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Kali Linux

The document discusses basic operating system architecture and components of various command line interfaces. It provides information on: 1) The basic components of an OS including hardware, kernel, shell, and applications. 2) Features and purposes of command shells in Windows and Linux including interacting with the OS kernel and accessing files. 3) Common file systems like FAT, NTFS, and Ext4 and their characteristics. 4) Linux user administration concepts such as file ownership, permissions, and changing permissions. 5) Examples of common commands in Windows DOS and Linux shells.

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Siddhesh Karekar
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45 views

Kali Linux

The document discusses basic operating system architecture and components of various command line interfaces. It provides information on: 1) The basic components of an OS including hardware, kernel, shell, and applications. 2) Features and purposes of command shells in Windows and Linux including interacting with the OS kernel and accessing files. 3) Common file systems like FAT, NTFS, and Ext4 and their characteristics. 4) Linux user administration concepts such as file ownership, permissions, and changing permissions. 5) Examples of common commands in Windows DOS and Linux shells.

Uploaded by

Siddhesh Karekar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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# Basic OS Architecture:

1. Hardware
2. Kernel
3. Shell
4. Applications /Utilities

# Command Shell Basics:


→Text based application for viewing, handling and manipulating, files on your
computer.
→Other names: cmd, CLI, prompt, console, terminal
→Use to Kernel interface
→Interface to use operating system services
→Read from input devices such as kyboards or from files
→The shell gets tarted when the user logs in or start the terminal

# Windows Commnad Line:


→Windows has two command shells: The Command Shell and PowerShell
→Officially called Windows Command Processor, but also sometimes referred to as
the the commnd shell or cmd prompt or cmd.exe
→Sometimes called DOS prompt incorrectly
→Powershell was designed to extend the capabilities of the command shell to run
Powershell command called cmdlets
→You can run windows Commands and powershell cmdlets in powershell, but the
command shell can only run windows commands and not Powershell cmdlets.

# Linux Command Line:


→Kali Linuc uses the Bourne Again or Bash Shell, created for use in the GNU, as a
successor to the Bourne Shell
→Bash can also read and execute commands from afile, called a shell script.
→Bash command syntax includes ideas drawn from the Korn shell (ksh) and C shell
such as command line editing, command history

#Linux File System:


/bin: contains user executable files.
/boot: contains the static bootloader and kernel executable
/dev: contains the device files for every hardware device attached to the system
/etc: contains the local system configuration files for the host computer
/home: Home directory storage for user files. Each user has a subdirectory in/home
/lib: Contains shared library files that required to boot the system.
/media: A place to mount external removable media devices such as USB thumb drives
that may be connected to the host.
/mnt: A temporary mountpoint for regular file system
/root: It is home directory for the root user.
/tmp: Used by the operating system and many programs to store temporary files.
/usr: Sherable, read-only files, including executables binaries and libraries,
man files and other types of documentation.

# NTFS, FAT, EXT


1. FAT 32 (File Allocation Table):
→Increases the number of bits used to address clusters and reduces the size of each
cluster.
→Supports larger disks (up to 2 terabytes) and better storage efficiency, 4 GB max
file size

2. NTFS (New Technology File System):


→Windows NT operating system uses for storing and retrieving files on a Hard Disk
→Linux and BSD have a free and Open source NTFS driver
→macOS comes with read only support for NTFS
→16TB max file size, 4KB cluster size
3. Ext4 (Extended File System 4)
→Ext4 support file-based encryption
→File content, filenames, and symbolic link targets are all encrypted
→Being used bt Linux Kernel

# Linux User Administration

A. Ownership of Files:
1. User:
→A user is the owner of the file
→the person who created the file

2. Group:
→A user group can contain multiple users
→All users belonging to a group will have the same access permission to the file

3. Others:
→Everybody else
→Neither created the file, nor the belongs to a usergroup who could own the file

B. Permission of Files
1. Read
2. Write
3.Execute

C. Changing File Permissions


1. Absolute (Numeric) mode
→ 0 for no permission
→ 1 for execute
→ 2 for write
→ 4 for read

2. Symbolic Mode(for all 3 User types)


→ + for adding permission
→ - for removing permission
→ = sets and overrides permissions

→ u user /owner
→ g group
→ o other
→ a all

### Windows DOS shell Command ###


Run CMD as administrator
1. cd = Change directory
for example: step1: cd D:
step2: D:
2. dir = Directory
3. mkdir = make directory
4. rddir = removed directory
5. echo = to write a file with making file (Redirect)
for example
→ echo Prasad Karekar > sample.txt
and you want to write on same file and you don't want overwrite on it then
→ echo Hello World >> sample.txt
6. type <file name with extension> = to view what is inside file
7. copy = to copy file
8. <command>/? = help of any command
9. move = to move file
10.help = to find all command
11.systeminfo = to view system information
12.ping = to check target is available or not (use ICMP)
13.ipconfig = to check all network information
14.arp -a = to display ARP table
15.getmac = to find mac address
16.tracert = to check path from machine to destinaton (use ICMP)
17.netstat = to check working network process
18telnet =
19.ftp<ip address> = file transfer protocol

### Linux Command ###

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