Primary Geography

Pupil Book 6 Issues

Stephen Scoffham | Colin Bridge

Planet Earth Restless Earth

Earthquakes and volcanoes 2-3
Creating landscapes 4-5
Rocks and soils in the UK 6-7
Water Drinking water
Water, water everywhere 8-9
Water supplies 10-11
Conserving water 12-13
Weather Local weather
The right conditions 14-15
Micro-climates 16-17
Influencing the weather 18-19
Settlements Planning issues
Reasons for development 20-21
Old sites, new uses 22-23
Planning game 24-25
Work and Travel Transport
Travelling further, travelling faster 26-27
Transport problems 28-29
Hidden costs 30-31
Environment Conservation
Threatened wildlife 32-33
Antarctica 34-35
Conservation projects 36-37
Places England 38-43
Europe 44-49
South America 50-55
Asia 56-61

Glossary 62

Index 63

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 Unit 1 Restless Earth
Lesson 1: Earthquakes and volcanoes
What do we know about the Earth’s crust?

The ground beneath our feet seems gradually. Sometimes fossil sea
rm and solid, yet every so often shells are found in the rocks in high
earthquakes and volcanoes make mountains. This proves to scientists
it shake and crack. Earthquakes that these rocks were once on the
and volcanoes happen suddenly, seabed.
other Earth movements happen very
▼ Earthquakes are measured by a Discussion
seismograph. The graph shows how much What clues show that some
the Earth moved during an earthquake on mountains are made of rocks
a Paci c island. that were once under the sea?
What are the three sections that
make up the Earth?
Why might volcanoes be found
in lines or groups?

▼ The layers of rock on

these cliffs were twisted
and bent when the land was
pushed up out of the sea by
Earth movements.

Key words

crust mantle
earthquake seismograph
fossil volcano

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 Unit 1 • Restless Earth

Data Bank
• Between 50 and 70 volcanoes
erupt each year – about one a
week.
• Three-quarters of the world’s
volcanoes are in the ‘ring of re’
around the Paci c Ocean.
• More than half the energy used
in Iceland comes from hot rocks
under the ground.

The Earth is made up of three

different sections. The surface,
or crust, is between six and
40 kilometres thick. It consists of
solid rock. Beneath the crust is a
▲ Earthquakes happen when two parts section called the mantle. Parts of
of the crust move apart or grind together. the mantle are so hot that the rocks
This photograph shows the San Andreas have melted and ow like a sticky
fault in California, USA, which stretches liquid. The core of the Earth is an
for hundreds of kilometres.
even hotter ball of iron and nickel.

Mapwork
Working from an atlas or the
internet, name six famous
volcanoes. Add information
about the date when they
erupted and the country where
they are found.

▲ When a volcano erupts, hot rocks

and gases are forced to the surface. Investigation
If the lava continues to ow for
Make up a diagram to show hot
hundreds of years, high mountains, like
Mount Ngauruhoe in New Zealand, can rocks coming to the surface in a
be built up. volcano.
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 Unit 4 • Planning issues Key words
county council
Lesson 2: Old sites, new uses leisure facilities
planning inspector
public enquiry
How can old sites be redeveloped? redevelopment

At one time 25,000 people used city council and the county council
to work at the Rover car factory at were all involved in the discussions.
Cowley in Oxford. However, the There were regular reports in the local
demand for Rover cars began to fall newspapers. Three main plans were
in the 1980s and the company was considered. Eventually there was
sold to BMW. This raised the question a public enquiry where everybody
of what to do next. who was interested could give their
Local people, the car company, the opinion.

Planning inspector
hears different
Have your say on the points of view
future of Cowley

Public enquiry
Rover factory into new plans
to close

Job losses at
Houses or shops for Cowley
▲ Workers on their way home from the old car factory site?

Rover factory in the 1950s.

Plan Advantage Disadvantage

Keep the existing factory open Preserves jobs and keeps the Old factory difficult to modernise
factory in use and expensive to run
Close the factory and redevelop Helps to provide homes for the Factory workers would lose their
the land for housing people of Oxford jobs
Use the land for a mixed Creates over 4000 new jobs and Fails to create any new houses
development of offices, shops, provides shops for local people or leisure facilities
new factories and a hotel

Discussion
Why did the Rover factory close?
What were the new plans?
Do you think anything was missing from these plans?

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 Unit 4 • Planning issues

▲ Land for sale and let at the Cowley site.

▲ New offices.

Quorum
research
Key
centre Hotel and offices
Oxford Building land
Shopping centre
Parkway
Court offices Car factory
Ox Roads
for Trees
db
yp
as
s
hotel
supermarket site

shopping
centres
car factory
▲ New car factory.

Data Bank
In the end, it was agreed that the mixed • Town planning dates back to
development was the best option. This Roman times.
suited the company as they could make • Land which has been built
money from selling the site, it provided on before is known as a
a hotel for tourists and improved the brownfield site.
environment. Above all, it benefited local • Land very rarely goes back to
people by creating work and improving being countryside once it has
shopping facilities. been developed.

Investigation
Write sentences explaining (a) why Mapwork
the site needed to be redeveloped, Imagine your school has
(b) the different plans suggested, moved to a new site and is
and (c) why the mixed development to be redeveloped. Devise a
seemed best. plan of your ideas for the site.

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 Unit 6 Conservation Key words
endangered
extinct
mahogany
Lesson 1: Threatened wildlife pesticides
teak

Why are many plants and animals endangered?

All over the world wildlife is

being threatened by people.
Some animals are killed by
accident because of pollution.
Others are hunted for food
or for their skins. The most
serious threat comes from
changes in the landscape.
As cities grow larger and
more land is cleared for
farming, there is less
space left for animals
and plants.

Discussion
What is the most serious In some
threat to wildlife? countries, tigers
are worth more
How many plants and dead than alive
animals might be left 50 because their bones
years from now? are used to make
medicines.
Does it matter if a plant or
animal becomes extinct?
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 Unit 6 • Conservation
There are probably about 30 million
different plants and animals in the Data Bank
world today. Scientists fear that half • Life rst evolved on Earth around
the world’s wildlife could disappear in 3000 million years ago.
the next 50 years. Tigers, elephants, • The rst sh evolved around 440
bears, whales, crocodiles and turtles million years ago.
are all endangered. So too are many
• Humans have lived on the Earth
types of tree, ower, sh and insect.
for the past 4 million years.
Different plants and animals are
an essential part of the world in
which we live. Many medicines are Investigation
obtained from plants. We eat fruit Find out more about one
and vegetables which once grew threatened plant or creature. Write
wild. However, large numbers of a short report and add pictures.
plants and animals could become
extinct before we can learn anything
about them. Mapwork
Draw small pictures of endangered
animals such as tigers and turtles.
▼ The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)
Pin them on a large world map as
and other groups are trying to save animals
a class display.
and plants from extinction.

Whales Eagles
Hunted for Poisoned by
meat and oil. pesticides.

Butterflies
Orchids
Numbers declining
Dug up for house
as their habitat is
plants.
destroyed.

Rhinos Mahogany and teak

Killed for Trees cut down to
their horns. make furniture.

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