Chapter 7

Photography
“Photography is a way of feeling, of touching, of loving.
What you have caught on film is captured forever…it
remembers little things, long after you have forgotten
everything.”

Aaron Siskind

At the end of the Chapter, the students should be able to:

1. recognize the history and importance of photography;

2. appreciate the “role of third” in photography;
3. discuss the types of photography;
4. demonstrate understanding of the essential components and features of a Camera; and
5. display an ability to do photography

Springboard
As a preliminary activity for the topic, the teacher will ask the students the following
questions:

1. Why do people take photos?

2. Do you think Nude Photography as an art expression or a sensual expression? Why or why
not?
3. Do you think that a person must possess talent to capture emotion and expression in a
picture? Why or why not?
4. Do you believe in the expression “A photo is worth a thousand words? Why or why not?

Input

The Origin of Photography

he word photography is from two Greek words photos or phos, for “light” and graphe,

T for “lines” or “drawing.” Therefore, Photography is described as the art in creating or

drawing durable images by recording light using either photographic film or image
sensor (Spencer, 1973). It was first coined by Sir John Herschel in a lecture before the
Royal Society of London, on March 14, 1839. It has become a powerful means of communication
and a mode of visual expression that touches human life in many ways (Eder, 1945).

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Importance of Photography

We have always wanted to reproduce the world around us, beginning with cave drawings to
painting on canvas and eventually leading to the invention of photography. Our photographs share
so much about who we are as individuals. It tells what we find beautiful, fascinating, funny,
delicious, meaningful, inspiring. It allows us to showcase our style, interests, relationships, and
adventures, to mark the passage of time. Photography has been used in advertising, books,
magazines, newspapers, television, and in research to convey information and advertise products
and services.

The Digital Era of Photography

Until the present times, photography was quite a problematic type of art to maintain. One may
have cameras with different lenses, manual focus, and complicated settings. However, with the
advent of digital cameras, all this complexity vanished. Digital cameras have a different way of
saving images. Instead of using film, it uses a sensor in to save images onto a digital memory card
or internal storage ((Tolmachev, 2010; Ma, 2017).

Digital photography is the art of manipulating and producing digital pictures. It uses
electronic photodetectors to capture the image focused by the lens. The captured image is stored
as a computer file ready for digital processing, viewing, and publishing.

The technique in photography originated during early-to-mid 1600s. It started from the
camera’s predecessor known as the camera obscura (a Latin word which means “dark room”). It
was a box wherein when the light went through the pinhole it formed an image on the glass. The
famous artists of the Renaissance who use the obscura were Leonardo da Vinci and Michael
Angelo.

In the 1820s, Joseph Niepce, a French scientist improve the lithography, a method of printing
technique which is based initially on the immiscibility of oil and water. Joseph discovered a way
to copy engravings onto glass using a variety of materials (mainly bitumen, a light-reacting
asphalt). When light shined through the paper, it burned an image into dark bitumen, which created
an almost identical image from the original.

In the year 1900, photography became available to everybody. Its fame started with George
Eastman, who was the founder of the Eastman Kodak Company.The first camera open to the public
was the Kodak no 1.

On October 17, 1969, Willard Boyle and George Smith of Bell Laboratories invented the
Charge-Coupled Device (CCD), a type of sensor that is used to capture an image by taking the
light and translating it into digital data.

In December 1975, the first recorded attempt in the building of a prototype digital camera was
made by Steven Sasson, an engineer at Eastman Kodak. This camera weighed 9 pounds and can
record black and white images to a cassette tape. To view the photos, the Kodak engineers had to

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develop a unique screen. It was able to capture a .01 megapixel image (10,000 pixels) and took 23
seconds to record a copy to the tape.

In 1988, the first real digital camera that recorded images as a computerized file was produced
by the Fuji DS-1P. During this year, the first JPEG and MPEG standards were fixed. These
standards set in place a universal format which allowed images (JPEG) and video (MPEG) to
stored in a compressed form which can be recorded to a 16 MB internal memory card.

In 1990, Dycam Model became the first commercially available digital camera. It also sold
the Logitech Fotoman. It used a CCD (Charge Couple Device) image sensor, stored pictures
digitally, and connected directly to a computer for download (Said, 1990).

Rule of Thirds Composition

One of the main factors that differentiate a great photograph from an ordinary one is
composition, or how are objects/ subjects placed in the shot. The Rule of Thirds is a great
compositional technique for making photos more dynamic and exciting. It is also a compositional
rule for painting and photography.

The Rule of Thirds is also known as the guideline which applies to the process of composing
visual images like in painting, designs, and photographs (Meech, 1991). The instruction proposes
that the picture is visualized as divided into nine equal parts by two equally-spaced horizontal lines
and two equally-spaced vertical lines, and those essential compositional elements should place
along these lines. Proponents of the method claim that aligning a subject with these points create
more composition, energy, and tension (Peterson, 2003).

The Rule of Thirds asserts that an image is most pleasing when its subjects poised along
imaginary lines which divide vertically and horizontally the image into thirds. It is applied by
aligning a subject with the guidelines and their intersection points, placing the horizon on the top
or bottom line (Krages, 2005).

Likewise, using the Rule of Thirds helps produce nicely balanced easy on the eye pictures.
Also, as you have to arrange things relative to the edges of the frame, it helps get rid of small
subject surrounded by vast space’ syndrome.

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Types of Photography

Photography is one of the best favorite pastimes that many of us craved. A photograph is
definitely worth a thousand words and has the power to convey a whole new meaning of a
particular condition. Different pictures are made to share its unique characteristics of selectivity,
instantaneity, and Credibility (Barrett, 2007). There are several types of photography and thus,
several kinds of photographers. The different types of photography require various techniques, and
types of photographer use their talent in their meticulous field of expertise. The following are some
standard photography styles that enjoy a prominent position in the creative world.

Aerial Photography- It refers to the taking of photographs of the ground from an elevated
position. It is acquired through the use of a specialized camera mounted such as fixed-wing
aircraft, helicopters, drones, balloons, kites, parachutes, etc.

Astrophotography- It focuses entirely on taking images from space. This type could vary
from the planets to the stars or any other exciting configurations.

Commercial Photography- It is a photographic work done for commercial purposes, such as

corporate brochures and leaflets, menus in cafes and restaurants, magazine advertising,
merchandising, and product placement. It has various types such as:

a. Advertising photography- This type of photography is used to highlight a product, service,

brand or an individual, in print advertising (such as magazines, newspapers, leaflet, etc).

b. Architecture and interior photography- This photography is used in capturing images of

structures and beauty of an interior space in which photographers use lightning techniques
to attract clients.
c. Automotive photography- This photography is utilized by car or automobile companies and
dealerships to promote brand new or existing cars, driving awareness about a car’s features
and benefits to potential clientele.
d. Food photography- This photography is a specialized category of commercial photography
which is used to capture the pictures of various cuisines and menus in an attractive style.
e. Jewellery photographs- This photography is used in highlighting beautiful images of
bracelets, necklace, ring, and other jewellery items.
f. Journalism photography- This photography is the art of taking photographs which are
considered as attractive and goes along with news topics, to substantiate the news story or
report.
g. Product photography- This photography is used in capturing excellent images to
attractively represents a product in advertising. It sometimes includes people as part of the
product. It attracts people to see someone they know or a face that is likable to a product.
h. Sports photography- It is a type of photography which is utilized to write sports news,
using excellent cameras that take sharp pictures of players in action.

Fine Art Photography- It refers to highly creative images that have an abstract influence.
These photographs can be equal to an artist’s expression on painting.

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 Forensic Photography- It is also known as crime scene photography wherein the work of the
photographer is mainly to capture images for an accurate representation of the scene of the crime.

Headshot Photography- This type of photography focuses mainly on the person’s face. This
is also known as mug shots.

Macro Photography- This type of photography is about close-up images of a specific topic.
It is commonly applied mainly to capture details of organisms or nature that may not be visible to
the naked eye.

Nature Photography- It encompasses all forms of photography where the main subject has
something to do with nature. It focuses on landscapes, wildlife, underwater, and plants life as they
are in their natural environment.

Nude Photography- It is about the portrayal of the human body in the naked form.

Portrait Photography- It is all about capturing the mood of a person, with an emphasis on
the face and expression of a person.

Still Life Photography- It is all about capturing objects on camera that are deliberately
grouped to create a particular composition. This requires the photographer to have an excellent
lighting technique.

Street Photography- It is all about capturing candid images of public places or even people
in their natural element. It requires the photographer the skill to mingle with people and achieve
the best frames.

Travel Photography- It involves capturing images of a particular landscape, traditions, and

customs or even people from different places.

Essential Components and Features of a Camera

Cameras are beneficial devices and used for the sole purpose of capturing still images, may it
be for leisure or security. Any and every camera has some fundamental parts which are very crucial
for its functioning (Dachis, 2001). Some essential components and features of a camera are as
follow:

1. Aperture- It is an opening in which light travels through and can be adjusted to control the
amount of light that reached the image sensor.
2. Built-in Flash- It is used to capture a shot of dimly-lit views. It may automatically fired
in some modes.
3. Body. It is the housing for the camera.
4. Focus Point Selection Button- It is used to select the position to set the focus (the AF point)
during AF shooting.
5. Hot Shoe- It is the section of the top of the camera and used to attach a flash unit.
6. Lens- It is the eye of the camera.

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 7. Lens Mount- It is the section for connecting the exchangeable lens to the camera body.
8. Lens Mount Index- It is an align mark on the lens and serves as a basis when you are
attaching or detaching a lens.
9. Lens Release Button- It is a button used when you want to disconnect the lens.
10. Live View Shooting (Movie Shooting Switch) - It is used to turn on or turn off the Live
View function.
11. MENU Button- It is used to display the menu for adjusting the different camera operations.
12. Multi-Controller Key- It is used to move between the menu items or to move the magnified
display to a different point during image playback.
13. Self-Timer- It is used to delay the time between pressing the shutter button and the camera
taking the subject.
14. Shutter Release Button-It is the button found on many cameras used to take photos.
15. Shutter Speed- It indicates the time interval during which the shutter is open.
16. Viewfinder Eyepiece- It is used to view the image of the subject you want to capture.

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 Class Activities
a. Rule of the Thirds

An image could be divided equally by two vertical and two horizontal lines. In general, the
four interactions of these lines will be the most exciting place for the primary subject/s. The four
lines and their intersections are the points of interest, and this is where you should place your
subject to create more balance in your photos.

Apply the rule of the Thirds in these pictures below by putting the grid lines on them with
emphasis on the subjects. (Photo Credit: the author owns all photos below)

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b. Campus Photo Tour

After giving the theories of basic photography, the class will take a walking tour on the school
campus and be required to take photos that illustrate various concepts such as the Rule of Thirds,
standard daytime exposure, depth of field, and backlighting, etc. After the captured pictures
printed, the class will make a display board and identify the photos which followed the appropriate
photo guidelines.

c. Photo Essay

Let the students create a photo essay that tells a significant story about the student’s life
represented by photographs. The article must have a minimum of 5 and a maximum of 10 pictures
that should mount on illustration board. The students will write captions for each photo.

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 CHAPTER TEST

Name: _____________________________________ Score: ________________

Course/Year: ________________________________ Date: ________________
Time Schedule: ______________________________

Picture Analysis: Look at the picture carefully. Make your title of this and explain your reflection
about it. (Photo Credit: The author owns the picture below).

Title: ________________________________________________________________________

Reflection:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

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 Chapter 8
Music
“Music has a power of forming the character
and should therefore be introduced into the
education of the young.”

Aristotle

At the end of the Chapter, the students should be able to:

1. recognize the origin and importance of Music;

2. appreciate the role of music in our lives;
3. discuss the essentials in song writing;
4. demonstrate understanding of the different music genres;
5. demonstrate understanding of the classification of musical instruments; and
6. display an ability to do song composition.

Springboard
As a preliminary activity for the topic, the teacher will ask the students the following
questions:

1. Among the international, national and local singers, whose style do you like most? Why?
2. As an artist, what instrument/s do you consider as the best to be in a musical concert? Why?
3. Explain this saying: “Music is the harmonious voice of creation; an echo of the invisible
world.”

Input

The Origin and Importance of Music

he word “music” is from the Greek word mousike, which means “Art of the Muses.” It

T is the art of arranging tones in an orderly way to produce a unified and continuous
composition. The common elements of music are pitch (which governs melody and
harmony), rhythm (and its associated concepts tempo, meter, and articulation)
dynamics, and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture.
To many people of different cultures, music is an integral part of their way of life. It is an art
that puts sounds together in a way that people like. Most music includes people singing with their
voices or playing a musical instrument, such as drums, piano, guitar, and others.

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 When music is written on a staff, the pitches (tones) and their duration are represented by
symbols known as notes. These symbols are put on the lines and in the spaces between the lines.
Each position says which tone must be played. The higher the note is in the staff, the higher the
pitch of the tone. The lower the notes are, the lower the pitch of the tone.

Music can also be written, naming them as in the

solfa “Do, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La, Si/Ti, Do.” The next table
shows how each note is represented in the Standard
Notation or chords. This notation was made to make
the lecture on music notes simple and easy to read.

What is the Role of Music in Our Lives?

Art and music are fundamental human functions
and essential parts of human life. Without music, our life is a lost, unsure, and probably incapable
of venting our emotions (Galindo, 2003). Based on studies, music can be a right way of helping
our imagination goes to new heights. It touches our soul and enables us to express different moods
and emotions. It inspires people and allows us to get in touch with our feelings in a way that is
unique. It allows our body and mind to make a break from the monotony of life.
Likewise, music can kindle the mind. It can inspire ordinary human feelings and bridges gaps
between cultures. It touches our emotional being and shows emotions that are sometimes difficult
to articulate. It can be our day happy or excited.
The Elements of Music

Music is highly useful art that originates in nature and has been taken up by humanity as a
way of expression. It has the power to influence emotional and psychological aspects of behavior.
It has major elements, namely:
1. Harmony (From the Greek harmonia, meaning “joint or agreement”) - It refers to the
verticalization of pitch. It is often thought as the art of combining pitches into chords.
These chords are usually arranged into sentence-like patterns called chord progressions.
2. Key- It is known as tonality, a principle in music composition wherein at the end of the
piece there is a feeling of completion by going back to the tonic.
3. Melody (From a Greek meloidia, which means “singing” or “chanting”)- It refers to the
tune of a song or piece of music.
4. Pitch- It refers to the perceptual property that allows the ordering of sounds on a
frequency-related scale either relative lowness or highness.
5. Rhythm- It comes from a Greek word rhythmos, which means “any regular recurring
motion.” It is the pattern of the sound in time and beats in music.
6. Tempo- It regards to the speed (slow or fast) of a given piece of music.
7. Texture- It refers to how the harmonic materials are combined in a composition. It could
be monophonic (single melodic line), polyphonic (two or more melodic lines) and
homophonic (the main melody accompanied by chords).
8. Timbre- It refers to the quality of the sound (tone) that distinguishes one voice or
instrument from another.

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The Essentials in Song writing

The song is a composition for a voice or voices, performed by singing. Musical instruments
may accompany a song, or it may be unaccompanied, as in the case of the cappella songs. It may
be for a solo singer, a duet, trio, or larger ensemble involving more voices. Songs with more than
one voice to a part are considered choral works. Most song writing techniques are about what you
should do to succeed. Below are the common essentials in song writing (Kamien, 1997).
Arrangement. Arrangement in music is considered as a reconceptualization of a previously
composed work. It includes the order in which the sections of music are placed (such as, intro-
verse-chorus-verse-chorus), and the organization of the instrumentation, vocals or other parts of
music that make up the song.
Beat and Rhythm. The beat is the speed (tempo) of the song that drives the listener to feel
either fast or slow. On the other hand, the rhythm is the beat that the various instruments such as
bass, drum, and guitar have produced.
Chords (chord progression). It refers to any harmonic set of pitches used to accompany the
melody of the song. It is formed when multiple pitches (notes on a musical instrument) are placed
together on staff (a sheet of music). It comes in different varieties, which includes the augmented
chords, major chords, minor chords, diminished chords, seventh chords, and Neapolitan chords.
Concept (story). All songs have a storyline or concept. Typically, the song title will convey
the essence of that story idea and the words (lyric) will expound upon that idea.
Genre and Style. The genre of the song such as pop, rock, or country is established by the beat
and rhythm of the song. The quality of the song branches out from the genre, such as alternative,
hip-hop, punk rock, or alternative type of music.
Length. The length of a song is always considered, depending on its use. They can be shorter
or longer, but this is the typical length of today’s musical arrangement.
Lyrics. This term comes from the Greek word lyrikos, which means “singing to the lyre.” It
describes a concept of a theme which rhymes in the sections of music.
Melody. Melody is the harmony of the song that you play or sing. It is the main line of music
you’re making and the basis of the song.
Song Sections. Songs are divided up into sections or components such as intro, verse, chorus,
bridge, lead breaks, etc.

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The Different Music Genres
Being involved in a musical event with music-minded people who enjoy the same sort of songs
and sounds can be a good experience. Genres can sometimes be a good-natured way to work with
other people and to introduce new fans to the music you are producing.
Music is a form of art and an organized sound. It voices our emotions harmoniously and
pleasantly. Different genres of music help in soothing one’s disturbed soul in the growth of
concentration and cheer us to live our life joyfully. Some types of music are as follows:
Classical Music. Classical music is a sophisticated form of composition as it requires skills
like learning the ability to coordinate with others musicians.
Folk Music. This type of music reflects the emotions of common people. Cultural and popular
music are the two sub-genres of folk music.
Funk.This music became known in the late 1960s. Funk made rhythm the most important
element while de-emphasizing melody.
Hip-hop Music. Hip-hop music always includes the use of an instrument such as bass, drums,
guitar, piano, violin, and fiddle. In this type of music, the bass is the main instrument. This can be
used in different intensities to emote feelings of anger or pride.
Jazz. Complex and strong beats feature this type of music. The main instruments used for this
type of music are a cornet, trumpet, or violin.
Meta Music. This is a type of music wherein the melody is influenced by the structure of the
songs (known as “information music”).
Opera Music. This genre has a fantastic combination of theatrical art and musical invention
and is played explicitly in big audiences.
Rock Music. This music genre requires the vocals to be accompanied by bass, drums, and
guitar. Sometimes, piano, synthesizer, saxophone, flute, mandolin, and sitar are also in this genre
for a more profound impact. This type of music has several sub-genres, such as hard rock, metal
rock, and progressive rock.
Techno Music. This genre is also known as fusion type of music. This is a form of electronic
dance-music based on African-American music styles like electro jazz and funk.
Trance Music. This type of music is usually performed in clubhouses. This is characterized
by fast tempo and repetitious beats.

Classification of Musical Instruments

A Musical instrument is a tool adapted or created in making musical sounds. It was primarily
designed to emulate natural sounds for ritual purposes. Their vocal range often classifies it in
comparison with other instruments such as the following:

a. Alto Instruments

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 1. Alto Saxophone- It is a member of the saxophone family of woodwind instruments invented
in 1841 by Adolphe Sax, a Belgian instrument designer. It is a type of device mostly used in
classical compositions.
2. French Horn- It is a brass instrument made about 12-13 feet of tubing wrapped into a coil
with a flared bell.
3. English Horn (also known as coranglais) - It is a double-reed woodwind instrument in the
oboe family.
4. Viola- It is the middle voice of the violin family and between the violin and the cello. It is a
bowed string instrument.
b. Bass Instruments
1. Double Bass- It is the largest and lowest-pitched bowed string instrument in the modern
symphony orchestra.
2. Bass Guitar- It is a stringed instrument with a longer neck and scale length, with four to eight
strings. It is played mainly with the fingers or thumb, by picking, plucking, slapping, popping,
tapping, or thumping.
3. Bass Saxophone-It is one of the largest members of the saxophone family of low range,
usually supported on a stand while being played.
4. Tuba- It is the largest and deep-pitched brass instrument. The Sound is produced by vibrating
the lips into a sizeable cup-shaped mouthpiece.
c. Baritone Instruments
1. Bassoon- It is, a woodwind instrument in the double reed family. It is played by pressing the
reed between the lips and blow to sound the instrument.
2. Baritone Saxophone- It is one of largest members of the saxophone family and is the lowest-
pitched saxophone.
3. Bass Clarinet- It is regularly performed in symphony orchestras, wind ensembles,
occasionally in marching bands, and plays an occasional solo role in contemporary music.
4. Cello (viooncello)- It is a bowed, and sometimes plucked string instrument. It has a hollow
wooden body with two sound holes, and four strings were running along the body and neck.
5. Baritone Horn-It is a wind instrument that consists of a brass tube (usually of variable length)
that is blown using a cup-shaped or pipe-shaped mouthpiece.
d. Soprano Instruments
1. Flute- It is a wind instrument that produces sound through the flow of air from the hole that
has an elaborate set of keys.
2. Violin- It is a small string instrument, usually with four strings tuned in perfect fifths.

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 3. Soprano Saxophone- It is a woodwind instrument used as a solo and chamber instrument in
classical music or a concert band or orchestra.
4. Trumpet- It is the musical instrument which is usually played by blowing air through closed
lips in producing a buzzing sound.
5. Clarinet- It is a type of woodwind instrument that has a straight cylindrical tube with a flaring
bell and a single-reed mouthpiece.
6. Oboe- It is a woodwind instrument with a double-reed mouthpiece, a slender tubular body,
and holes stopped by keys.
7. Piccolo- It is the high-pitched woodwind instrument used in orchestras and military bands
e. Tenor Instruments
1. Trombone- It is a musical instrument in which the sound is produced when the player’s
vibrating lips trigger the air column inside the device to vibrate.
2. Tenor Saxophone- It is a medium-sized woodwind instrument that is very prominent in jazz
groups and is one of the essential voices of a concert or marching band.
3. Guitar- It is a stringed musical instrument with a fretted fingerboard, typically incurved sides,
and have six or twelve strings, played by plucking or strumming.

________________
Class Activities
a. Musical Therapy
Let the students listen or sing the song entitled “Lead Me Lord” by Gary Valenciano and ask
them to share their reflection on the meaning of the song.

Lead me, Lord

Lead me by the hand and help me face the rising sun
Comfort me through all the pain that life may bring
There's no other hope that I can lean upon
Lead me, Lord, lead me all my life

Walk by me
Walk by me across the lonely roads that I may face
Take my arms and let your hand show me the way
Show the way to live in your heart
All my days, all my life

You are my light

You're the lamp upon my feet
All the time my Lord I need You there
You are my light; I cannot live alone

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 Let me stay by Your guiding love
All through my life
Lead me, Lord

Lead me, Lord

Even though at times I'd rather go along my way
Hear me take the right direction
Take Your road
Lead me Lord and never leave my side
All my days, all my life

You are my light

You're the lamp upon my feet
All the time my Lord I need You there
You are my light; I cannot live alone
Let me stay by Your guiding love
All through my life

You are my light

You're the lamp upon my feet
All the time my Lord I need You there
(You are my light)
(I just cannot live alone)
Let me stay by Your guiding love
All through my life, all through my days
So Lead me Oh Lord
Lead me, Lord

b. Song Composition
Divide the class into four groups (CAN BE INDIVIDUAL OR DUO) Instruct them to
compose a song depicting the life of the students or any theme (focus). Compositions can be in
English, Tagalog, or any Filipino dialect. Let this song be presented in the class with the following
criteria: Melody, Beat and Rhythm, as well as Length.

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 CHAPTER TEST

Name: _____________________________________ Score: ________________

Course/Year: ________________________________ Date: ________________
Time Schedule: ______________________________
Essay:

1. What is the importance of Music in our lives? Explain.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

2. What Original Pinoy Music (OPM) do you like most? Why?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

3. What Original Foreign Music (OFM) do you like most? Why?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

4. As a musician, what musical instrument/s should you like to play? Why?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

5. If you will be given the opportunity to join a song contest, what theme (focus) of the song would
you like to develop? Why?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

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 CHAPTER TEST

Name: _____________________________________ Score: ________________

Course/Year: ________________________________ Date: ________________
Time Schedule: ______________________________

Matching type: Match Column A to Colum B. Write the letter of the correct answer on the box
provided before each item.

Column A Column B
1. This music is categorized by fast tempo and repetitious a. Lyrics
beats of the percussion.
2. It is a device created to make musical sounds. b. Music
3. It describes a concept or a theme which rhyme in rhythmic c. Notes
phrases in the sections of music.
4. It is known as the smallest, highest-pitched member of the d. Chords
family of string instruments.
5. It is the art of arranging tones in an orderly sequence to e. Trance
produce a unified and continuous composition.
6. It refers to the relative lowness or highness that we hear in f. Tuba
a sound.
7. It is formed when multiple pitches are placed together on a g. Pitch
staff.
8. It is known as the largest and lowest-pitched brass h. Violin
instrument.
9. It refers to the symbols of pitches and their duration which i. Tempo
written on a staff.
10. It relates to the speed of a given piece of music. j. Musical Instrument

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 Chapter 9

Drama
“The real object of the drama is the exhibition of the
human character”.

Thomas Bibington Macaulay

At the end of the Chapter, the students should be able to:

1. recognize the origin and elements of a good Drama;

2. demonstrate knowledge about the types of drama;
3. appreciate the benefits of drama and the role of Artist;
4. identify the forms of drama; and
5. display an ability to do a drama on stage.

Springboard

As a preliminary activity for the topic, the teacher will request the students view a Drama
Movie and let them analyse the film by answering the following questions below:

1. What is the title of the story?

2. Who are the main characters of the story?
3. What is the story all about?
4. What is the opening of the story?
5. What is the ending of the story?

Input

The origin and elements of a good Drama

He terms “Drama” is from a Greek word drao, meaning “to do” or “to act.” It is

T performed by actors and actresses on radio, television or stage before an audience. Often,
it combined with music and dances (Clark, 1965; Banham, 1998).

Drama is a play that is acted out. It is a reflection of the everyday lives of people. It shows
how people seriously or humorously experience some eventful period in their lives. It combines
the arts of the actor, author, director, designer, and others (Bain et al., 1973).

Drama is writing the scene that is intended to be performed by the artists for an audience. The
script are consists of dialogue, the words the actors say, and the stage directions on how and where
the actors move and speak. In a drama, the artist should start with characters that are full, rich,
interesting, and different enough from each other to come up with a good story.

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 Engaging characters are at the heart of all good drama. Characters should be realistic, even if
they are in an incredible situation. We should be able to empathize or engage with the main
characters, even if we don’t necessarily like them.

A good drama is something that is cool which we always wanted to watch. It is something
that appeals to our emotions, has proper character development, and leaves us wanting to come
back for the next episode to find out what’s going to happen next.

Drama is a favorite form of entertainment for many people. The following are its elements:

1. Audience. The audience is the body of theatre-goers that the writer always had in mind
when he/she wrote the play. The role of the audience is to witness the production and to
encourage the actors through their applause and appreciation.

2. Dialogue. The dialogue is a technique in which playwright used two or more characters
to be engaged in conversation with one another. It has two parts: Inner Dialogue (the
characters speak to themselves and reveal their personalities like a monologue) and the
Outer Dialogue (a simple conversation between two characters in a play).

3. Plot. It refers to the order of events or story that occurred in a play. What the characters
do, how they interact, the course of their lives as narrated by the story, and what happens
to them in the end, constitutes the plot.

4. Stagecraft. It refers to the technical aspects of theatrical production, which include

costume design, lighting, scenic design, stage machinery, sound, and makeup.

5. Convention. It refers to the technique of actions established by the director to the actors to
create a desired dramatic effect.

6. Genres. It refers to the types of acts used in a drama in showing an emotional and relational
development of realistic characters.

7. Characterization. It is a writer's ability to match the Protagonist against an Antagonist.

The protagonist is the main character in a story while the antagonist is the opposition.

Other Dramatic Elements

Dramatic elements are the center of all drama. They can be used in isolation and are
manipulated by a performer for a spectacular result. The following are the other dramatic
elements:

Climax. It is the highest point of dramatic tension or conflict in a story or play. Without the
climax, a story will have lack of excitement or an overarching meaning.

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 Conflict. It is a vital element of drama and script writing. It is an essential ingredient for all
dramatic performances. It can be between two or more characters, or just one (inner conflict). It
can be verbal (physical) or non-verbal (psychological).

Contrast. The use of variation in a drama is a useful way to focus the audience's attention.
Without the careful use of contrast, a performance is dull and lacks tension. A prominent example
of contrast is a sad scene followed by a happy one.

Focus. It is used interchangeably with the terms concentration and engagement in assisting
the performer in the portrayal of believable personae. It also suggests memorization of word,
moves, gestures, and requires channeling (focusing) of all the performer’s energies into achieving
the given goals of a character.

Language. It is the written script that helps achieve any performance. The use of words in
performance can be verbal (vocal) or non-verbal (body language). It can also be sung or chanted
as a major means of communicating the story of the drama to the viewers.

Mood. It refers to the emotion or tone of a performance through a combination of several

stagecrafts and dramatic elements that harmoniously work with each other. The mood of
production is linked with common feelings such as anger, desire, frustration, or pity. It can also
be through lighting, sound, movement, setting, rhythm, contrast, or conflict.

Rhythm. It refers to the speed and timing (beat or tempo) of the play that follows the
emotional state of one or more characters of the performance.

Sound. It is a means of creating an atmosphere or mood in a play. Small props sometimes

produced sound effects that can be used live during a performance.

Space. It refers to the practical use of available area utilized by the actors, such as crawling,
bending over, sitting, or lying down.

Symbol. It refers to the objects or sets and props used in theatre performances. They are
intended to arouse some concept or emotion in the mind of the audience.

Tension. This can sometimes be similar to the term conflict. The tension form when audience
anticipates specific outcomes in the plot of the story. The development of tension usually parallels
the advancement of the plot, leading to the climax.

Timing. It refers to the dramatic phases or synchronization of movements and gestures of the
various parts of production for theatrical effect.

Types of Drama

1. Tragedy: It is a simulation of an action that is serious, complete, and of absolute magnitude

in a play. It usually depicts the downfall of the protagonist.

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 2. Comedy: It is a type of dramatic work that is amusing and humorous in its tone, mostly
having a cheerful ending.
3. Problem Play- It is a type of drama that deals with controversial social issues in a realistic
manner. It exposes social ills and stimulates thought and discussion on the part of the
audience.
4. Farce-It is a comedy that turns around impossible and exaggerated events.
5. Fantasy- This type of drama is often romantic and contains the elements of the
supernatural, magic, secret societies, and revenge.
6. Melodrama- It is a dramatic work in which the plot is designed to appeal strong emotions
and takes precedence over detailed characterization.

The drama of Historical Interest

1. Ancient Drama- Drama existed in religious ceremonies for the worship of the different
gods.
2. Medieval Drama- It dealt with Bible stories and allegorical mysteries.
3. Renaissance Drama- During this period, the Greek and the Roman dramatist were imitated
in Italy, France, Germany, and England. Mask and costumes become popular also during
this time.
4. Modern Drama- it was during the last two decades of the 19th century and the first half of
20th century that witnessed a great variety of trends in a stage play. Romanic fantasy,
symbolism, expressionism, impressionism, comedy, and poetic drama reached new heights
during this period.

Benefits of Drama and the Role of Artist

Drama is a form of self-expression that exists in every culture of the world. As a unique skill
in itself, it is a topic that is discussed by many colleges and universities. As a versatile, Drama can
be in other areas of the curriculum in the form of activities. Hence, by incorporating these activities
into the program, the students have of play-acting. He/she should have technical equipment in his
/her facial expression, bodily poise, gesture, voice, and by-act that enables him /her to perform the
character (Putatunta, 2012). Other benefits of drama are as follows:

1. It develops imagination, creativity, and flexible ways of thinking

2. It promotes concentration, focus, and the ability to pay attention to detail.
3. It helps to master body language, blending body movement and facial expression, coupled
with spoken language to convey oneself.
4. It helps to explore feelings, inner values, and thoughts.
5. It develops the ability to interact and work with others.
6. It helps in building self-confidence and self-esteem.

Drama Forms

Drama forms are composed of specific structures that define, differentiate, and shape ways in
which it is explored. Often, its forms are the improvisation, movement, scene work, and speech.
a. Movement

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 1. Clowning- It is the act that draws skill-based exaggerated movements and gestures, to
create humor for the viewers.
2. Dance- It is the execution of a creative, free, and exploratory series of actions performed
with or without music.
3. Mask Work- It is the exploration of movement using a mask to bring the focus to the
physical expression of the body.
4. Mime- It is pantomime acting without words and is through facial expression, gesture, and
movement.
5. Stage Fighting- It is a choreographed movement designed to simulate fighting between
actors.
6. Tableau- It is a silent and motionless scene created by actors to draw focus to the central
theme of the drama.

b. Improvisation

1. The character in Role- It is a person role-playing character in a particular situation.

2. Improvisational Drama- It is a spontaneous style of theatre in which there is no set of script
and scenes are created without advance preparation
3. Role Play- It is an activity in which individuals assume identities other than their own
4. Spontaneous Stories- It is a verbal warm-up activity in which narratives are made.

c. Speech

1. Choral Work- It refers to the ensemble speech or singing.

2. Monologues- It is a long speech by a single character.
3. Radio Drama- It is a drama that is intended to be listening instead of viewing.
4. Reader’s Theatre- It is a performance created by actors through reading a script.
5. Recitation- It is the oral presenting of a scripted piece of work that often involves ballads,
monologues, and rhymes.
6. Soundscape- It is the use of various overlapping sound to create an atmosphere
7. Storytelling- It refers to relating stories to an audience.

d. Scene Works

1. Collective Creation- It is a group process of writing an original script

2. Docudrama- It is the use of dramatic devices to illustrate a real-life situation through
performance
3. Puppetry- It includes an extensive variety of props that almost anything brought to life by
human hands to create a performance.
4. Story Theatre- It refers to a theatrical production of an existing story where the characters
speak every line of the story.

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 Class Activities

a. Create a Commercial
This is a fantastic activity that can work great for drama students, but it could also be
incorporated into any class that involves advertising, public speaking (Bradford, 2017).

Instructions:

1. The instructor should arrange the class into groups of four or five. Then the instructor
informs the groups that they are no longer merely students, but they are top-notch, highly
successful advertising managers.

2. Ask them to create a 30-60 second commercial script with multiple characters. The
commercial should generate a specific emotion to persuade the viewers.

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 CHAPTER TEST

Name: _____________________________________ Score: ________________

Course/Year: ________________________________ Date: ________________
Time Schedule: ______________________________

Essay:

1. When can you say the drama is good?

______________________________________________________________________________
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2. What is the role of the playwright in a Theatrical Production?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

3. If you are the writer, what type of drama are you going to write? Why?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

4. What is the difference between ancient drama and modern drama?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

5. Give at least two benefits of drama and briefly explain each.

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

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 CHAPTER TEST

Name: _____________________________________ Score: ________________

Course/Year: ________________________________ Date: ________________
Time Schedule: ______________________________

Selection: Select the correct answer from the given choices. Encircle the letter of the correct
answer.

1. It is a type of drama which involves ridiculous or hilarious complications without regard for
human values.

a. Tragedy c. Farce
b. Melodrama d. Docudrama
2. An act that draws exaggerated movements and gestures, to create humor for the audience.
a. Dance c. Ask Work
b. Tableau d. Clowning
3. It is acting done without words but through facial expression, gesture, and movement only.
a. Mime c. Stage Fighting
b. Dance d. Tableau
4. It is an activity in which individuals assume identities other than their own.
a. Story Theatre c. Role Play
b. Fantasy d. Character in Role
5. It refers to the ensemble speech or singing.
a. Soundscape c. Storytelling
b. Radio Drama d. Choral Work
6. It is an element of drama that has assembled for the explicit purpose of seeing a play.
a. Plot c. Convention
b. Audience d. Stagecraft
7. It is a play in which the central character faces defeated by some overwhelming threat or disaster.
a. Tragedy c. Coincidence
b. Dramatic Irony d. Tension
8. It is a dramatic element which is often used interchangeably with the terms concentration and
engagement.
a. Rhythm c. Focus
b. Timing d. Space
9. It refers to relating stories to an audience.
a. Recitation c. Climax
b. Conflict d. Story Telling
10. The following, except one, are conventional elements of drama:
a. Contemporary c. Realism b. Chinese Drama d. Greek Drama

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