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DNA Printig

DNA fingerprinting is a technique used to identify individuals based on their unique DNA profiles. Sir Alex Jefferies and colleagues developed techniques for extracting DNA and creating profiles using old tissue samples. DNA fingerprinting works because every cell in the body contains identical DNA, so samples from cheek swabs, blood, or other tissues provide a perfect DNA match. There are two main types of forensic DNA testing: Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism and Polymerase Chain Reaction. In 1990, the FBI began analyzing human DNA to select 13 markers to form the core of their Combined DNA Index System used for criminal DNA databases in the United States.

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18 views31 pages

DNA Printig

DNA fingerprinting is a technique used to identify individuals based on their unique DNA profiles. Sir Alex Jefferies and colleagues developed techniques for extracting DNA and creating profiles using old tissue samples. DNA fingerprinting works because every cell in the body contains identical DNA, so samples from cheek swabs, blood, or other tissues provide a perfect DNA match. There are two main types of forensic DNA testing: Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism and Polymerase Chain Reaction. In 1990, the FBI began analyzing human DNA to select 13 markers to form the core of their Combined DNA Index System used for criminal DNA databases in the United States.

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PARRU xYT
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• DNA fingerprinting also called Genetic

fingerprinting,, is a technique to support the


identification of persons on the basis of their
respective DNA profiles.
• Sir Alex Jefferies and his colleagues, Dr. Peter Gill
and Dr. Dave Werrett, developed techniques for
extracting DNA and preparing profiles using old
samples of human tissue.

• Because every cell in a body shares the same DNA,


cells collected by swabbing the inside of a person’s
cheek will be a perfect match for those found in white
blood cells, skin cells, or any other tissue.

• There are two main types of forensic DNA testing:


one based on restriction fragment length
polymorphism (RFLP) and the other on the polymerase
chain reaction (PCR)
• Warm, moist conditions may accelerate DNA degradation,
rendering it unsuitable for RFLP testing in a relatively short
period of time. Because of this, RFLP is not used as often for
DNA testing as it once was.

• Instead, DNA profiling depends on inactive portions of DNA


that contain repeated sequences of between 1 and 100 base
pairs. These sequences, called variable number tandem
repeats (VNTRs).

• Every person has some VNTRs that were inherited from his
or her mother and father.

• No person has VNTRs that are identical to those of either


parent (this could only occur as a result of cloning). Instead,
the individual’s VNTRs are a combination of repeats of those
of the parents’ DNA regions in tandem.

• The uniqueness of an individual’s VNTRs provides the


scientific marker of identity known as a DNA fingerprint.
• DNA fingerprints produced by PCR are usually restricted to
detecting the presence of microsatellites (Figure 2), which are
one- to six-nucleotide repeats dispersed throughout
chromosomes.

• The small size of these repeated segments has resulted in


the term short tandem repeat, or STR.

• In 1990, the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation


(FBI) began a process of extensive analysis that culminated in
the selection of 13 independently assorting human STR
markers to form the core of the FBI’s Combined DNA Index
System (CODIS)

• National DNA Index System (NDIS) uses CODIS genetic


markers as a basis for comparison of DNA information
Use of CODIS marker in Forensic Genetic Analysis

• A CODIS marker must meet four critical criteria:

• First, a CODIS STR must have a known chromosome


location, and its location must ensure that the STR assorts
independently of all other CODIS markers.
• The second criterion for CODIS STR markers is that they
must have multiple alleles in all populations examined.
• Third, the STR markers selected for CODIS must carry alleles
that can be consistently, reliably, and accurately amplified by
PCR
• The final criterion for CODIS STRs is that their PCR products
must distinguish alleles from one another clearly enough for
automated PCR amplification and gel electrophoresis to
reliably identify each allele.
• Most CODIS STRs are located in noncoding regions of the
genome.
• These noncoding STRs are designated by gene labels
reading “D*S***.” e.g. D1S1656. The “D” indicates that the
STR is encoded in DNA, the number following D is the
chromosome on which the STR is located, and the “S”
indicates that the repetitive sequence of the STR is a “single”
repetitive sequence, meaning that the STR is found just once
in the genome.

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