Introduction to Philosophy Reasons why philosophy is hard to define:
• Has no specific subject matter
Definitions of Philosophy • Pursues questions rather than answers
• Changes historically in respect to its content and its
Branches of Philosophy character
Brief History of Philosophy
Eastern and Western
Philosophies: An Overview blogs.swisslog.com www.getcoolwallpapers.com
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• A field of study of the process which includes standards
Epistemology
and guidelines for thought
• A human drive in the search of knowledge and wisdom to Logic Metaphysics
facilitate the evolution of man
• Studies the fundamental nature of existence, of man, and
of man’s relationship to existence
Aesthetics Ethics
Politics
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• Metaphysics - study of existence • Epistemology - study of knowledge
Answers the questions, “what is out there?” or “what Answers the question, “how do we know?”
is real?” Encompasses the nature of concepts, the
Encompasses everything that exists, as well as the construction of concepts, the validity of the senses,
nature of existence itself logical reasoning, as well as thoughts, ideas,
memories, emotions, and all things mental
Determines whether the world is real, or merely an
illusion Concerned with how our minds are related to reality,
and whether these relationships are valid or invalid
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• Ethics - study of action • Aesthetics - study of art
Answers the question, “what should I do?” Answers the question, “what life can be like?”
Deals with the proper course of action for man Evaluates art by using the standards of human life,
Method by which people categorize values and and if whether it accomplishes the job of satisfying
pursue them man's intellectual needs, or whether it tends to hurt
or make worse of those needs
• Politics - study of force
• Logic - study of reason
Answers the question, “what acts are permissible?”
Answers the question, “what is correct reasoning?”
Ethics applied to a group of people
Attempts to distinguish a fact from a fallacy
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Pre-Socratic Medieval Modern
Philosophy Philosophy Philosophy
Classical Early Modern
Philosophy Philosophy
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Medieval Philosophy
• Concerned with proving the existence of God and reconciling
Christianity/Islam with the classical philosophy of Greece
• Includes philosophers, such as:
Avicenna
St. Thomas Aquinas
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Early Modern Philosophy Modern Philosophy
• Happened between the Age of Reason (17th century) and the • Refers to the 19th and 20th century
Age of Enlightenment (18th century)
• Became the venue of major development in philosophy
• Includes historical and cultural changes such as the characterized by the rise of new philosophical movements
advancement in science, the growth of religious tolerance and
the rise of liberalism • Includes philosophers, such as:
• Includes philosophers, such as: Jeremy Bentham
John Stuart Mill
Rene Descartes
Baruch Spinoza Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Immanuel Kant
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• Western Philosophy - philosophical thinking in the
Western or Occidental world; emphasizes on
individualism, science, math, and politics; seen as the
triumph of reason and empiricism over faith/religion - a
search involving many questions
• Eastern Philosophy - philosophies in the Eastern or
Oriental world, particularly Asia and some Arab
countries; emphasizes on interdependence, harmony,
unity, and faith
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www.truthworks.org
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