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Lab Manual - Chemistry

This lab manual document outlines four experiments: 1) Measuring the pH of various solutions using pH paper. Observations showed the solutions' pH levels and whether they were acidic, basic, or neutral. 2) Studying the properties of acids and bases by observing their reactions with litmus solutions, zinc metal, and sodium carbonate. This helped determine their acidic or basic natures. 3) Observing the reactivity of various metals by dropping them into different salt solutions, then arranging the metals in decreasing reactivity order. 4) The full procedures and conclusions are outlined for determining the reactivity order of aluminum, zinc, iron and copper based on their reactions in different salt solutions
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
198 views10 pages

Lab Manual - Chemistry

This lab manual document outlines four experiments: 1) Measuring the pH of various solutions using pH paper. Observations showed the solutions' pH levels and whether they were acidic, basic, or neutral. 2) Studying the properties of acids and bases by observing their reactions with litmus solutions, zinc metal, and sodium carbonate. This helped determine their acidic or basic natures. 3) Observing the reactivity of various metals by dropping them into different salt solutions, then arranging the metals in decreasing reactivity order. 4) The full procedures and conclusions are outlined for determining the reactivity order of aluminum, zinc, iron and copper based on their reactions in different salt solutions
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lab Manual- Chemistry

(Experiment 1)- To find the pH of the following samples by


using pH paper/universal indicator.
(a) Dilute NaOH solution
(b) Dilute ethanoic acid solution
(c) Lemon juice
(d) Dilute sodium bicarbonate solution
Materials Required
four test tubes, four droppers, white tile, pH paper (with
coloured chart strip of pH scale) and test tube stand.
Chemicals required: Dilute solution of sodium hydroxide,
dilute ethanoic acid, lemon juice, dilute solution of sodium
bicarbonate.
Procedure:
1. Take four test tubes, wash them with distilled water and place
them on test tube stand.
2. Mark these test tubes as B, C, D, F
3. Take 2 mL each of the above chemicals and add them to the
test tubes marked.
Test tube B – add 2 mL of dil. NaOH solution
Test tube C – add 2 mL of dil-. ethanoic acid
Test tube D – add 2 mL of lemon juice
Test tube F – add 2 mL of dil. sodium bicarbonate solution
4. Take a white tile and place small strips of pH paper on it,
mark them as B, C, D, F
5. Take clean droppers rinsed with distilled water.
6. Use each dropper to suck the contents present in the test tubes
B, C, D, F and pour a drop of each content on marked pH paper
respectively.
7. Observe the colour change in the pH paper and match it with
the colour pH chart given. Record your observations.

Observation-
(Experiment
1)- Colour of pH Approximate
Sample Nature
Paper pH
Test tube
B Dil. NaOH Dark blue colour 14 Strong base
Dil.
C Orange colour 3 Weak acid
CH,COOH
D Lemon juice Pink colour 2 Weak acid
Dil. Light blue
F 9 Weak base
NaHCO3 colour

(Experiment 2)- To study the properties of acids and


bases (dilute HCl and dilute NaOH) by their reaction with
(a) Litmus solution (Blue/Red) (b) Zinc metal (c) Solid
sodium carbonate
Materials Required
A test tube stand, test tubes, match box, test tube holder,
droppers, a bent delivery tube, burner and cork.
Chemicals required: Dilute hydrochloric acid, dilute sodium
hydroxide, blue litmus solution, red litmus solution, zinc metal
granules or powdered zinc, solid sodium carbonate and freshly
prepared lime water.
Procedure
(A) Properties of Hydrochloric Acid
Experiment Observation Inference
Litmus Test
Take two clean test
Blue litmus
tubes. Pour 1 mL of
solution turns red
dilute HCl solution in
in first test tube. Dil. HCl shows
1. each test tube. Pour a
Red litmus solution acidic character.
drop of blue litmus in
shows no change in
one test tube and a drop
second test tube.
of red litmus solution in
the second test tube.
2. Reaction with Zinc Zinc metal reacts Zinc + dil. HCl →
Metal with the acid. Test Zinc chloride +
Take 1 mL of dilute tube becomes warm Hydrogen gas
HCl in a clean test tube. and pressure is Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) →
Add a small piece of exerted on thumb ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
zinc metal/ zinc powder due to release of a Hydrogen gas always
in it. gas. bums with a pop
Light a matchstick and
The matchstick sound when lighted
bring it near the mouth
bums with a pop matchstick is
of the test tube, remove
sound. introduced in it.
the thumb and observe.
Reaction with Sodium
Carbonate
Take a clean test tube.
Add 2 mL of dilute HCl. (i) Na2CO3 + 2HCl
Dilute HCl reacts
Now add lg/pinch of →
with sodium
sodium carbonate in it. 2NaCl + H20 + CO2
carbonate to release
3. Immediately close the (ii)Ca(OH)2+CO2 →
a colourless gas.
mouth with cork Lime
The gas turns lime
containing delivery waterCaCO3 +H2O
water milky.
tube. Hold a test tube White insoluble ppt
with lime water at the
other end of the delivery
tube.
(B) Properties of Sodium Hydroxide
Experiment Observation Inference
1. Litmus Test Blue litmus Dil. NaOH shows basic
Take two clean test solution shows character.
tubes. Pour 1 mL of no change.
dilute NaOH in Red litmus
each test tube. Add solution changes
a drop of blue to blue colour.
litmus solution in
one test tube and a
drop of red litmus
solution in the
second test tube.
Reaction with
Zinc Metal
Take a clean test
tube. Add zinc On heating the
metal granules/zinc mixture;
powder in it. Pour 2 reaction begins, Zn(s) + 2NaOH(aq)
mL of NaOH colourless gas is
2. solution in the tube. evolved. Na2ZnO2(aq) + H2(g)
Hold the test tube The burning Hydrogen gas always bums
with a test tube with a pop sound.
matchstick
holder and heat it. bums with a
Bring a burning ‘pop’ sound.
matchstick near the
mouth of the test
tube.
Reaction with
Solid Sodium
Carbonate
Take a clean test
NaOH doesn’t react with
3. tube. Add 2 mL of No change
sodium carbonate
NaOH solution in a
tube and 1 g of
sodium carbonate.
Heat the mixture.
(Experiment 4)- To observe the action of Zn, Fe, Cu and
Al metals on the following salt solutions:
(a) ZnSO4(aq.)
(b) FeSO4(aq.)
(c) CuSO4 (aq.)
(d) Al2(SO4)3(aq.)
Arrange Zn, Fe, Cu and Al metals in the decreasing order
of reactivity based on the above result.

Materials Required
Four clean test tubes, marker, a piece of sand paper and test tube
stand.
Chemicals required: Aluminium sulphate solution, copper
sulphate solution, zinc sulphate solution, iron sulphate solution,
metal strips of iron, zinc; copper and aluminium.

Procedure-
> Reaction with CuSO4 solution:
1. Take four clean test tubes.
2. With a marker label them as A, B, C and D.
3. Take copper sulphate solution in each test tube.
4. Dip a small, clean piece of aluminium, zinc, iron and copper
metals in test tubes A, B, C and D respectively.
5. Record your observations.

Conclusion: Al, Zn and Fe metals are more reactive than Cu.


Hence, Cu is the least reactive metal among the given four
metals.

> Reaction with FeSO4 solution:


1. Take four clean test tubes, labelled as A, B, C, and D.
2. Take FeSO4 (aq) solution in each test tube.
3. Dip small, clean pieces of aluminium, zinc, iron and copper
metals in test tube A, B, C and D respectively.
4. Record your observations.
Conclusion: Al and Zn metals are more reactive than Fe and
Cu.

> Reaction with ZnSO4 solution:


1. Take test tubes A, B, C, and D, clean them.
2. Add ZnSO4 solution in each test tube.
3. Dip small, clean pieces of Al, Zn, Fe and Cu metal in test tube
A, B, C and D respectively.
4. Record your observations.

Conclusion: Al metal is more reactive than Zn metal.

> Reaction with Al2(SO4)3 solution:


1. Take test tubes A, B, C, and D and clean them.
2. Add Al2(SO4)3 solution in each test tube.
3. Dip small, clean pieces of Al, Zn, Fe and Cu metal in test
tubes A, B, C and D respectively.
4. Record your observations.

Conclusion: Al metal is not displaced by any of the given


metals i.e. Al, Zn, Fe and Cu.
Hence, Al metal is the most reactive metal among the given
metals.
1. Al is not displaced by any of the four metals from its salt
solution, hence, Al is at the top of the reactivity series.
2. Al can displace Zn from its salt solution but no other metal
could displace it. Hence, the reactivity order is Al > Zn.
3. Al and Zn metals can displace Fe metal from its salt solution
but Cu cannot.
Hence, the arrangement of metals in decreasing reactivity order
is
Al > Zn > Fe > Cu.

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