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Chapter 5 Measuring Change - Differentiation Updated

The document discusses differentiation and calculating derivatives. It provides examples of finding the derivative of functions using limits and the definition of the derivative. It also covers topics like the derivative at a point, the chain rule, increasing and decreasing functions, second derivatives, and curve sketching. Examples throughout illustrate key concepts in determining derivatives from functions.

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Old Newborn
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83 views114 pages

Chapter 5 Measuring Change - Differentiation Updated

The document discusses differentiation and calculating derivatives. It provides examples of finding the derivative of functions using limits and the definition of the derivative. It also covers topics like the derivative at a point, the chain rule, increasing and decreasing functions, second derivatives, and curve sketching. Examples throughout illustrate key concepts in determining derivatives from functions.

Uploaded by

Old Newborn
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MEASURING CHANGE

DIFFERENTIATION
INVESTIGATION 1

1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4


Example 1: Sketch the graph of the function 𝑓 given by
𝑥 2 −3𝑥+2
𝑓 𝑥 = ,𝑥 ≠ 2.
𝑥−2
(𝒙−𝟐)(𝒙−𝟏)
𝒇 𝒙 = ,𝒙 ≠ 𝟐.
𝒙−𝟐

𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙 − 𝟏, 𝒙 ≠ 𝟐.
At 𝑥 = 2 it is not clear what to expect
from the graph. To get an idea of the
behavior of the graph near 𝑥 = 2, make a
table of values.
𝒙 1.75 1.9 1.99 1.999 2 2.001 2.01 2.1 2.25
𝒇(𝒙) 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝟎. 𝟗 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝑫𝑵𝑬 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟏 𝟏. 𝟎𝟏 𝟏. 𝟏 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓

*Although 𝑥 cannot equal 2, you can move arbitrarily close to 2,


𝟏 Using limit
and as a result, 𝑓(𝑥) moves arbitrarily close to ____.
notation, you can write: 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐
𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟏
𝒙→𝟐 𝒙−𝟐
EXERCISE 5A (PAGE 219)
INVESTIGATION 3
𝑝 𝑥 𝑞 𝑥
EXERCISE 5B (PAGE 221)
THE DERIVATIVE FUNCTION
INVESTIGATION 4
((2.25-1)/(0.5))

(1.5, 2.25) 2. 5
(1.1, 1.21) 2. 1
(1.01, 1.0201) 2. 01
(1.001, 1.002) 2
( x + h, f ( x + h) )
f ( x + h) − f ( x )

( x, f ( x ) ) f ( x + h) − f ( x )
h f ( x) = lim
h →0 h

′
𝒇 𝒙 + 𝒉 − 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒇 𝒙 = lim
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
Definition of the Derivative of a Function

The derivative of 𝑓at 𝑥 is given by

′
𝒇 𝒙 + 𝒉 − 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒇 𝒙 = lim
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉

provided the limit exists. For all 𝑥 for which this limit exists, 𝑓′
is a function of 𝑥. When we evaluate the derivative using a
limit, we are differentiating from 1st Principles.
Example: Find the derivative by the limit process of the following functions.

1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 2; 𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ = 3 𝑥 + ℎ + 2
𝒇 𝒙 + 𝒉 − 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒇′ 𝒙 = lim
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉

′
3 𝑥 + ℎ + 2 − (3𝑥 + 2)
𝒇 𝒙 = lim
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
′
3𝑥 + 3ℎ + 2 − 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐
𝒇 𝒙 = lim
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
′
3ℎ
𝒇 𝒙 = lim = lim 𝟑 = 𝟑
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉 𝒉→𝟎
2. 𝑓 𝒙 = 1 − 𝒙2 ; 𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ = 1 − (𝑥 + ℎ)2 = 1 − (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥ℎ + ℎ2 )

𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ = 1 − 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥ℎ − ℎ2
𝒇 𝒙 + 𝒉 − 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒇′ 𝒙 = lim
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
1 − 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥ℎ − ℎ2 − (1 − 𝒙2 )
𝒇′ 𝒙 = lim
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
2 2 2
1 − 𝑥 − 2𝑥ℎ − ℎ − 1 + 𝒙
𝒇′ 𝒙 = lim
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
−2𝑥ℎ − ℎ 2 ℎ(−2𝑥 − ℎ)
′
𝒇 𝒙 = lim = lim = lim (−2𝑥 − ℎ) = −2𝑥
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉 𝒉→𝟎 𝒉 𝒉→𝟎
By stating that 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = −2𝑥 for the
function 𝑓 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑥 2 we are saying
that the gradient at any point on the
graph of this function can be computed
by plugging the 𝑥-value into 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 .

Let’s explore this using our graphing


calculators.
The Derivative when 𝒙 = 𝒂.

The gradient of the tangent to 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) at the point where


𝒇′ 𝒂 where
𝑥 = 𝑎 is denoted ______,

𝒇 𝒂 + 𝒉 − 𝒇(𝒂)
𝒇′ 𝒂 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
EXERCISE 5C
EXERCISE 5D
TANGENTS AND NORMALS
EXERCISE 5E
EXERCISE 5F
THE CHAIN RULE
EXERCISE 5G
EXERCISE 5H
INVESTIGATION 10
EXERCISE 5I
EXERCISE 5J
INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTIONS
EXERCISE 5K (PAGE 243)
EXERCISE 5L (PAGE 246)
SECOND DERIVATIVE
EXERCISE 5M (PAGE 249)
EXERCISE 5N (PAGE 255)
CURVE SKETCHING

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