1.

Calculating Direct Emissions from Stationary Combustion

Annual Consumption of Fuels
F&M is a manufacturing facility with two 10 MW generating units, one
burning natural gas and one coal-fired unit. F&M also has a
commercial office building on-site that is heated with diesel. Last
year, the company consumed 20,000,000 standard cubic meter (m 3) of
natural gas and 40,000 metric tons of coal in the generating units.
F&M also began the year with 41900 litres of diesel in storage and
ended the year with 6000 litres in storage; it combusted the rest of the
diesel.

Calculate the company’s total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) from

stationary combustion.

Assume the following emission factors:

Natural gas: 1.9141 kg CO2/ m3
Coal: 2274.69 kg CO2/ metric ton
Diesel: 2.6533 kg CO2/ litre

Answer:
Step 1: Calculate annual diesel use by taking into account purchase,
sale and inventory stock.

Stationary Combustion Example: Accounting for Changes in Fuel

Step 1
(Diesel) Stocks

Annual Diesel Consumption = Diesel Stock at Start of Year - Diesel Stock at End of Year
(litres) (litres) (litres)

= 41900 litres - 6000 litres

= 35900 litres
Step 2: Calculate CO2 emissions for each fuel using respective
emission factor. Add to obtain total CO2 emissions for F&M.
Stationary Combustion Example: Calculating CO2 Emissions Using
Step 2 Emission Factor
Fuel A CO2 Emissions = Fuel Consumed × Emission Factor ÷ 1,000
(metric tons) (metric unit) (kg CO 2/metric unit) (kg/metric ton)

Natural Gas CO2 Emissions = 20,000,000 × 1.9141 ÷ 1000 = 38,282 metric

tons
(metric tons) (cubic meter) (kg CO 2/cubic meter) (kg/metric ton)
Coal CO2 Emissions = 40,000 × 2274.69 ÷ 1000 = 90987.6 metric tons
(metric tons) (metric tons) (kg CO2/metric ton) (kg/metric ton)

Diesel CO2 Emissions = 35900 × 2.6533 ÷ 1,000 = 95.25 metric tons

(metric tons) (litre) (kg CO2/litre) (kg/metric ton)

Total CO2 Emissions = 38,282 + 90987.6 + 95.25 = 129,364.85 metric tons

(metric tons) (metric tons) (metric tons) (metric tons)

2. Calculating Direct Emissions from Mobile Combustion

GOFAST Vehicle Rental is an independent vehicle renting company

with a fleet of 200 passenger cars (model year 2000), 25 light duty
trucks (model year 2002), and two heavy duty diesel powered trucks
(model year 1998). GOFAST typically purchases its fuel in bulk. Last
year, the company purchased 900,000 litres of motor gasoline and
20,000 litres of diesel fuel. The company began the year with 75,000
litres of motor gasoline in stock and ended with 40,000 litres of motor
gasoline in stock. The company also began the year with 2000 litres
of diesel fuel in stock and ended with 4,000 litres of diesel fuel in
stock. GOFAST also keeps odometer readings for each vehicle and
determines total mileage by vehicle type as follows: 9,700,000
kilometer for passenger cars; 890,000 kilometer for light trucks; and
130,000 kilometer for heavy duty trucks.
Calculate GOFAST’s emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4)
and nitrous oxide (N2O) from mobile combustion.

Assume the following emission factors:

Gasoline: 2.30 kg CO2/ litre
Diesel: 2.6533 kg CO2/ litre
Passenger car (gasoline, model year – 2000): 0.022494 g N2O/ km;
0.027216 g CH4/ km
Light Duty trucks (gasoline, model year – 2002): 0.023488 g N2O/ km;
0.030509 g CH4/ km
Heavy Duty trucks (diesel, model year – 1998): 0.002983 g N2O/ km;
0.003169 g CH4/ km

Answer:
Step 1: Calculate annual diesel and gasoline use by accounting for
purchase and inventory stock at the beginning and end of year.
Total Annual Fuel C
Step 1 Accounting for Changes in Fuel Stocks From Bulk Purchases

Annual Consumption = Total Annual Fuel Purchases + Amount Stored at Beginning of Year – Amount
Stored at End of Year

Total Gasoline Consumption = 900,000 + 75,000 – 40,000 = 935,000

(litres) (litres) (litres) (litres) (litres)

Total Diesel Consumption = 20,000 + 2000 – 4,000 = 18,000

(litres) (litres) (litres) (litres) (litres)

Step 2: Calculate CO2 emissions for each fuel using respective

emission factor. Sum to obtain total CO2 emissions for GOFAST.

Step 2 Calculating CO2 Emissions From Mobile Combustion

CO2 Emissions = Fuel Use × Emission Factor ÷ 1,000
(metric tons) (metric unit) (kg CO2 /metric unit) (kg/metric tons)
Gasoline CO2 Emissions = 935,000 × 2.30 ÷ 1,000 = 2,150.5
(metric tons) (litre) (kg CO2 /litre) (kg/metric tons) (metric tons CO2)
Diesel CO2 Emissions = 18,000 × 2.6533 ÷ 1,000 = 47.76
(metric tons) (litre) (kg CO2 /litre) (kg/metric tons) (metric tons CO 2)
Total CO2 Emissions = 2,150.5 + 47.76 = 2,198.26
(metric tons) (metric tons) (metric tons) (metric tons CO 2)
Step 3: Identify the vehicle type, fuel, model year, number of vehicles,
mileage and corresponding emission factors for N2O and CH4. (This
information is given.)
Identify vehicle type, fuel, model, number of vehicles, mileage and emission
Step 3
factor
No. of Mileage
Vehicle Type Fuel Model Year g CH4 / km g N2O / km
Vehicles (km)
Passenger
Motor Gasoline 2000 200 9,700,000 0.0272 0.0225
Cars
Light Duty
Motor Gasoline 2002 25 890,000 0.0305 0.0235
Trucks
Heavy Duty
Diesel 1998 2 130,000 0.0032 0.0030
Trucks

Step 4: Calculate CH4 and N2O emissions associated with each

vehicle type, and sum to obtain total CH4 and N2O emissions.

Step 4 (i) Calculating N2O Emissions From Mobile Combustion

Passenger Cars N2O Emissions = 9,700,000 × 0.0225 ÷ 1,000,000 = 0.2183

(metric tons) (km) (g N 2O/km) (g / metric ton) (metric ton N2O)

Light Duty Trucks N2O Emissions = 890,000 × 0.0235 ÷ 1,000,000 = 0.0209

(metric tons) (km) (g N 2O/km) (g / metric ton) (metric ton
N2O)
Heavy Duty Trucks N2O Emissions = 130,000 × 0.0030 ÷ 1,000,000 = 0.0004
(metric tons) (km) (g N2O/km) (g / metric ton) (metric ton
N2O)

Total N2O Emissions = 0.2183 + 0.0209 + 0.0004 = 0.2396

(metric tons) (metric tons) (metric tons) (metric tons) (metric tons N 2O)

Step 4 (ii) Calculating CH4 Emissions From Mobile Combustion

Passenger Cars CH4 Emissions = 9,700,000 × 0.0272 ÷ 1,000,000 = 0.2638

(metric tons) (km) (g CH 4/km) (g / metric ton) (metric ton CH4)

Light Duty Trucks CH4 Emissions = 890,000 × 0.0305 ÷ 1,000,000 = 0.0271

(metric tons) (km) (g CH 4/km) (g / metric ton) (metric ton CH4)

Heavy Duty Trucks CH4 Emissions = 130,000 × 0.0032 ÷ 1,000,000 = 0.0004

(metric tons) (km) (g CH4/km) (g / metric ton) (metric ton CH4

Total CH4 Emissions = 0.2638 + 0.0271 + 0.0004 = 0.2913

(metric tons) (metric tons) (metric tons) (metric tons) (metric tons CH 4)
Step 5: Convert CH4 and N2O emissions to units of CO2-equivalent
and determine total emissions from mobile combustion.

Step 5 Converting to CO2-equivalents and determining total emissions

CO2 Emissions = 2,198.26 × 1 = 2,198.26
(metric tons CO2-e) (metric tons CO2) (GWP) (metric tons CO2-e)

CH4 Emissions = 0.2913 × 21 = 6.117

(metric tons CO2-e) (metric tons CH4) (GWP) (metric tons CO2-e)

N2O Emissions = 0.2396 × 310 = 74.276

(metric tons CO2-e) (metric tons N2O) (GWP) (metric tons CO2-e)

Total Emissions = CO2 + CH4 + N2O = 2,278.653

(metric tons CO2-e) (metric tons CO2-e) (metric tons CO2-e)

3. Calculating Indirect Emissions from Electricity Use (location-based

method)

Cost-lo is a discount retail clothing chain with one outlet in Sao Paulo,
Brazil. Cost-lo records its annual electricity purchases in megawatt-
hours (MWh) and for the last year, its electricity consumption was
1600 MWh.

Calculate location-based CO2 emissions from electricity use for Cost-

lo.

Assume the following location-based, grid-average emission factor

(expressed in CO2, as N2O and CH4 emission rates are not available): 0.5727 t
CO2/ MWh.

Answer:
Step 1: Calculate total emissions from electricity use using annual
consumption and location-based emission factor.

Step 1 Calculating Indirect Emissions from Electricity Use

CO2 Emissions = 1,600 × 0.5727 = 916.32

(MWh) (t CO2/ MWh) (metric tons CO2)
4. Calculating Indirect Emissions from Electricity Use (market-based
method)

Cost-lo entered into a contract to purchase 50% of its energy from

hydropower to cover its electricity consumption. The other 50% of the
supply comes from their utility, who supplies Cost-lo with a supplier-
specific emission factor. Both of these contractual instruments meet
the Scope 2 Quality Criteria for the market-based method. Assume
total electricity consumption of 800 MWh.

Calculate the market-based CO2 emissions from electricity use for

Cost-lo.

Assume the following supplier-specific emission factor (expressed in CO 2, as

N2O and CH4 emission rates are not available): 0.70 t CO2 / MWh

Answer:
Step 1: Apply the contract-specific emission rate of 0 t CO2 /MWh to half
the overall consumption (400 MWh), and the supplier-specific emission rate
of .7 t CO2 /MWh to the other half of the power

Step 1 Calculating Indirect Emissions from Electricity Use

CO2 Emissions = 400 × 0 + 400 x 0.70 = 280

(MWh) (t CO2/ MWh) (MWh) (t CO2/ MWh) (metric tons
CO2)
 CALCULATING EMISSIONS USING GHG PROTOCOL TOOLS

Calculation tools publicly available and the GHG Protocol website can
make calculating emissions easier. The tools have been reviewed by
industry experts and are regularly updated.
http://www.ghgprotocol.org/calculation-tools

5. Using GHG Protocol tools to calculate emissions from employee

business travel

Chicago Accounting is based in the United States. Chicago Accounting’s

staff makes regular business trips to client offices. To complete all
business trips in the reporting year, company-owned cars (all of which
were purchased new in 2007) consumed a total of 14,755 gallons of
gasoline, and employees traveled a total of 330,500 miles on domestic
commercial airline flights.

Calculate Chicago Accounting’s emissions from business trips in the

reporting year.

(Hint: Use the GHG Protocol’s GHG emissions from transport or mobile
sources tool)

Answer:
Step 1: Open the GHG emissions from transport or mobile sources tool.

Step 2: Click on “Enter Activity Data” (or open the Activity Data
worksheet by clicking on the “Activity Data” tab at the bottom of your
screen).

Step 3: Fill in the following information in the required fields:

Activity Data
Type of Activity
Description

Transport

Fuel Amount

Unit of Fuel
Mode of

Passenger
Source

Region

Fuel Used
Status

Scope

Travelled
Distance

Distance
Data

Amount
Vehicle

Weight

Unit of
Gross
Type

# of

Client visits Passenger

Gasoline/ US
(company- US Road Scope 1 Fuel Use Car - 14755
Petrol Gallon
owned Gasoline -
 Year 2005-
cars)
present
Passenger
Client visits
Distance (e.g. Air - Passenger
(domestic US Aircraft Scope 3 330500 1
Public Domestic Mile
flights)
Transport)

Step 4: Open the Summary worksheet by clicking on the “Summary” tab

at the bottom of your screen. Find total Scope 1 and Scope 3 emissions.

Chicago Accounting’s emissions from business trips in the reporting year:

Scope 1 (from company-owned cars): 130.823 t CO2e
Scope 3 (from non-company owned planes): 91.203 t CO2e

(Note: CH4 and N2O emissions from air travel are not accounted for in the
GHG Protocol transport tool. Emission factors are unavailable for CH 4
and N2O from air travel as they represent an extremely small proportion
of the climate impact of aviation.)

6. Using GHG Protocol tools to calculate emissions from purchased

electricity (location-based method)

Office Associates, Inc., based in New York, shares a 200,000 square foot
building with Business Analysts, Inc. Both firms own 100,000 square-feet
of the building and split the electricity bill fifty-fifty. To calculate its
emissions, Office Associates gathered data from the building’s electricity
bill. The building’s total electricity usage for the reporting year, 2005,
was 1,900,250 kWh.

Calculate Office Associates’ emissions from purchased electricity in

2005.

(Hint: Use the GHG Protocol’s GHG emissions from Purchased Electricity,
Heat or Steam tool.)

Answer:
Step 1: Open the GHG emissions from Purchased Electricity, Heat or
Steam tool.
Step 2: Open the Spreadsheet worksheet by clicking on the
“Spreadsheet” tab at the bottom of your screen.

Step 3: Fill in the following information in the required fields:

Facility information Consumption data

% of
electricity
Facility used by the Region (if
description facility Country available) Year Fuel mix Amount Units
Office United NPCC
Building 50 States NYC/Westchester 2005 1900250 kWh

Step 4: Find total emissions in the “CO2e (tonnes)” column

Office Associate’s emissions from purchased electricity in the reporting

year:
Scope 2: 352.49 t CO2e