/ ACKNOWLEDGMENT | , | HAVE TAKEN EFFORTS IN THIS PROJECT HOWEVER IT WOULD NOT HAVE BEEN POSSIBLE WITHOUT THE KIND HELP AND SUPPORT OF MANY INDIVIDUALS. | WOULD LIKE TO THANK MY PRINCIPAL MRS. USHA KIRAN TOMAR FOR PROVIDING ME WITH FACILITIES REQUIRED TO DO MY PROJECT . | AM HIGHLY INDEBTED TO MY TEACHER MRS MAMTA SHARMA FOR HER INVALUABLE GUIDANCE WHICH HAS SUSTAINED MY EFFORTS IN ALL STAGES OF THIS PROJECT WORK. | ALSO LIKE TO THANK MY PARENTS FOR THEIR CONTINUOUS A SUPPORTAND. J |i \/ INTRODUCTION HE TERM “BLOOD GROUP” REFERS TO THE ENTIRE BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM * COMPRISING RED BLOOD CELL (RBC) ANTIGENS WHOSE SPECIFICITY IS CONTROLLED BY A SERIES OF GENES WHICH CAN BE ALLELIC OR LINKED VERY CLOSELY ON THE SAME CHROMOSOME. “BLOOD TYPE” REFERS TO A SPECIFIC PATTERN OF REACTION TO TESTING ANTISERA WITHIN A GIVEN SYSTEM, OVER A PERIOD OF TIME, OUR UNDERSTANDING ON BLOOD GROUPS HAS EVOLVED TO ENCOMPASS NOT ONLY TRANSFUSION- RELATED PROBLEMS BUT ALSO SPECIFIC DISEASE ASSOCIATION WITH RBC SURFACE ANTIGENS, KARL LANDSTEINER HAS BEEN CREDITED FOR THE DISCOVERY OF ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM IN 1900.HIS EXTENSIVE RESEARCH ON SEROLOGY = ¥ BASED ON SIMPLE BUT STRONG SCIENTIFIC REASONING LED TO IDENTIFICATION OF MAJOR BLOOD GROUPS SUCH AS 0, A, AND B TYPES, COMPATIBILITY TESTING, AND SUBSEQUENT TRANSF USION PRACTISE ]_/) ~ WHAT ARE DIFFERENT BLOOD » GROUP? * THE DIFFERENCES IN HUMAN BLOOD ARE DUE TO THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF CERTAIN PROTEIN MOLECULES CALLED ANTIGENS AND ANTIBODIES. * THE ANTIGENS ARE LOCATED ON THE SURFACE OF THE RBCS AND THE ANTIBODIES ARE IN THE BLOOD PLASMA. * INDIVIDUALS HAVE DIFFERENT TYPES AND COMBINATIONS OF THESE MOLECULES. * THE BLOOD GROUP YOU wy BELONG TO DEPENDS ON WHAT YOU HAVE INHERITED | FROM VOUIR PARENT.“- THERE ARE MORE THAN 20 GENETICALLY DETERMINED BLOOD GROUP SYSTEMS KNOWN TODAY * THE ABO AND RHESUS (RH) SYSTEMS ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT ONES USED FOR BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS. « NOT ALL BLOOD GROUPS ARE COMPATIBLE WITH EACH OTHER. MIXING INCOMPATIBLE BLOOD GROUPS LEADS TO BLOOD CLUMPING OR yf AGGLUTINATION, WHICH IS DANGEROUS FOR «|i “CLASSICAL / ABO BLOOD ~ GROUPING SYSTEM * THE MOST IMPORTANT IS ASSURING A SAFE BLOOD TRANSFUSION. *IS BASED ON PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF A&B ANTIGENS ON RED CELL MEMBRANE J * THERE ARE 4:BLOOD . aye Mirerenieresecwi v) A 4 antigen | BLOOD GROUP A © IF YOU BELONG TO THE BLOOD GROUP A, YOU % HAVE A ANTIGENS ON” B antibody B) S antigen THE SURFACE OF OUR A antibody RBCS AND B ANTIBODIES IN YOUR BLOOD PLASMA Blood Group B If you belong to the blood group B antigens on the surface of our RBCs andA antibodies i uae eGbE IF YOU BELONG TO THE BLOOD GROUP AB, YOU HAVE BOTH A AND B ANTIGENS AN THE SURFACE OF OUR RBCS AND NO AOR B @ stop ARGUE | IF ONE BELONG TO THE J <4 antibody BLOOD GROUP O, ONE Avy " HAVE NEITHER A OR B B antibody ANTIGEN ON TH SURFACE OF QUR RBC BUT ONE HAVE ROTH A AND RB B antigen A antigen_’ GENETICS 8% INHERITANCE OF ABO SYSTEM” * THE ABO GENE LOCUS IS LOCATED ON THE CHROMOSOME 9 *A AND B BLOOD GROUPED ARE DOMINANT OVER THE O BLOOD GROUP *A AND B GROUP GENES ARE CO-DOMINAT * EACH PERSON HAS TWO COPIES OF GENES CODING FOR THEIR ABO BLOOD GROUP (ONE MATERNAL AND PATERNAL IN ORIGIN, / “y yw FVv v -”. AUTOSOMAL CHROMOSOME The alleles for Blood group are in the same place on the chromosom eg, However the genes have a different code giving the different blood group y ONE ALLELE FROM MOTHERAND ONE FROM FATHERi} _/ POSSIBLE BLOOD GROUP v AB 0 4 AA AB AO 8 AB BB AB 5 AO BO OO w ey |J v CLINICAL APPLICATION OF y BLOOD GROUPING \ a} * IN BLOOD TRANSFUSION ° IN PREVENTING FROM HEMOLYTIC DISEASE *IN PATERNITY DISPUTES «IN MEDICOLEGAL CLASSES * IN KNOWING SUCEPTION OF DISEASE CROUP O - DUDENAL CANCER LmOuUP A - CARINOMA OF STOMACBlood Grouping TestJ \/ _/ HOW THE TESTIS PERFORMED? v ¥ A 8LOOD SAMPLE IS NEEDED. THE TEST TO DETERMINE YOUR BLOOD GROUP IS CALLED ABO TYPING. YOUR BLOOD SAMPLE IS MIXED WITH ANTIBODIES AGAINST TYPE A AND B BLOOD. THEN, THE SAMPLE IS CHECKED TO SEE WHETHER OR NOT THE BLOOD CELLS STICK TOGETHER. IF BLOOD CELLS STICK TOGETHER, IT MEANS THE BLOOD REACTED WITH ONE OF THE ANTIBODIES. THE SECOND STEP IS CALLED BACK TYPING. THE LIQUID PART OF YOUR BLOOD WITHOUT CELLS (SERUM) IS MIXED WITH BLOOD THAT IS KNOWN TO BE TYPE A AND TYPE B. PEOPLE WITH TYPE A BLOOD HAVE ANTI-B ANTIBODIES. PEOPLE WITH TYPE B BLOOD HAVE ANTI-A ANTIBODIES. TYPE O BLOOD CONTAINS BOTH TYPES OF ANTIBODIES. THE 2 STEPS ABOVE CAN ACCURATELY DETERMINE YOUR BLOOD TYPE. RH TYPING USES A METHOD SIMILAR TO ABO TYPING. WHEN BLOOD TYPING IS DONE TO SEE IF YOU HAVE RH FACTOR ON THE SURFACE OF J YOUR RED BLOOD CELLS, THE RESULTS WILL BE ONE OF THESE: RH+ (POSITIVE), IF YOUHAVETHIS CELL =) SURFACE PROTEIN Vv } TAnthA AnthB Ant-D Control Blood type ©@2@--- e000 BOS @ ~~ 5O@0@—- Click to add text ecve— ece0e— BOS e-— 320 @ -— BS DE wwTHE RISK OF BLOOD TYPING * YOU WILL NEED TO HAVE YOUR BLOOD DRAWN IN ORDER TO HAVE IT TYPED. HAVING YOUR BLOOD DRAWN CARRIES VERY MINIMAL RISKS, INCLUDING: * BLEEDING UNDER THE SKIN (HEMATOMA) * FAINTING OR FEELING LIGHTHEADED * INFECTION AT THE PUNCTURE SITE * EXCESSIVE BLEEDINGMATERIA REQUIRED * TOOTHPICKS * BLOOD SAMPLE + ALCOHOL SWABS * LANCET + CLEAN GLASS SLIDE * STERILE COTTON BALLS * BIOHAZARD DISPOSAL CONTAINER * MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES (ANTI-A, B, AND D)OOD TRANSFUSIOJ WHOCAN V }*) RECIEVE es BLOOD FROM v WHOM ? PEOPLE WITH BLOOD GROUP O ARE CALLED UNIVERSAL DONOR AND PEOPLE WITH BLOOD GROUP AB ARE CALLED UNIVERSAL RECIEVERjf / a ~ PRECAUTIONS . * RH+ BLOOD SHOULD NEVER BE GIVEN TO RH- PERSON * DONOR'S BLOOD SHOULD ALWAYS BE SCREENED * BLOOD BOTTLE SHOULD BE CHECKED * SHOULD BE GIVEN AT SLOW RATE * PROPER ASEPTIC MEASURES SHOULD BE FOLLOWED * CAREFUL WATCH ON J RECIPIENT'S CONDITION VJ 4 ]-Y HAZARDS OF TRANSFUSION Jl. MISMATCH TRANSFUSION REACTIONS * AGGLUTINATION * TISSUE ISCHEMIA + HAEMOLYSIS + HAEMOLYTIC JAUNDICE * CIRCULATORY SHOCK + RENAL VASOCONSTRICTION + HAEMOGLOBINURIA + RENAL TUBULAR DAMAGE * ACUTE RENAL SHUTDOWN 2. CIRCULATORYY OVERLOAD 3. TRANSMISSION OF BLOOD BORNE INFECTION 4. PIROGENIC RECUTION 5. ALLERGIC REACTION 6. HYPERKALEMIA 7. HYPOCALCEMIA 8. REDUCES TISSUE OXYGENATION 9. AIR EMBOLISM “ VU 10. THROMBOPHLEBITIS VvJ v/ _/BIBLIOGRAPHY 5.NCERT CLASS 11