentation templates, editing in
outline view, new drawing, including freeform tool, autoshapes, flip, rotate, scale, align,
and transforming imported pictures into their drawing primitives to make them editable,
transitions between slides in slide show, progressive builds, incorporating sound and
video.[233] Animations included "flying bullets" where bullet points "flew" into the slide one
by one, and some degree of Pen Computing support was included.[234]
"It added video-out to feed the new video projectors, with effects that could replace a bank
of synchronized slide projectors. This version added fades, dissolves, and other
transitions, as well as animation of text and pictures, and could incorporate video clips
with synchronized audio."[235]
System requirements: (Windows) 286 PC or higher, Windows 3.1, 2 MB RAM. (Mac)
Macintosh Plus or better, System 7 or higher, 4 MB RAM.[236]

PowerPoint 4.0
For Windows: February 1994;[190] for Mac: October 1994[191]
Part of Microsoft Office for Windows 4.0 and Microsoft Office for Mac 4.2. Innovations
included: autolayouts, Word tables, rehearsal mode, hidden slides, and the "AutoContent
Wizard."[234]
 Introduced a standard "Microsoft Office" look and feel (shared with Word and Excel), with
status bar, toolbars, tooltips. Full OLE 2.0 with in-place activation.[233]
System requirements: (Windows) 386 PC or higher, Windows 3.1, 8 MB RAM. (Mac)
68020 Mac or better, System 7 or higher, 8 MB RAM.[236]

PowerPoint 7.0
For Windows: July 1995[192]
Part of Microsoft Office for Windows 95. Innovations included: new animation effects, real
curves and textures, black and white view, autocorrect, insert symbol, meeting support
features such as "Meeting Minder."[234]
"A complete rewrite of the product from the ground up in C++, full object model with
internal VBA programmability."[233]
System requirements: (Windows) 386 DX PC or higher, Windows 95, 6 MB RAM.[236]

PowerPoint 8.0
For Windows: January 1997;[194] for Mac: March 1998[195]
Part of Microsoft Office for Windows 97 and Microsoft Office 98 Macintosh Edition.
Innovations included: "Office Assistant," file compression, save to HTML, "Pack and Go,"
"AutoClipArt," transparent GIFs.[234]
System requirements: (Windows) 486 PC or higher, 8 MB RAM. (Mac) PowerPC Mac or
better, 16 MB RAM.[236]

PowerPoint 9.0
For Windows: June 1999;[197] for Mac: August 2000[198]
Part of Microsoft Office for Windows 2000 and Microsoft Office for Mac 2001. Innovations
included: three-pane "browser" view (selectable list of slide miniatures or titles, large
single slide, notes), autofit text, real tables, presentation conferencing, save to web,
picture bullets, animated GIFs, aliased fonts.[234]
System requirements: (Windows) Pentium 75MHz+, Windows 95 or higher, 20 MB RAM.
(Mac) PowerPC Mac 120MHz+ or better, MacOS 8.5 or higher, minimum 48 MB RAM.[236]

PowerPoint 10.0
For Windows: May 2001;[199] for Mac: November 2001[200]
Part of Microsoft Office for Windows XP and Microsoft Office for Mac v.X. Innovations
included: install from web, most clipart on web, use of Exchange and SharePoint for
storage and collaboration.[199]
System requirements: (Windows) Pentium III, Windows 98 or higher, 40 MB RAM.[236]
(Mac) OS X 10.1 ("Puma") or later (will not run under OS 9).[237]

PowerPoint 11.0
For Windows: October 2003;[201] for Mac: June 2004;[203] for Mobile: May 2005[204]
Part of Microsoft Office for Windows 2003 and Microsoft Office for Mac 2004. Innovations
included: tools visible to presenter during slide show (notes, thumbnails, time clock, re-
order and edit slides), "Package for CD" to write presentation and viewer app to CD.[203]
"Microsoft Producer for PowerPoint 2003" was a free plug-in from Microsoft, using a video
camera, "that creates Web page presentations, with talking head narration, coordinated
and timed to your existing PowerPoint presentation" for delivery over the web.[238] The
Genigraphics software to send a presentation for imaging as 35mm slides was removed
from this version.[239]
System requirements: (Windows) Pentium 233Mhz+, Windows 2000 with SP3 or later,
128 MB RAM.[240] (Mac) Power Mac G3 or better, OS X 10.2.8 or later, 256 MB RAM.[203]

PowerPoint 12.0
For Windows: January 2007;[205] for Mobile: September 2007;[207] for Mac: January
 2008[208]
Part of Microsoft Office for Windows 2007 and Microsoft Office for Mac 2008. Innovations
included: new user interface ("Office Fluent") employing a changeable "ribbon" of tools
across the top to replace menus and toolbars, SmartArt graphics, many graphical
improvements in text and drawing, improved "Presenter View" (from 2003), widescreen
slide formats. The "AutoContent Wizard" was removed from this version.[241]
A major change in PowerPoint 2007 was from a binary file format, used from 1997 to
2003, to a new XML file format which evolved over further versions.
System requirements: (Windows) 500 MHz processor or higher, Windows XP with SP2 or
later, 256 MB RAM.[242] (Mac) 500 MHz processor or higher, MacOS X 10.4.9 or later, 512
MB RAM.[243]

PowerPoint 14.0[210]
For Windows: June 2010;[209] for Web: June 2010;[211] for Mobile: June 2010;[212] for
Mac: November 2010,[213] for Symbian: April 2012[215]
Part of Microsoft Office for Windows 2010 and Microsoft Office for Mac 2011. Innovations
included: Single document interface (SDI), sections within presentations, reading view,
redesign of "Backstage" functions (under File menu), save as video, insert video from
web, embed video and audio, enhanced editing for video and for pictures, broadcast
slideshow.[244]
System requirements: (Windows) 500 MHz processor or higher, Windows XP with SP3 or
later, 256 MB RAM, 512 MB RAM recommended for video.[245] (Mac) Intel processor, Mac
OS X 10.5.8 or later, 1 GB RAM.[246]

PowerPoint 15.0
For Web: October 2012;[216] for Mobile: November 2012;[217] for Windows RT: November
2012;[218] for Windows: January 2013;[219] for iPhone: June 2013;[220] for Android: July
2013;[221] for Web: February 2014;[222] for iPad: March 2014;[223] for iOS: November
2014;[224] for Mac: July 2015[226]
Part of Microsoft Office for Windows 2013 and Microsoft Office for Mac 2016. Innovations
included: Change default slide shape to 16:9 aspect ratio, online collaboration by multiple
authors, user interface redesigned for multi-touch screens, improved audio, video,
animations, and transitions, further changes to Presenter View. Clipart collections (and
insertion tool) were removed, but available online.[247] [248]
System requirements: (Windows) 1 GHz processor or faster, x86- or x64-bit processor
with SSE2 instruction set, Windows 7 or later, 1 GB RAM (32-bit), 2 GB RAM (64-bit).[249]
(Mac) Intel processor, Mac OS X 10.10 or later, 4 GB RAM.[250]

PowerPoint 16.0
For Android: June 2015;[225] for Mobile: July 2015;[229] for iOS: July 2015;[230] for
Windows: September 2015;[231] and Windows Store: January 2018[232]
Part of Microsoft Office for Windows 2016. Innovations included: "Tell me" to search for
program controls, "PowerPoint Designer" pane, Morph transition, real-time collaboration,
"Zoom" to slides or sections in slideshow,[251] and "Presentation Translator" for real-time
translation of a presenter's spoken words to on-screen captions in any of 60+ languages,
with the system analyzing the text of the PowerPoint presentation as context to increase
the accuracy and relevance of the translations.[252] [253]
System requirements: (Windows) 1 GHz processor or faster, x86- or x64-bit processor
with SSE2 instruction set, Windows 7 with SP 1 or later, 2 GB RAM.[254]

File formats
Binary (1987–2007) PowerPoint Presentation
Early versions of PowerPoint,
from 1987 through 1995
(versions 1.0 through 7.0),
evolved through a sequence
of binary file formats, Filename .pptx, .ppt[255]
different in each version, as extensions
functionality was added.[258] Internet application/vnd.openxmlformats-
media type officedocument.presentationml.presentation,
This set of formats were
never documented, but an application/vnd.ms-powerpoint[256]
open-source libmwaw (used Uniform Type com.microsoft.powerpoint.ppt[257]
by LibreOffice) exists to read Identifier (UTI)
them.[259] Developed by Microsoft
Type of Presentation
A stable binary format (called format
a .ppt file, like all earlier
binary formats) that was shared as the default in PowerPoint 97 through PowerPoint 2003 for
Windows, and in PowerPoint 98 through PowerPoint 2004 for Mac (that is, in PowerPoint
versions 8.0 through 11.0) was finally created. It was based on the Compound File Binary
Format.[260][261] The specification document is actively maintained and can be freely
downloaded,[260] because, although no longer the default, that binary format can be read and
written by some later versions of PowerPoint, including the current PowerPoint 2016.[255] After
the stable binary format was adopted, versions of PowerPoint continued to be able to read and
write differing file formats from earlier versions.[258] But beginning with PowerPoint 2007 and
PowerPoint 2008 for Mac (PowerPoint version 12.0), this was the only binary format available
for saving; PowerPoint 2007 (version 12.0) no longer supported saving to binary file formats
used earlier than PowerPoint 97 (version 8.0), ten years before.[262]

The ".pps" and ".ppsx" file extensions are technically the same as ".ppt" and ".pptx", except they
are launched as presentation instead of for editing by default.[263]

Binary filename extensions[255]

.ppt, PowerPoint 97–2003 binary presentation

.pps, PowerPoint 97–2003 binary slide show
.pot, PowerPoint 97–2003 binary template

Binary media types[256]

.ppt, application/vnd.ms-powerpoint
.pps, application/vnd.ms-powerpoint
.pot, application/vnd.ms-powerpoint

Office Open XML (since 2007)

The big change in PowerPoint 2007 and PowerPoint 2008 for Mac (PowerPoint version 12.0)
was that the stable binary file format of 97–2003 was replaced as the default by a new zipped
XML-based Office Open XML format (.pptx files).[264] Microsoft's explanation of the benefits of
the change included: smaller file sizes, up to 75% smaller than comparable binary documents;
security, through being able to identify and exclude executable macros and personal data; less
chance to be corrupted than binary formats; and easier interoperability for exchanging data
among Microsoft and other business applications, all while maintaining backward
compatibility.[265]

XML filename extensions[255]

.pptx, PowerPoint 2007 XML presentation

.pptm, PowerPoint 2007 XML macro-enabled presentation
.ppsx, PowerPoint 2007 XML slide show
.ppsm, PowerPoint 2007 XML macro-enabled slide show
.ppam, PowerPoint 2007 XML add-in
.potx, PowerPoint 2007 XML template
.potm, PowerPoint 2007 XML macro-enabled template

XML media types[256]

.pptx, application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.presentation
.pptm, application/vnd.ms-powerpoint.presentation.macroEnabled.12
.ppsx, application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.slideshow
.ppsm, application/vnd.ms-powerpoint.slideshow.macroEnabled.12
.ppam, application/vnd.ms-powerpoint.addin.macroEnabled.12
.potx, application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.template
.potm, application/vnd.ms-powerpoint.template.macroEnabled.12

The specification for the new format was published as an open standard, ECMA-376,[266]
through Ecma International Technical Committee 45 (TC45).[267] The Ecma 376 standard was
approved in December 2006, and was submitted for standardization through ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC
34 WG4 in early 2007. The standardization process was contentious.[268] It was approved as
ISO/IEC 29500 in early 2008.[269] Copies of the ISO/IEC standard specification are freely
available, in two parts.[270][271] These define two related standards known as "Transitional" and
"Strict." The two standards were progressively adopted by PowerPoint: PowerPoint version 12.0
(2007, 2008 for Mac) could read and write Transitional format, but could neither read nor write
Strict format. PowerPoint version 14.0 (2010, 2011 for Mac) could read and write Transitional,
and also read but not write Strict. PowerPoint version 15.0 and later (beginning 2013, 2016 for
Mac) can read and write both Transitional and Strict formats. The reason for the two variants
was explained by Microsoft:[272]

... the participants in the ISO/IEC standardization process recognized two objectives
with competing requirements. The first objective was for the Open XML standard to
provide an XML-based file format that could fully support conversion of the billions
of existing Office documents without any loss of features, content, text, layout, or
other information, including embedded data. The second was to specify a file format
that did not rely on Microsoft-specific data types. They created two variants of Open
XML—Transitional, which supports previously-defined Microsoft-specific data
types, and Strict, which does not rely on them. Prior versions of Office [that is, 2007]
have supported reading and writing Transitional Open XML, and Office 2010 can
read Strict Open XML documents. With the addition of write support for Strict Open
XML, Office 2013 provides full support for both variants of Open XML.
The PowerPoint .pptx file format (called "PresentationML" for Presentation Markup Language)
contains separate structures for all the complex parts of a PowerPoint presentation.[273][274]
The specification documents run to over six thousand pages.[275] Because of the widespread use
of PowerPoint, the standardized file formats are considered important for the long-term access
to digital documents in library collections and archives, according to the U.S. Library of
Congress.[276]

PowerPoint 2013 and PowerPoint 2016 provide options to set default saving to ISO/IEC 29500
Strict format, but the initial default setting remains Transitional, for compatibility with legacy
features incorporating binary data in existing documents.[277] PowerPoint 2013 or PowerPoint
2016 will both open and save files in the former binary format (.ppt), for compatibility with
older versions of the program (but not versions older than PowerPoint 97).[255][278] In saving to
older formats, these versions of PowerPoint will check to assure that no features have been
introduced into the presentation which are incompatible with the older formats.[264]

PowerPoint 2013 and 2016 will also save a presentation in many other file formats, including
PDF format, MPEG-4 or WMV video, as a sequence of single-picture files (using image formats
including GIF, JPEG, PNG, TIFF, and some older formats), and as a single presentation file in
which all slides are replaced with pictures. PowerPoint will both open and save files in
OpenDocument Presentation format (ODP) for compatibility.[255]

See also
Microsoft Office password protection
PowerPoint Karaoke
Web-based slideshow

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Further reading
Reuss, Elke I.; Signer, Beat; Norrie, Moira C. (2008). "PowerPoint Multimedia Presentations
in Computer Science Education: What do Users Need?" (https://www.academia.edu/17541
4). Proceedings of the 4th Symposium on Usability & HCI for Education and Work (USAB
2008). Graz, Austria. pp. 281–298.
Also available at: [1] (http://beatsigner.com/publications/reuss_USAB2008.pdf)
Lowenthal, Patrick R. (2009). "Improving the Design of PowerPoint Presentations" (http://ww
w.ucdenver.edu/academics/CUOnline/FacultySupport/Handbook/Documents/Chapter_12.pd
f) (PDF). In Lowenthal, Patrick R.; Thomas, David; Thai, Anna; Yuhnke, Brian (eds.). The
CU Online Handbook 2009. University of Colorado Denver. pp. 61–66.
Kalyuga, Slava; Chandler, Paul; Sweller, John (2004). "When Redundant On-Screen Text in
Multimedia Technical Instruction Can Interfere With Learning". Human Factors: The Journal
of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. 46 (3): 567–581.
doi:10.1518/hfes.46.3.567.50405 (https://doi.org/10.1518%2Fhfes.46.3.567.50405).
PMID 15573552 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15573552). S2CID 6992108 (https://api.s
emanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6992108).
Also available at: [2] (http://www.it.iitb.ac.in/~s1000brains/rswork/dokuwiki/media/redund
ant_on_screen_text_in_multimedia_instruction_can_interfere_with_learning.pdf) (Feb
2015).

External links
Official website (http://office.microsoft.com/PowerPoint)
Microsoft PowerPoint (https://curlie.org/Computers/Software/Presentation/Microsoft_Power
Point) at Curlie
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft_PowerPoint&oldid=1161938384"