ASSIGNMENT NO: 2

Psycho-Pathology
BS (BS 5TH TO 8TH ) RAPLICA

NAME Muhammad Shehroz

Roll no 36
Submit to Ms. Sadaf Saleem

INSTITUTE OF APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY

 Trauma related disorders
Trauma-related disorders are a group of mental health conditions that can develop after a
person experiences or witnesses a traumatic event. These disorders can have a profound
impact on a person's daily life, including their ability to work, socialize, and engage in other
activities.

Some of the most common trauma-related disorders include:

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): This is a disorder that can occur after experiencing or
witnessing a traumatic event, such as a natural disaster, a serious accident, or a violent crime.
Symptoms of PTSD may include flashbacks, nightmares, avoidance behavior, and hyper
vigilance.
Acute Stress Disorder (ASD): This is a disorder that is similar to PTSD, but the symptoms last
for a shorter period of time, usually up to one month after the traumatic event.
Adjustment Disorders: This is a group of disorders that can occur when a person has difficulty
adjusting to a stressful life event, such as a divorce, a job loss, or a serious illness.
For most people, such reactions subside soon after the danger passes. For others, however,
the symptoms of anxiety and depression, as well as other kinds of symptoms, persist well after
the upsetting situation is over. These people may be suffering from acute stress disorder or
posttraumatic stress disorder, patterns that arise in reaction to a psychologically traumatic
event. A traumatic event is one in which a person is exposed to actual or threatened death,
serious injury, or sexual violation (APA, 2013).
If the symptoms begin within 4 weeks of the traumatic event and last for less than a month,
DSM-5 assigns a diagnosis of acute stress disorder (APA, 2013). If the symptoms continue
longer than a month, a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is given. The
symptoms of PTSD may begin either shortly after the traumatic event or months or years
afterward

Differences in onset and duration, the symptoms of acute stress disorder and
PTSD are almost identical:

Re-experiencing the traumatic event: People may be battered by recurring thoughts,

memories, dreams, or nightmares connected to the event (APA, 2013; Ruzek et al., 2011). A
few relive the event so vividly in their minds (flashbacks) that they think it is actually
happening again.
Avoidance: People usually avoid activities that remind them of the traumatic event and try to
avoid related thoughts, feelings, or conversations (APA, 2013; Marx & Sloan, 2005).
Reduced Responsiveness: People feel detached from other people or lose interest in activities
that once brought enjoyment. Some experience symptoms of dissociate- or psychological
separation: they feel dazed, have trouble remembering things, or have a sense of derealization
(feeling that the environment is unreal or strange) (APA, 2013; Ruzek et al., 2011).
Increased arousal, negative emotions, and guilt: People with these disorders may feel overly
alert (hyper alertness), be easily startled, have trouble concentrating and develop sleep
problems (APA, 2013). They may display anxiety, anger, or depression and feel extreme guilt
because they survived the traumatic event while others did not (Worthen et al., 2014). Some
also feel guilty about what they may have had to do to survive. You can see these symptoms in
the recollections of a Vietnam combat veteran years after he returned home:

Etiology
The etiology of trauma-related disorders is complex and can vary depending on the individual
and the specific traumatic event. However, some common factors that may contribute to the
development of trauma-related disorders include:
Victimization: People who have been abused or victimized often have stress symptoms that
linger. Research suggests that more than one-third of all victims of physical or sexual assault
develop posttraumatic stress disorder (Koss et al., 2011; Burijon, 2007),
i. Sexual assault: A common form of victimization in our society today is sexual assault.
Rape is forced sexual intercourse or an- other sexual act committed against a
noncondensing person or intercourse between an adult and an underage person.
ii. Torture: Torture refers to the use of “brutal, degrading, and disorienting strategies in
order to reduce victims to a state of utter helplessness” (Okawa & Hauss, 2007).
iii. Terrorism: People who are victims of terrorism or who live under the threat of terrorism
often experience posttraumatic stress symptoms (Ruggero et al., 2013; Mitka, 2011).
The nature of the trauma: Traumatic events that involve actual or threatened death, serious
injury, or sexual violence are more likely to lead to the development of trauma-related
disorders than events that are less severe.
Biological and Genetic Factors: Investigators have learned that traumatic events trigger
physical changes in the brain and body that may lead to severe stress reactions and, in some
cases, to stress disorders
Childhood Experiences: Researchers have found that certain childhood experiences seem to
leave some people at risk for later acute and posttraumatic stress disorders
Personal factors: Personal factors, such as a history of trauma, mental health disorders, or
substance abuse, can increase the risk of developing trauma-related disorders.
Social support: Lack of social support or a supportive environment can increase the risk of
developing trauma-related disorders.
Brain function: Research has shown that trauma-related disorders can be associated with
changes in brain function, such as alterations in the stress response system.
Cultural and societal factors: Cultural and societal factors, such as stigma around mental
health, can affect a person's willingness to seek help for trauma-related symptoms.
It is important to note that not everyone who experiences a traumatic event will develop a
trauma-related disorder, and the development of these disorders is not a sign of weakness or
personal failure. Seeking professional help can be an important step in managing trauma-
related symptoms and improving quality of life.

Diagnostic criteria
There are two main types of trauma-related disorders, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
and Acute Stress Disorder (ASD). Below are the diagnostic criteria for each disorder as outlined
in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5):

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Criterion A: Exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence in one
(or more) of the following ways:
 Directly experiencing the traumatic event
 Witnessing the traumatic event occur to others
 Learning that the traumatic event occurred to a close family member or friend
 Experiencing repeated or extreme exposure to details of the traumatic event (e.g., first
responders, healthcare workers)
Criterion B: Presence of one (or more) of the following intrusion symptoms:
 Recurrent, involuntary, and intrusive distressing memories of the traumatic event
 Recurrent distressing dreams related to the traumatic event
 Dissociative reactions (e.g., flashbacks) in which the individual feels or acts as though
the traumatic event were recurring
  Intense or prolonged psychological distress at exposure to internal or external cues that
symbolize or resemble an aspect of the traumatic event
 Marked physiological reactions to internal or external cues that symbolize or resemble
an aspect of the traumatic event
Criterion C: Persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the traumatic event, as evidenced
by one (or both) of the following:
 Avoidance of or efforts to avoid distressing memories, thoughts, or feelings about or
closely associated with the traumatic event
 Avoidance of or efforts to avoid external reminders (people, places, conversations,
activities, objects, situations) that arouse distressing memories, thoughts, or feelings
about or closely associated with the traumatic event
Criterion D: Negative alterations in cognitions and mood associated with the traumatic event,
as evidenced by two (or more) of the following:
 Inability to remember an important aspect of the traumatic event
 Persistent and exaggerated negative beliefs or expectations about oneself, others, or
the world (e.g., "I am bad," "No one can be trusted," "The world is completely
dangerous")
 Persistent, distorted cognitions about the cause or consequences of the traumatic event
that lead the individual to blame themselves or others
 Persistent negative emotional state (e.g., fear, horror, anger, guilt, shame)
 Markedly diminished interest or participation in significant activities
 Feelings of detachment or estrangement from others
 Persistent inability to experience positive emotions
Criterion E: Marked alterations in arousal and reactivity associated with the traumatic event,
as evidenced by two (or more) of the following:

 Irritable behavior and angry outbursts (with little or no provocation)

 Reckless or self-destructive behavior
 Hypervigilance
 Exaggerated startle response
 Problems with concentration
 Sleep disturbance
Criterion F: Duration of the disturbance is more than 1 month.
Criterion G: The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social,
occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

Criterion H: The disturbance is not due to medication, substance use, or other medical
condition.

Acute Stress Disorder (ASD)

A. Exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence in one (or more)
of the following ways:
1. Directly experiencing the traumatic event(s). 2. Witnessing, in person, the event(s) as it
occurred to others.
2. learning that the event(s) occurred to a close family member or close friend. In cases of
actual or threatened death of a family member or friend, the event(s) must have been violent
or accidental.
3. Experiencing repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details of the traumatic event(s)
(e.g., first responders collecting human remains, police officers repeatedly exposed to details
of child abuse). This does not apply to exposure through electronic media, television, movies,
or pictures, unless this exposure is work related.
B. Presence of nine (or more) of the following symptoms from any of the five categories of
intrusion, negative mood, dissociation, avoidance, and arousal, beginning or worsening after
the traumatic event(s) occurred: Intrusion Symptoms
1. Recurrent, involuntary, and intrusive distressing memories of the traumatic event(s). In
children, repetitive play may occur in which themes or aspects of the traumatic event(s) are
expressed.
2. Recurrent distressing dreams in which the content and/or effect of the dream are related to
the event(s). In children, there may be frightening dreams without recognizable content.
3. Dissociative reactions (e.g., flashbacks) in which the individual feels or acts as if the
traumatic event(s) were recurring.
4. Intense or prolonged psychological distress or marked physiological reactions in response to
internal or external cues that symbolize or resemble an aspect of the traumatic event(s).
Negative Mood Persistent inability to experience positive emotions (e.g., inability to
experience happiness, satisfaction, or loving feelings).
Dissociative Symptoms. An altered sense of the reality of one’s surroundings or oneself (e.g.,
seeing oneself from another’s perspective, being in a daze, time slowing).
Inability to remember an important aspect of the traumatic event(s) (typically due to
dissociative amnesia and not to other factors such as head injury, alcohol, or drugs). Avoidance
Symptoms
Efforts to avoid distressing memories, thoughts, or feelings about or closely associated with
the traumatic event(s). 9. Efforts to avoid external reminders (people, places, conversations,
activities, objects, situations) that arouse distressing memories, thoughts.
C. Duration of the disturbance (symptoms in Criterion B) is 3 days to 1 month after trauma
exposure. Note: Symptoms typically begin immediately after the trauma, but persistence for at
least 3 days and up to a month is needed to meet disorder criteria. D. The disturbance causes
clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of
functioning. E. The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance
(e.g., medication or alcohol) or another medical condition (e.g., mild traumatic brain injury)
and is not better explained by brief psychotic disorder.
Adjustment Disorders
Diagnostic Criteria
A. The development of emotional or behavioral symptoms in response to an identifiable
stressor(s) occurring within 3 months of the onset of the stressor(s).
B. These symptoms or behaviors are clinically significant, as evidenced by one or both of the
following:
1. Marked distress that is out of proportion to the severity or intensity of the stressor, taking
into account the external context and the cultural factors that might influence symptom
severity and presentation.
2. Significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
C. The stress-related disturbance does not meet the criteria for another mental disorder and is
not merely an exacerbation of a preexisting mental disorder.
D. The symptoms do not represent normal bereavement and are not better explained by
prolonged grief disorder.
 Personality disorder
Personality disorder an enduring, rigid pattern of inner experience and outward behavior
that repeatedly impairs a person’s sense of self, emotional experiences, goals, capacity for
empathy, and/or capacity for intimacy.
 Different type of personality disorder

Paranoid personality disorder a personality disorder marked by a pattern of

distrust and suspiciousness of others
Schizoid personality disorder a personality disorder characterized by persistent
avoidance of social relationships and little expression of emotion.
Schizotypal personality disorder a personality disorder characterized by extreme
discomfort in close relationships, very odd patterns of thinking and perceiving, and
behavioral eccentricities.
Antisocial personality disorder a personality disorder marked by a general pattern
of disregard for and violation of other people’s rights.
Borderline personality disorder a personality disorder characterized by repeated
instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood and by impulsive
behavior.
Histrionic personality disorder a personality disorder characterized by a pattern of
excessive emotionality and attention seeking. Once called hysterical personality
disorder.
Narcissistic personality disorder a personality disorder marked by a broad pattern
of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy
Avoidant personality disorder a personality disorder characterized by consistent
discomfort and restraint in social situations, overwhelming feelings of inadequacy,
and extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation.
Obsessive compulsive personality disorder A personality disorder marked by such
an intense focus on orderliness, perfectionism, and control that the person loses
flexibility, openness, and efficiency.
 ETIOLOGY
Personality disorders are a group of mental health conditions that are
characterized by deeply ingrained patterns of thought, behavior, and emotions
that significantly differ from what is considered as the typical or expected way of
experiencing and responding to situations. There is no one definitive cause of
personality disorders, and it is generally accepted that they arise from a
combination of genetic, environmental, and social factors.
Here are some possible factors that may contribute to the development of
personality disorders:
Genetics: Certain genetic traits may make an individual more prone to developing
a personality disorder. For instance, there may be a genetic predisposition to
impulsive behavior, aggression, or anxiety.
Childhood experiences: Traumatic experiences such as abuse, neglect, or
inconsistent parenting can lead to the development of personality disorders.
Additionally, childhood experiences that are marked by rejection, emotional
invalidation, or overprotectiveness may also contribute to the development of
personality disorders.
Cognitive and emotional factors: The way an individual processes information,
thinks about themselves and others, and manages their emotions can influence
the development of personality disorders.
Cultural factors: Cultural norms, values, and expectations can influence the way
that individuals develop and express their personalities. For example, certain
cultures may place a high value on conformity and obedience, which could lead to
the development of dependent or avoidant personality traits.
Social factors: Social experiences such as peer pressure, bullying, or social isolation
can also contribute to the development of personality disorders.
It is important to note that the development of personality disorders is a complex
and multifaceted process, and the specific causes may vary from person to person.
Additionally, having risk factors for developing a personality disorder does not
necessarily mean that an individual will develop one.
 Differential diagnosis
Cluster A: Odd/eccentric

Cluster B: Dramatic/erratic
Cluster C: Anxious and Fearful