INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98

-A REVIEW

PUBLISHED BY THE DIRECTOR GENERAL

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA
JANPATH, NEW DELHI
2003
 ©
2003
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

Price :Rs. 700.00

PRINTED AT : Public Printing (Delhi) Services, C-80, Okhla Industrial Area, New Delhi -110020
 PREFACE

The IAR which was initially published as the report of the DG in India on the occasion of the tenth meeting
of the Central Advisory board of Archaeology is a valuable work of reference. The reports incorporated in this
issue are the outcome of researches undertaken on (1) Excavations and Explorations (2) Epigraphy (3) Numismatic
& Treasure Trove (4) Other Important Discoveries (5) Radiocarbon Dating (6) Palaeobotany (7) Museums (8)
Architectural Survey (9) Structural & Chemical Preservation of Monuments (10) Archaeological Chemistry
(11) Archaeological Gardens & (12) Publications. This is the forty-fifth issue of the IAR, which contains an
Article Index to Ancient India as an Appendix.

As I have mentioned in the preface of an earlier issue (1996-97), we are trying to minimize the gap in printing
that occurred mainly due to non-submission of material, not only by the State Departments of Archaeology/
Institutions and Universities but also by my colleagues in the Survey. Here, I would like to stress, that in order to
bring out the IAR timely, everybody's cooperation is essential.

For the vast and painstaking work of sorting out, compiling, editing, proofreading and making the copy
press-ready, I am deeply beholden to Dr B.R. Mani (Superintending Archaeologist, Publication),
Dr (Miss) Arundhati Banerji (Dy. Superintending Archaeologist, Publication) and Dr Piyush Bhatt (Assistant
Archaeologist, Publication). My thanks are also due to Shri Hoshiar Singh (Production Officer, Publication) and
the rest of the staff of the Publication Section besides Shri Vijay Kumar (Chief Artist), Shri Rakesh Chander
(Senior Artist), Shri Baldev Singh (Draftsman, Grade II) and Shri Puran Chand Mukhiya (Marksman) of the
Drawing Section for improving the drawings incorporated in this issue. Without everybody's support this issue
would not have seen the light of day.

The design, layout, editorial corrections, etc., have been done by Shri Abhishek Biswas and Shri Bharat
Bhushan Upadhyay for which I am thankful. Mr. Anil Kochar of Public Printing (Delhi) Services also deserves my
special thanks for bringing out this issue in the shortest possible time.

(KASTURI GUPTA MENON)

New Delhi DIRECTOR GENERAL
 CONTENTS

I. Explorations and Excavations ...................................... 1

Andhra Pradesh, 1; Arunachal Pradesh, 1; Assam, 5; Bihar, 13;
Goa, 18; Gujarat, 19; Haryana, 32; Jammu and Kashmir, 64;
Karnataka, 64; Kerala, 96; Madhya Pradesh, 99; Maharashtra, 125;
Manipur, 133;Orissa,134;Rajasthan, 145; Uttar Pradesh, 164;
West Bengal, 200

II. Epigraphy .................................................. 205

Sanskritic and Dravidic Inscriptions,
Andhra Pradesh, 205; Karnataka, 207; Madhya Pradesh, 207;
Tamil Nadu, 207 Arabic and Persian Inscriptions, 209
Andhra Pradesh, 209; Delhi, 210; Uttar Pradesh, 213

III. Numismatics and Treasure Trove .................................................. 214

Gujarat, 214; Kerala, 214; Uttar Pradesh, 216; West Bengal, 216

IV. Other Important Discoveries .................................................. 222

Andhra Pradesh,222; Gujarat, 223; Kerala, 223; Maharashtra, 223;
Tamil Nadu, 225; Uttar Pradesh,225

V. Radiocarbon Dates .................................................. 227

Haryana, 227

VI. Palaeobotanical and Pollen Analytical Investigations ........................... 229

Haryana, 229

VII. Museums .................................................. 233

VIII. Architectural Survey ................................................... 238

Temple Survey (Northern Region), 238;
Temple Survey (Southern Region), 247;
Building Survey Project (North), 249;

IX. Preservation of Monuments .................................................. 257

Monuments of National Importance, 257
Agra Circle, 257; Aurangabad Circle, 266; Banglore Circle, 270;
Bhopal Circle, 274; Bhubaneswar Circle, 279; Calcutta Circle, 282;
Chandigarh Circle, 290; Chennai Circle, 292; Delhi Circle, 298;
Guwahati Circle, 299; Hyderabad Circle, 301; Jaipur Circle, 306;
Lucknow Circle,309; Mini Circle, Goa, 312; Patna Circle, 314;
Srinagar Circle, 316; Thrissur Circle, 320; Vadodara Circle. 321
X. Archaeological Chemistry .................................................. 328
Treatment of Monuments and Paintings, 328
Andhra Pradesh, 328; Bihar, 329; Delhi, 334; Goa, 336;Gujarat, 337;
Himachal Pradesh, 338; Jammu and Kashmir, 338; Karnataka, 339;
Madhya Pradesh, 341; Maharashtra, 344; Orissa, 347; Rajasthan, 348;
Tamil Nadu, 350; Uttar Pradesh, 351; West Bengal 353

Treatment of Excavated Objects and Museum Exhibits, 353

Monitoring of Air Pollution, 358; Research and Analysis, 360

XL Archaeological Gardens .... .... ............................ 363

Karnataka, 363; Uttar Pradesh, 363; West Bengal, 363

XII. Publications 364

Publications of the Survey, 364
Special Publications, 364 Other
Publications, 3 64 Appendix
Article Index to Ancient India Nos. 1 - 22 ........................... 365
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98 -A REVIEW

EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

ANDHRA PRADESH exposed ruined original brick-built, lime-plastered and

stucco decorated sikharas over the central and
1. EXCAVATION AT LANJAPATRAGANDI TEMPLE,
southern shrines, which are of bhumija variety, rarely
WARANGAL FORT, DISTRICT WARANGAL
noticed in temples of Kakatiya period. Over the roof
The Hyderabad Circle of the Archaeological of 'the garbhagriha of the southern sub-shrine, inside
Survey of India 1, under the direction of S.V.P. the sikhara at its northeastern corner were found a
Halakatti, assisted by G.S. Narasimhan, T.C. Ratnam, small gold sheet of rectangular shape measuring 3 x
A. Suresh, V. Kanaka Raju, I.V.M. Sarma, S.A. 2.8 cm and embossed with figures of god and goddess
Jaleel, B. Subba Rao, Ch. Yadagiri Reddy and G. and a few copper objects of ritual purpose viz., two
Maheshwari carried out excavation at Warangal Fort small dishes, a lamp with five wicks having elongated
with the aim of studying the locational significance of handle (pl. 2), a small tripod, one small globular copper
the buried temples under the mud fort rampart vis-a- pot with short spout (pl. 3) and two iron knives. Apart
vis the lay out of Warangal and its relationsnip with from these objects, nearly twenty miniature grey ware
the inner stone fortification and the structures inside. vessels (pl. 4) arranged in rows were also found in
In the first instance excavation was conducted at the south-east corner of the above place.
Lanjapatragandi to expose the temple, which is
ARUNACHAL PRADESH
partially buried and visible on the surface. The visible
portion of the temple is trikutachala on plan with 2. EXPLORATION IN THE DISTRICT WEST KAMENG
three shrines facing north, south and east with Archaeological exploration had been
sikharas of central and southern shrines, buried under conducted by the Directorate of Research,
the mud rampart while the sikhara of the northern Government of Arunachal Pradesh, Itanagar, in the
shrine was lost (pl. 1). The excavation here has foothills of West Kameng (26° 58' and 27° 12' N;
Referred to as the Survey in the following pages-
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

and 92° 7' and 92° 41' E). The area is bounded depth of the well is 2.17 m. Almost all the inner
by the hill ranges of Bomdila and the Rupa on the courses of bricks are found intact. The well measures
north and the plains of Assam on the south. To the 5.84 m in circumference.
east, area is delimited by District East Kameng and
A rectangular pond still exists to the south-
to the west by Bhutan.
eastern direction of the brick well. The pond
The area is habitated by the people of various measures 68 m east-west and 51 m north-south.
Bodic and non-Bodic groups viz., Sherdukpens, the
Large number of bricks and stone remnants are
Monpas and the Akas who are non-Bodic. They
scattered all over the site. All the stone blocks/slabs
constitute a great part of the district population.
are carved out from sandstone and vary in size. The
Except the Akas, all others are believed to have
surface of the bricks are not well polished and limited
migrated from Tibet. But the Akas have no clear
number of bricks have carvings. Some of the blocks
memory of the exact place of migration.
are badly weathered.
The main aim of exploration was to ascertain
the archaeological evidence in the area. In the course The trial-excavation revealed a number of sand

of investigation remnants of early settlements were stone slabs/blocks along with potsherds. A linga-

discovered at two places, i.e., Bhalukpong and type stone has been recovered near a big stone-slab.
Dimachang New Betali. The slab was elegantly shaped to spout the liquid.
Possibly the slab was used to discharge the liquid
Bhalukpong is situated in the lower recess of substance, which was poured over the linga. The
Aka hill. The Tezpur-Tawang road passes through findings suggest that the people of this place practiced
the site. Though once the site was under deep jungle, Saivite faith in the medieval times.
today the area is debarred of jungle due to the
extension of moder n township and the Dimachang Betali ruins are located in the hills
archaeologically important ruins have been of Rowta Forest Range about 30 km west from
destroyed and done away. Bhalukpong. The site is bounded by the Betali stream
to the east and the river Dimachang from the west.
Two ancient wells still exist with potable water
The foot-track connecting Baha-Pum and New
at the site, though in partly damaged condition. One
Betali village runs to the north and low hill ranges to
of these is located to the southeastern direction of
the south.
the site near Bomdila-Bhalukpong road. No masonry
work was found there, presently used with C.G.I. A few low retaining walls, a muller stone, which
sheets as rings. Other well was made out with bricks measures 54 m in length and 41 m in breadth, were
and is situated to the western flank of the BRTF found there. A few meters away, a stone basin was
(Border Road Task Force) campus. The present located which is well grinded. The rectangular
EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

container contains four holes on its four upper Among the antiquities found, terracotta figurine,
corners. Outside the container, the Mahayana decorative bricks and terracotta plaques of both
Buddhist mantra 'Om mane peme hum', 'Om geometrical and floral designs are noteworthy.
Bajra Guru peme Chije hum Shri is inscribed. A
Trenches have been laid around the recently
heap of stone and brick debris was found about 200
exposed stone temple basement on the southern
m south-east of former ruins. Among the dressed
embankment of the tank. Excavation has brought to
stone blocks, a turret shaped, well decorated stone
light the remains of rectangular brick compound walls
block was found which might have been used on
on the east-west and southern sides respectively.
the pinnacle of building. The shape and size of the
The southern side wall measures 45-30 m in length
bricks have resemblance with the medieval bricks
and the exposed western wall measures 18 m and in
of the Brahmaputra Valley.
the centre of this wall doorsill is exposed which
Besides these, a rock inscription was found on indicates a gateway.
the left bank of Betali stream, about 1.5 km south-
east of the main archaeological site. The script of The site is badly disturbed due to human
the inscription is in Tibetan. On the rock 'Om mane vandalism. Near the recently discovered temple
peme hum' is inscribed. The findings revealed that basement, three more badly mutilated subsidiary
sometimes in the medieval period some group settled shrines have been found along with brick paved
there which believed in Mahayana Buddhism. pathway, edges of which are strengthened by
roughly dressed stone slabs.
ASSAM
The stone temple basement is situated on the
3. EXCAVATION AT SURYAPAHAR, DISTRICT GOALPARA north-east corner of the temple-complex. The
J. Das of Guwahati Circle of the Survey, assisted superstructure of the temple is lost and the basement
by P.M. Das and T.K. Srivastava resumed excavation is survived upto the plinth level having the plan of
at the site in continuation of earlier work {Indian pancharatha order. On the northern side of the
Archaeology 1995-96 - A Review, pp. 3-4 ). ' basement apranala has been provided with a head
of a makara. The stone components of the
Excavation was confined to the southern area basement are highly decorated. On stylistic ground
of the mound which has brought to light several the temple is datable to eighth-ninth century AD.
ancient brick walls, brick paved pathways and
southern enclosure wall of the temple-complex. The Later modifications were made by enlarging
walls are made of burnt bricks with mud-mortar. the small, original temple enclosed by random rubble
The enclosure walls of the complex run in cardinal masonry wall but the superstructure of the later
directions connected with each other at right angles. phase construction is missing.
1
This publication is referred to in the following pages by the year only.
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

Among the antiquities mention may be made the northern and eastern parts of the mound excavated
of terracotta objects with floral designs, animal and surrounded by reinforced ramparts and ditches.
figurines, decorative bricks, etc., which seem to
be the remains of an earlier Surya temple. The Evidences found in Duboroni are brick-bats,
ceiling slab with twelve Aditya figures is kept near stone sculptures of Vishnu, Siva, Daksha,
the site and is presently under worship. Arddhanarisvara, Varahi, Manusha-linga, and Siva-
linga, besides carvings of stone sankha, figure of
On the way to Jaina Cave on the eastern side of devotee, wooden Vishnu figure and a number of
the Suryapahar hill, excavation brought to light the templepranalas which often are reported from brick
structural remains of a water kunda which is made of remains. A Brahmi inscription (44 x 23 x 8.8 cm)
dressed stone blocks. The kunda is badly disturbed. was recovered from the site.
Excavation has also yielded a few coping stone blocks
along with the floor and side walls made of finely To know the cultural sequence of the site and
dressed stone slabs mainly of granite rocks. details of structural remains exposed in 1993-94,
Trenches BPD III and BPDIV, each measuring 7 m x
4. EXCAVATION AT DUBORONI, BORPATHAR, DISTRICT
7 m were laid to cover the entire mound (pl. 5).
GOLAGHAT

The top of the central brick structure which is a

Deepirekha Kauli and H.N. Dutta, of the
platform (pl. 6), was found laid in north-south and east-
Directorate of Archaeology, Assam, under the direction
west directions measuring 1.40 m and 1.25 m
of G.N. Bhuyan excavated the site Duboroni which is
respectively. This central platform was found with an
situated on the right bank of Dhansiri, a southern
elongated stone sculpture to be an ekamukha-linga.
tributary of the Brahmaputra. One of the old streams
of Dhansiri, now in the form of a swamp, is closed to Subsequent digging gradually led to the partial
the western proximity of the site. This site lies at a exposure of the outer wall in north-west corner of the
distance of 15 km from Sarupathar, the Sub-Divisional trench, laid in east-west direction. It was found to be
Headquarters of the Dhansiri Sub-Division. 1.70 m in length, 0.60 m in width and 0.28 m in height.
In the eastern part of the trench, another brick structure
Exploratory field work at Duboroni indicates that
was exposed measuring 6.65 m in length, 0.60 m in
the habitation once extended beyond its present site of
width and 0.28 m in height.
excavatioa This can be noted from the existing evidence
of an old ditch joining Dhansiri laid towards the south- Further digging in this section led to the exposure
west of Duboroni. Signs of habitation found at Duboroni of another brick alignment in east-west direction at the
cover an area of about 4 sq km. It is probable that in middle part at a distance of 1 m from garbhagriha which
ancient times these settlements formed one continuous continued by taking a turn from its easternmost point
unit. The main habitation today, is however, confined to towards south. This structure is an extension of the central
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

structure mentioned above. Exposure of the centrally The outermost wall comprises wall facing north
laid structure with an ekamukha-linga helped 7.40 m, wall facing south 10.80 m, wall facing east
considerably to determine the character of the 6.40 m and wall facing west 12.10 m. The central
architectural plan, which appeared to be a ground structure comprised wall facing north 3.65 m, wall
plan of a squarish temple provided with a facing south 5.40 m, wall facing east 4.45 m and wall
pradakshinapatha and a garbhagriha. The space in- facing west 3.00 m.
between the central structure and the middle structure
was found with displaced brick-bats and dark sandy The only antiquity found in course of excavation,
soil. After removal of these it was found to be paved as stated, was the ekamukha-linga, at BPD-III in
with bricks at a depth of 2.05 m and measuring 1 m locus 0.65 x 0.30-1.20 m in the third stratum of the
wide on the east-west and 1 m wide on the north-south stratigraphical context, at the central platform. The
of tins garbhagriha. The height of the wall surrounding mukha-linga was found lying facing eastward.
the complex was 1 m and the central structure was 0.75 The badly weathered face of Siva in this linga is
m. On the floor two post-holes measuring 0.25 m and carved in low relief.
0.21 m in diametre were found.
From Duboroni a figure of Siva and manusha-
Vertical digging was taken up in Trench linga, and from Rajapukhuri in Sarupathar an
BPDIV. It exposed the middle structure measuring 5.23 ekamukha-linga were found. The figure of Siva and
m in east-west alignment and the outer alignment of the Siva-linga, together with the one datable to c. 700
structure measured 10.40 m in length and 60 m in width. AD, found in course of excavation give clear indication
of the development of Saivism as a prominent religion
The inter-distance between the platform and the
in Duboroni during the early medieval period. The
surrounding inner brick wall was 1 m facing south, 1.20
ekamukha-linga confirms that excavated brick-built
m facing east, 0.85 m facing north and 0.75 m facing
temple was dedicated to lord Siva.
west and the distance of the outer wall from the middle
wall was 2.75 m facing south, 3.25 m facing east, 2.85 It would not be out of place to mention that a one-
m facing west, 3 m facing north. The space between line stone inscription with a sign of trisula, found in the
the outer wall and the middle wall served probably as
beginning of the inscription, perhaps engraved as an
a pradakshinapatha of the temple. The platform was
auspicious sign of invocation was collected from Duboroni
found to be almost square in its layout. It is 1.40 m in
approximately at a distance of 2 km in the north-west of
east-west. The height was found to be 0.85m. The hole
the excavated site. This inscription measures 44 x 23 x
of the garbhagriha, at the centre of the structure in
8.8 cm Palaeographically the characters of this inscription
which the ekamukha-linga was installed, was
are found to be similar to that of the Nagajori Khanikar
rectangular measuring 0.25 x 0.52 m. The depth of
Gaon fragmentary stone inscription at Sarupathar,
the hole was 0.21 m.
engraved in north Indian Brahmi and datable to AD 400-
EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

500. The study revealed that the present inscription was found running towards south and north direction
records the name of Sri Vasundharavarman which implies (pl. 8). Continuation of this pathway was noticed in
that Sri Vas jndharavarman was a Saiva and perhaps AMB II E. In AMB II E this pathway was found
was a king of this region, ruling during AD 400-500. laid over another brick structure laid in east-west
direction. This pathway, laid in a curvilinear plan,
The available material unearthed in course of has two steps along its both edges laid in two
excavation at Duboroni revealed the existence of a brick alignments of vertical bricks. A vertical brick
built Siva temple at the site under single roof, squarish in alignment of similar nature was also found at its
plan and elevation with a mukha-linga in its central middle. Seven number of postholes were exposed.
sanctum or platform. Evidence of a square platform Of these five were laid in the brick floor.
surrounded by another squarish brick wall, and the brick
floor laid in-between these two structures indicate that Trench AMB II E exposed altogether six
the temple architecture at Duboroni consists of a different layers of bricks belonging to six different
garbhagriha circumscribed by a pradakshinapatha phases of habitation (pl. 9). Besides these structural
laid in squarish plan. Evidence of holes at brick floor evidence, a large number of sherds of both hand-
indicates that a number of wooden posts were used made and wheel-made variety and kaolin wares have
possibly to raise a roof over the structure. been found.

5. EXCAVATION AT AMBARI, DISTRICT GUWAHATI The trial Trench AMB III E (A) exposed the
further continuation of the pathway in a curvilinear
Excavation at Ambari (fig. 1) on the southern plan towards the southern direction.
bank of the Brahmaputra near Guwahati railway
station was resumed by G.N. Bhuyan of the The exposed evidence clearly indicates the
Directorate of Archaeology, Assam, assisted by development of an urbanised habitational site with
Deepirekha Kauli, and H.N. Dutta. at least six stages of building construction of very
fine bricks and decorated stone blocks datable to
Lower deposits of the site were exposed which about ninth-tenth century.
were not unearthed during 1992 season by the
Guwahati University. 6. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT KARBI ANGLONG

Dilip K. Medhi of the Department of

The digging was carried out upto the layer (6) Anthropology, Guwahati University, Guwahati,
in AMBIIE (fig. 2). A sanctum in the form of a well
located megaliths comprising menhirs, dolmen and
or bath surrounded by a squarish brick structure for
dolmenoid menhirs.
securing holy water was exposed. It was laid in
square plan (pl. 7). From this square brick sanctum At Kamarpha near Tengralangso of Western
or the well a brick pathway of 1 to 1.20 m in width Karbi Anglong, menhirs are scattered within a
EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

stretch of 1 km along the Rajagaon-Bhoksong BIHAR

road. Altogether they are sixty-three in number
in dilapidated state present in the household 7. EXCAVATION AT KESARIYA, D ISTRICT E AST
premises of villagers. The largest concentration is CHAMPARAN
of twenty-nine menhirs. The biggest two in a pair
Muhammed K.K. of Patna Circle of the Survey
measure 141 cm in height, 52 cm in breadth and
assisted by D.P. Sinha, M.K. Dwivedi, S.K. Arora,
20 cm in thickness and 90 cm in height, 88 cm in
M.P. Singh and Avinash Kumar took up excavation
breadth and 17 cm in thickness each. Local people
work at the lofty mound of Kesariya with a view to
have great reverence to the pair and worship them
understand the nature of mound and to expose the
every year.
expected structure of stupa as reported in the earlier

Rongali near the historical Tika village is another reports of Cunningham for the year 1861-62. Sixteen

prolific megalithic site which lies atop the forested trenches measuring 10 x 10 m on the north-east slope
of the mound have been opened which have brought
Tika hill. They are in three discernible groups within
to light a terraced circular stupa fully veneered with
a stretch of 50 m along the road. It begins with one
dolmenoid menhir and three dolmens and two other eight to ten courses of bricks. Three terraces above

concentrations give a number of more than hundred the ground have been exposed so far showing rows

menhirs of different shape and size. The biggest of three cells at a regular interval on each terrace.
The gap in-between the rows of cells have been filled
menhir measures 2.8 m in height, 80 cm in breadth
up with attractive architectural patterns. The first
and 20 cm in thickness. A number of earthen pots
and potsherds were found during construction of terrace has a row of niches, the second has star
shaped pattern and the third has serrated design to
the road.
fill up the gap in-between the two rows of cells. The
Nongjr ong, near ly 5 km away fr om base circle of the stupa rises with a slight curvature
Rongpongbong and about 55 km south-west of leaving offset of 4 cm after every two courses to
Hamren town is a unique megalithic site in entire meet the floor of the first terrace from the ground.
Western Karbi Anglong. It is a hilly undulated grassy The back wall of the cells and niches of the first
terrain with infrequent tall grass, pine trees and with terrace rise to meet the floor of the second terrace.
scattered blocks of rocks. A beautiful huge dolmen Similarly back wall of the cells and decorative
measuring 2 m in height rests on three pieces of pattern of the second terrace meet the floor of the
vertical rocks. Nearly 150 m towards its right, there third terrace. All the terraces have a
exists a concentration of twenty dolmenoid menhirs circumambulation with a rammed floor of brick jelly
with varying heights of 0.5-2 m. Further down, and lime-surkhi mortar. Moulded and decorative
another four-legged dolmen that tilts nearly 45° bricks have been used on the outer surface to create
measuring 1 m appears on another hillock. a definite pattern or design.
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

Three phases of construction have been noticed Directorate of Archaeology, Bihar. The main objective
so far. The first phase represents the simple circular of the present season's excavation was to collect
terrace filled with earth in the core with a veneering of samples from earlier levels for scientific examinations
bricks in eight to ten courses. In second phase, the and to spot out the brick built monastic complex of
cells and the polygonal decorative patterns have been the Pala period to ascertain its extent and to determine
added to the circular terraces and the third is a phase their different structural phases. Due to the paucity of
of major repairs during the British period. time, excavation work had been taken up in a limited
area.
The floor of the cell has been plastered with lime
and surkhi. Traces of lime-plaster have been noticed Period I was represented by the cultural deposit
on the wall also at places. All the cells have a central of the neolithic complex. The pottery was mainly hand-
brick platform attached to the back wall for the images. made. It was represented by both burnished and plain
Lower portions of large stucco images of Buddha have red ware. A few cord impressed sherds were also
been exposed in three cells. One depicts Buddha collected. The important types included handis with
seated in dhyana-mudra and the other two in out-turned rim, bowls, miniature pot, etc.
bhumisparsha-mudra. Lumps of images have also
been found in some of the cells. All the cells once had Period II, distinguished by the pottery of the
images of Buddha on the central platform. Traces of a Chalcolithic period in general, revealed wheel-made
subsidiary image attached to the side wall and much specimens. Though the hand-made specimen of the
smaller in size have also been noticed in one cell. Besides previous period still continued but the frequency was
the stucco images, a nut-shaped terracotta bead, sherds less. Besides red ware, black-and-red ware and black
of vases and bowls in red ware, fragments of huge thick ware were also found in good numbers. The important
jars and two miniature pots associated with rituals have types included vases, handis, rimless handis, storage-
been recovered from the site. jars, dishes, dish-on-stand, lipped bowls with globular
profile and out curved featureless rim, perforated
On the basis of pottery, images and the bowls etc. Some pottery pieces contain white paintings
architectural pattern, the present stupa could be in the form of dots, strokes, wavy lines, etc. A few
assigned to the seventh century. sherds were decorated with parallel lines, cris-cross
and diamond designs. The larger pot like storage-jar
8. E XCAVATION AT T ARADIH (BODH G AYA),
was decorated with thumb and rope impressed designs.
DISTRICT GAYA
A good number of disc shaped tiny beads of steatite
Ajit Kumar Prasad assisted by Atul Kumar was also discovered.
Verma, R.P. Verma, S. Ranjan, Alok Ranjan and J.P.
Yadav resumed excavation at Taradih mound under Period III was represented by iron and black
the general guidance of Mohan Chaudhary of the slipped ware. The black-and-red, black ware and
EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

red ware of earlier period continued in this period, Period VII was distinguished by the antiquities
much improved in quality. These were made of well of Pala period. The important finds of the period were
levigated cay and were well fired. Only the large represented by seal and sealings of terracotta, beads,
pottery pieces show the evidence of use of paddy gamesman and conical objects of terracotta, votive
husks. The main pottery types included deep bowls, stupa, chhatravalis and panels of thousand Buddhas.
lota-shaped bowls, handis, rimless handis, basins,
9. EXCAVATION AT KOLHUA, DISTRICT MUZAFFARPUR
etc. The important antiquities are represented by
beads, balls, conical objects. The other important In continuation of the previous year's work
terracotta objects are earlobes, beads besides a few (1996-97, pp. 5-6), Patna Circle of the Survey,
pieces of iron slags. carried out excavation at Kolhua, under the direction
of Muhammed K.K., assisted by D.P. Sinha, Manoj
Period IV was marked by the appearance of Dwivedi, Avinash Kumar and M.P. Singh towards
NBPW though black-and-red ware still continued but west and north of the tank. Excavations have exposed
in less frequency. Many new shapes appeared in this the remains of three votive stupas and a rammed floor
period. The important types included vases of out with a slope towards the tank.
curved thickened rim and out curved rim, dish with
sharped carination at the base, bowls with everted A small area of 10 x 40 m has also been taken
rim, bowls with horizontal spread-out rim, basins with up towards north-east of the Asokan pillar which
beaded rim, lipped basins, lid-cum-bowls, flat based has revealed 1.40 m thick walls, cells with entrance,
bowls, troughs, etc. The important finds comprised some red ware potsherds, terracotta balls and two
stone beads, terracotta beads, earlobes, dice, nut-shaped beads, indicating the existence of another
gamesman, animal figurines, etc. monastery.

10. EXCAVATION AT MANER, DISTRICT PATNA

Period V was represented by red ware belonging
to the Sunga-Kushan period. The important ceramic The Department of Ancient Indian History and
types included surahi, vases, flat based bowls, frying Archaeology, Patna University, in continuation of
pan, etc. Noteworthy antiquities included beads of the earlier work (1996-97, pp. 6-8), resumed
stone, glass and terracotta, animal figurines of excavation at Maner, directed by A.K. Singh under
terracotta and iron objects. the overall supervision of B.P. Roy, N.K. Arya and
P.K. Bose.
Period VI was marked by the appearance of
Gupta and late Gupta antiquities. It included beads, The main objective of this year's excavation was
votive stupa, chhatravali pedestal of votive stupa, to trace the extent of the Neolithic cultural phase which
images of Buddha, panels of thousand Buddhas, was earlier discovered in an area close to the northern
seal and sealings. end of the mound during the year 1989-90. Keeping
EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

in view this objective, two trenches each measuring figurine, terracotta human head, iron slag and
6 x 4 m were laid out towards the southeastern side terracotta and stone balls (pl. 12).
of the mound. The trenches laid out in east-west
orientation were christened as MNR - 7 A and The uppermost deposit, represented by layers
MNR - 7B. 2 and 1, has yielded mixed materials of different kinds
including some fragments of green glazed ware of
Excavation in this area revealed three cultural medieval period. The layer 1 is represented by humus
periods against the five noted in earlier excavations. with an average thickness around 0.20 m.
Period I belonging to the pre-NBP Ware cultural phase
of chalcolithic vintage is represented by a thin deposit 11. EXCAVATION AT RAMCHAURA, HAJIPUR, DISTRICT
VAISHALI
of yellowish soil (layer- 8) with an average thickness
around 0.70 m overlying the natural soil. The above K.P.Jayaswal Research Institute, Patna,
layer has yielded black-and-red ware, black ware resumed excavation work at Ramchaura, under the
and red ware comprising both plain and finely slipped joint directions of Jagdishwar Pandey, CP.Sinha, Bijoy
specimens. The antiquities obtained from this layer Kumar Choudhary, Anil Kumar with the assistance
include stone bladelet, blade-core, flake blade, bone of S.NJha, B.K.Jha, Aditya Chatterjee, Arun Kumar
object and stone hammers (pl. 10). and Vinoy Kumar of the Institute took keen interest
and participated in the excavation work.
Period II of this site belongs to the NBPW phase
and it is represented by three layers from 7 to 5 and The work was mainly undertaken to ascertain
the thickness of entire deposit is around 2.70 m. The the cultural sequence in the south of the Ramchaura
lower most layer 7 is characterised by deep yellowish Temple. Trench (RCH-4) measuring 10 x 5 m was
soil showing black and brown patches. The pottery laid with its orientation in north-east and south west.
obtained from these layers show the usual NBPW types Digging at the site revealed cultural deposit divisible
and other associated wares like black-slipped ware, into four cultural periods.
grey ware and black-and-red ware. The antiquities
ascribed to this period include iron spear-head, Period I is represented by the Chalcolithic
terracotta earlobe, bone points, stone and terracotta deposit having an average thickness of 1.20 m. The
sling-ball and terracotta human leg (pl. 11). lowermost deposit of layer(9) which rests above
the natural compact red clay, revealed sherds of
Period III belonging to the Gupta phase is red and black-and-red ware. The shapes include
represented by two layers from 4 to 3 with an average dishes, bowls, trough and spouts. No stone object
thickness around 0.40 m and 0.20 m respectively. could be noticed in the Chalcolithic phase during
The antiquities associated with this period include stone this year's excavation. A terracotta head and a
bangle, ivory dice, stone weight, terracotta bird stopper was also recovered.
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

Period II is marked by the pre-NBPW phase Layers (3A) and (3) with a sandy deposit of
represented in layers (7) and (8). Layer (8) is 0.20 m and 1.30 m revealed only a few potsherds
composed of brown soil and its average thickness and antiquities but nothing so significant.
is around 0.70m. The layer (7) consists of blackish
The layer (2) and (1) also yielded mixed
brown soil and has a thickness of 0.57m. The
materials of different types comprising potsherds,
pottery obtained from this layer include black-
terracotta and iron objects.
slipped, grey and red wares. The shapes in black-
slipped ware include dishes and bowls. The
antiquities include terracotta balls, beads and a
wheel. 12. EXCAVATION AT ST. AUGUSTINE CHURCH
COMPLEX, OLD GOA
Period III is represented by the NBPW In continuation of the previous year's work
deposit with a thickness of 1.50 m in layer(6). It is (1996-97, pp. 9-11), excavation at St. Augustine
composed of thick brown soil with black patches. Church at old Goa, carried out by the Mini Circle,
The pottery of the period is represented by the Goa, of the Survey, under the guidence of J.V.P.
NBPW, red ware, grey ware and black ware. The Rao, assisted by Manoj Kumar Saxena and Gopal
shapes in these wares include bowls, dishes, basin,
Rao.
rimless pans with handle etc. The antiquities
associated with this period comprise terracotta During this year's scientific clearance of debris
animal figurines, beads, balls, stoppers, wheels; a measuring about 24 m in length, 6 m wide and 4 m
carnelian bead; a broken shell bangle; stone pestles thick and unearthed five extant pillar bases of
and a few iron objects. cloister. The pillars were built of laterite blocks with
lime mortar and plaster. Out of five, three pillars
Period IV which belongs to the Sunga-Kushan are at western side, one at southern side. The extant
phase, is represented by layers (4) and (5). The base measures 1.50 x 1.50 m, while the extant pillar
layer (5) is composed of yellowish brown soil and base at south-west corner measures 2.25 x 1.75 m.
its average thickness is about 1.50 m. The layer The extant height of the pillars range from 1.25 to
(4) is made of brown soil with an average thickness 1.75 m. A door counter to that of the one leading
of about 0.40 m. The ceramics discovered from into cloister also was unearthed on the south-west
these layers include dishes, bowls, miniature bowls, corner of the cloister which in turn leading to the
pots and vases. The antiquities associated with this inner parts of the convent. It measures 2.05 m at
horizon include terracotta human and animal threshold and 2.50 m in height. This season's
figurines, beads, balls, wheels, stopper besides a excavation could expose the whole plan of the
glass bangle and iron objects. cloister measuring 34.4 x 26.95 m consisting of
EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

seven pillars length-wise i.e., east-west and five GUJARAT

width-wise. The site requires further excavation to
clear the collapsed debris to unearth the buildings 13. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT GODHRA
like Convent, Library, Seminary, number of cells, In the course of village-to-village survey in Halol
etc. of the Church of St. Augustine. The excavation taluk, Vilas D. Jadhav of the Vadodara Circle of the
yielded the fragments of Chinese ceramics, tiles and Survey, discover ed the following sites of
a circular stone with a central hole. archaeological importance.

Village/Site Nature of remains

Kansara Step-well of medieval period

RayanKhand Hero-stones depicting male figure, holding sword

and shield without any inscription and step-well
of nineteenth century

Shivarajpur Step-well of medieval period

Talavadi Hero-stones depicting male figure holding sword

and shield of nineteenth century

Tapalavav Stone sculptures of Ganesa - Parvati and four

hero-stones of medieval period, L - shaped
underground chamber made of dressed-stones
having small Siva-linga, of medieval period

14. EXCAVATION AT DHOLAVIRA, DISTRICT KACHCHH assisted by R.S.Fonia, Y.S.Rawat, Bhuvan Vikram,
V.H.Parmar,N.B.Soni, Ravinder Kumar,
With a view to exposing the extent of the rock-
Baldev Singh, K.R. Malviya, Sanjay Kumar, Subhash
cut reservoir, gathering more details of planning and
Chand and D.P. Modi.
architecture, determining precise architecture, date
and nature of the tumulus in the cemetery and carrying The rock-cut reservoir was exposed for 3 m more
out conservation of the principal structures of Castle, for its width in a trench that was 12 m long along the
the Excavation Branch V, Vadodara and a team from north-south axis (pl. 13). All the features of the reservoir
the Directorate of the Survey, resumed excavation at mentioned earlier were reconfirmed. The digging was
Dholavira under the direction of R.S.Bisht who was carried down to the bottom. Its masonry work done in
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

the weaker veins of the geological formation was found plaster on the outer face of the structure was
duly continuing further eastward. The eastern and the cons ructed first. Over that a structure consisting of radial
western ends of the reservoir still remained to be wall running towards the centre and the intervening
ascertained. A large number of semi-precious stone spaces being filled up with earth' nixed with some stones
beads in almost mint condition as well as two complete was raised. That is how a hemispherical structure got
dishes-on-stand in addition to the pottery and other a shape. In the central portion, pits of atleast three
objects of the early, mature and late Harappan phases generations were cut at different times - to what purpose
were recovered form the dig. that is not yet clear. However, operation remained
inconclusive.
Significantly, in the open field to the east of Castle,
another huge reservoir, a corner— northeastern one Besides, the excavation was conducted at several
partially unearthed in the previous year, has been places at the site in order to consolidate the previous
exposed for a considerable width in a narrow east- work and make it more logical. The usual pottery and
west trench (pl. 14). In that strip, it was evacuated to other objects of different stages of the site were duly
the bedrock which was struck at the depth of about collected from the excavation.
7.5 to 8.0 m below the level plain. Interestingly, it turned
out to be a masonry reservoir of good stonework. Its 15. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT KACHCHH
northern wall was found to be abutted with a flight of
In the course of exploration, Y.S. Rawat of the
thirty steps descending from west to east although its
Excavation Branch V, Vadodara, of the Survey, under
embankment wall on the west remains to be unearthed
the supervision of R.S. Fonia, discovered a Harappan
as yet. Likewise, the width of the stairway is also to be
site at Rapar. The ancient settlement which lies buried
determined finally. Particularly, the upper steps have
under the present town has yielded a few potsherds
been found damaged. The northern side wall and the
and bone pieces. A few rubble walls have also been
partially exposed eastern embankment wall of the
noticed in the deep foundation trenches dug up for
reservoir are extant for more than 7 m in height.
construction of modern building.
To the south-west of the well, the excavation 16. EXCAVATION AT BAGASRA, DISTRICT RAJKOT
brought to light the structures of Stage VI. Four copper
bangles were also collected from the area. In continuation of the last two field season's
excavations (1995-96, pp. 16-22; 1996-97, pp. 19-
A segment of the tumulus, circular in plan 27), the Department of Archaeology and Ancient
and hemispherical in elevation, was subjected to History, M.S. University of Baroda, resumed
excavation although its surface had been cleaned excavation at Bagasra in the current field-season
previously (pl. 15). The limited excavation revealed that under the direction of V.H. Sonawane assisted by P.
a circular platform made of bricks with white or pink Ajithprasad, K.K. Bhan, S. Pratapachandran and
 EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

Abhijit Majumdar. The excavations in the sequences (figs. 3-4). The finding includes straight and
northeastern part of the mound during the last two concave sided bowls with blunt carination and
field-seasons have revealed a 5.50 m thick cultural internally bevelled rim, pot or jars with slightly
deposit belonging to the Urban/Mature Harappan elongated neck and beaded rim, dish with a thick,
period, but showing three distinct phases in the rounded or drooping rim and small lamps with sharply
cultural development. It also revealed remains of a inturned rim in red ware and buff ware. A few stud-
large, about 5.20 m thick, fortification wall built of handled bowls with elongated handle in red ware and
stone and mud-bricks. The main aim of the bowls of black-and-red ware are also reported from
excavation, therefore, was to trace the southward this assemblage. The red ware, in fact, is the most
extension of the fortification wall, establish its abundant pottery of this assemblage. The vessels,
relationship with the structures exposed in the Trench especially the bowls and pots, are decorated with
E q3 in the first season and to expose working areas simple geometric designs comprising horizontal bands,
of shell and faience industries at the site. It was also oblique lines, hanging loops, etc. Some of the straight
decided to cut a deep trench in the highest part of sided bowls are also decorated with black dots in a
the mound with a view to checking the stratigraphic light cream background. Lapidary beads of
sequence established from the trenches in the semiprecious stones and faience, shell bangles and
northern part of the site. inlays, steatite seal and terracotta sealings, which are
abundant in the preceding Urban phase are
Seven new trenches each measuring 5 x 5 m conspicuous by their almost complete absence in the
were opened up in the southern side at the highest post-Urban deposit. However, a few copper
part of the mound. Among these, deep digging was implements including a large knife blade and a heavy
carried out in the Trench Eq3 which extends towards a chisel/rod are found from this deposit. This last stage
steep slope at the eastern side from the highest part in the cultural development at the site is designated as
of the site. This trench revealed a total cultural deposit phase IV.
of 7.75 m incorporating a hitherto unnoticed post-
Urban phase (phase IV) in the cultural history of the Phase III, representing the terminal stage of
site. The post-Urban assemblage is represented by the Urban Harappan occupation at the site is
about 2.00 to 2.85 m thick deposit in the Trench Er 13 characterised by about 0.70 m thick deposit lying
and adjoining areas. Moreover, this assemblage is directly below the post-Urban phase in the Trench
confined to the southern side of the mound, that too Er 13. Represented by the layers 6 and 7, this phase
lying outside the fortification wall of the Urban phase. incorporates several Urban Harappan ceramics
The post-Urban phase is characterised by a ceramic including the classical Harappan shapes and
assemblage which resembles the pottery reported decoration. A few sherds of the Reserved Slip
from Period-IIB and Period-IIC of the Rangpur Ware and several "Sorath Harappan" vessels such
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

as convex as well as straight sided bowls and large A distinct red ware with a buff/cream and plum red
pots are also reported from this phase. A third bichrome slip and another red ware showing drab
category of pottery found in this phase is the "Anarta red slip and indifferent firing are the important types
Pottery" of north Gujarat. In addition to the pottery, in the local pottery. Remains of brick structures,
typical Urban Harappan lapidary stone beads, shell including a small portion of a 1.35 m high wall,
bangles bearing chevron marks, long blades of found in the layers 15 and 14 may indicate that the
Rohri chert etc., are also found from this deposit. use of mud-bricks for structural construction at the
site may have started right from the earliest phase
All the above mentioned artefacts are also found of habitation itself.
in the preceding phase II which is represented by
the layers 8 to 12 having a total thickness of about Excavations in the Trenches Eq2, Eq6, Eq8,
2.40 m in the Trench Er 13. However, it is devoid of El 15 and El 16 have not only revealed southeastern
the "Sorath Harappan" pottery. This was the most corner of the periphery/fortification wall but also its
prosperous phase in the developmental history of extension towards the eastern and southern side
the site and it showed evidence of extensive structural (fig. 7). As has been reported from the northeastern
activity including the construction of a massive corner in the last season, the southeastern corner
fortification wall for the first time. Moreover, the also revealed an internal square bastion projecting
height of the fortification wall was increased on two about 3.80 m from both sides. It is clear now from
or three occasions in this phase. Several sherds of the excavation that the eastern side of the fortification
black-slipped jar recovered from this deposit are a wall is 65.17 m long and it has an approximate
sure index for the overseas contact of the Harappans thickness of about 5.00 to 5.20 m at its extant top.
during this phase. It is also evident that the fortification wall was
constructed in three stages; the last two stages of
The phase I belonging to the earliest habitation which were carried out with a view to increasing its
at the site is represented by the layers 13 to 17 in height. Mud-bricks of different colour, composition
the Trench Erl3. The maximum thickness of and consistency were used in the construction of the
habitation in this phase is about 1.85 m. The earliest wall. While the bricks generally followed 1:2:4 ratio,
habitation-debris of this phase is lying directly over their actual size varied considerably from 8 x 16 x
a natural sedimentary formation of indurated coarse 32 cm to 12 x 24 x 48 cm. The bricks used in the
gravel and sand. Although the phase I deposit last stage of construction of wall are generally larger
predates the fortification wall, it incorporates in size and were made of coarser material than the
several Urban/Mature Harappan relics. In addition penultimate stage. Besides, no mortar was used in
to the classical Harappan ceramics, the deposit the last stage while the earlier stage shows thick and
included several sherds of the "Anarta pottery" prominent use of light coloured clay mortar. In
and a distinct group of local pottery (figs.5-6). addition to these, about 1.00 m thick stone bracing
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

was provided to the internal and external sides of in the silos. A finely polished lenticular bead of the
the wall in the last stage of its reconstruction probably above stone recovered from one of the silos
for strengthening it. Although the stones have been indicates that this semiprecious stone was certainly
robbed off from many places, at least seven vertical meant for the production of beads and other
courses in the bracing wall could be traced in the lapidary items. Beads made of this particular stone
Trench El 15. The mud-brick wall unearthed last are very rare even at the major metropolitan centres
year in the northern side of the settlement had either like Mohenjodar o, Harappa, Kalibangan,
a stone foundation or a stone encasing at the base at Dholavira and Lothal. The hoards of raw material
a depth of 4.10m. This could not be ascertained if found from Bagasra may, therefore, indicate some
this feature was repeated in the southern side as well, amount of monopoly enjoyed by the Harappan
since none of the trenches within the fortified area community at Bagasra in the production and
could reach upto this depth in the current season. distribution of the above beads.

Several evidence showing the industrial In addition to this, one of the bins contained a
production of faience objects and beads of few large intact as well as cut Turbinella Pyrum
semiprecious stones and shell objects are found in shells. One of these shells shows circular marking
the Trench Eq2 at the southeastern corner of the by a saw for cutting off circlets. This is in addition
fortification wall. Along the internal bastion at this to a host of evidences unearthed from the site for
corner was found a small fireplace demarcated by a the industrial production of shell bangles, ladles,
single course of bricks and showing marks of intense beads and pendants. A broken half of a shallow
burning. A good number of faience beads are found stone dish carved out from dark grey basalt is also
from this fireplace along with fine whitish ash and bits found from the same silo. Both interior and exterior
and pieces of charcoal. Two large pots partially buried of this vessel are well ground and it has a smooth
in the ground are found adjacent to this fireplace. polished surface; the edges, however, show marks
Some kind of whitish, calcareous material is found of battering, indicating its heavy use.
sticking at the bottom of both the vessels whose upper
The excavation has also brought to light an
half is broken off and missing. From the features
inscribed Harappan steatite seal and a few terracotta
described above it appears that this was a workshop
used for the production of faience objects. sealings. The seal (pl. 16) is a small square steatite
tablet bearing engraved inscription and the figure of
By the side of this foundry are found three or a one horned bull and a standard in front of the beast
four clay lined storage bins or silos of varying on one side and a projected boss with a small hole
dimension. Two of them contained a large passing through it on the opposite side. This is found
collection of huge chunks of a special variety of in the upper levels in the Trench El 15 belonging to
agate/chert and moss-agate as if it were hoarded the phase II of the cultural sequence at the site. Yet
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

another interesting object that has been found in the aquatic fauna is found in the last stages of phase II
upper layers of the same trench is a handi-type and during the phase III.
copper vessels with a sharp carinated shoulder. It
contained a hoard of eight copper bangles and a HARYANA
small celt (pl. 17). This is in addition to a chisel-like 17. E XCAVATION AT HARNOL, DISTRICT G URGAON
rod, a rectangular knife and several small wires and
Excavation Branch II, New Delhi, of the
rods of copper recovered from different trenches at
Survey, under the direction of B.R. Mani, assisted
the site. A very well preserved narrow copper spatula
by Vishnu Kant, Ajay Kumar Srivastava, B.K.
unearthed from the bottom may indicate that copper
Chauhan, Vinod Kumar, Ram Kumar, V.P. Verma,
was in use right form the very beginning of
Y.S. Nayal, Ajai Kumar, Suresh Chaudhary, D.N.
Chalcolithic occupation at the site.
Yadav and Mohan Sharma carried out excavation
Among other antiquities reported from the at the site, located about 5 km south of
excavation mention must be made of tubular beads Muhammadnagar, simultaneously when the latter
of carnelian, lapis lazuli, amazonite, agate and was being excavated. The site is approachable
jasper, wafer-thin disc beads and micro-beads of through a 1.5 km long approach road from
steatite, a small weight/gamesman of amazonite, Mandikhera towards east of Delhi-Alwar road at
terracotta toy-objects like the cart-frames and a distance of about 99 km from Delhi and 6 km
wheels, tops, tetotum discs and hopscotch discs. from Muhammadnagar in the Firozpur Jhirka
Lithic artifacts included long ribbon blades of Rohri subdivision of Gurgaon district. The mound (fig. 8)
chert and small backed blades on locally available was found to be damaged in the recent past
chert and jasper. A broken cylindrical micro-drill towards its western half from where the earth was
bit and another specimen resembling the foliated cut and removed for strengthening the roadsides
variety of drill bit are also found in the excavation. which were damaged and eroded in the area after
excessive rains and breaches in nearby Rawli and
The final remains collected from the excavation
Kameda dams.
included skeletal elements of both terrestrial and
aquatic fauna. Being very close to the seashore, fishing With the objective to confirm the cultural
seems to be one of the important occupations of the sequence and to know about the importance of the
people. A large number of fish vertebrae, spines and site, squares measuring 10 x 10 m were laid and
otolithis of three or four different variety of fish are two quadrants of squares Al and XF4 were
found in all the four phases of the habitation at the excavated. Quadrant 1 of Al at the top of the
site. In addition to these, they have also exploited mound was excavated upto the depth of 16 m and
other aquatic food items like crabs, turtles and bevalve quadrant 1 of XF4 on the southwestern slopes of
shells. A maximum abundance in the remains of the the mound. Natural soil could not be encountered
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

as the space left for further excavation had become vases with undercut flared rim, vase with collared
too narrow. rim and having perforation below the rim, rim of
vase with long neck and parallel graved decoration
The excavation was carried out upto a depth on the outer face of vase with out-turned rim and a
of 16 m from the top having structural phases of band below the neck, carinated handi, lids and
different periods with forty habitational layers basins with nail headed thickened rim.
(fig.9). Layers 37 to 40 represent Period I having
Nearly 6.5 m deposit above the Sunga levels
occurrence of black-slipped ware and red ware.
can be assigned to the Kushan period which has
Layers 31 to 36 represent Period II having sherds
been divided into two sub-periods-VA belonging
of Painted Grey Ware (PGW), grey ware and red
to the Kushan phase and V B belonging to the Late
ware. It seems that PGW phase overlapped with
Kushan phase. Sub period V A is represented by
NBPW phase as terracotta plaques including one
layers 14 to 17 having four structural phases
depicting a lady figure were found from the deposits.
attached with them. The structures contain typical
Other important antiquities were terracotta animal
Kushan bricks. Average size of bricks was 36x22
figurines, bangles, beads including arecanut shaped
to 25x5 to 6 cm. From the exposed western section
ones, balls, bone point and carnelian bead. NBPW
of the mound Kushan structures in a series were
sherds along with associated red ware were found
noticed badly damaged by bulldozers while taking
from layers 27 to 30 representing Period III. The
out earth in the recent past. Two structures with
deposits contained ghata shaped and arecanut
burnt bricks having 54 and 46 courses respectively
shaped terracotta beads, disc, glass and carnelian
besides a number of others were seen there. Iron
beads, terracotta and shell bangle pieces and
arrow-head and part of a shell bangle were found
terracotta wheels.
besides red ware, both plain as well as decorated.
Layers 18 to 26 belong to Period I V Layers 8 to 13 belong to the sub period V B, from
represented by brick structures and a brick paved the deposits of which bone points, terracotta human
floor associated with it (pl. 18) The deposits figurines (pl. 19), beads, decorated tile with floral
represent the Sunga period and iron objects, lower design (pl. 20), skin rubber and part of a grey
part of a terracotta mould showing human legs, soapstone lid were found. A piece of plate of grey
terracotta ear stud, part of bird shaped toy cart, soapstone with two fishes holding stem of lotus in
and arecanut shaped bead and a crucible were their mouth is an interesting find (pl. 21). The most
found from the deposits. important artefact from these levels is a terracotta
relief (pl. 22) of a crowned seated male deity with
The ceramics include red ware only with moustache and flames emanating from his shoulders
shapes having incurved bowls with flattened broad which can be identified with Agni or fire-god. Red
base and thin section in medium to coarse fabric, ware from the Period V contain externally oblique-
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98~A REVIEW

cut rims of large bowls with or without thumb Yadav and Mohan Sharma carried out excavation
impression on the interior and tapering sides having at the site which is also known as Havananagar,
string cut disc base with diameter approximately located on Nagina-Hodal road at a distance of 5.5
18 to 20 cm and height of about 8 cm, basins, km from Nagina and 100 km from Delhi,
miniature pots, plain spouts, splayed out rims of approachable through Delhi-Alwar road. The
handi, plain and painted vases, centrally placed mound (fig. 11) was found to be damaged in the
knobbed lids, thick lids with inverted disc top, lids recent past towards its southern part in similar
with cup shaped depression and hopscotches made fashion as the damage occurred at nearby site at
out of red ware. Harnol.

Period VI belongs to late medieval period Trenches in forms of squares measuring 10 x

when some construction of stone and brick 10 m each were laid and five quadrants of four
masonry were made, remains of which were squares were taken up for excavations. Excavations
noticed from the top levels represented by layers continued upto natural soil in sq XA2 Qd 3
1 to 7 having associated red ware and glazed ware. (fig. 12) giving complete cultural sequence of the
An iron arrow-head, pieces of glass bangles and site and also in sq A1, Qd 4 (fig. 13).
beads were found.
Thirty-four habitational layers were
An interesting structure (pl. 23) with large size encountered in both the trenches and natural soil
bricks measuring 72 x 48 x 8 cm in the ratio of was confirmed below layer 34 in sq XA 2, Qd 3
1:6:9 was partly exposed in sq XF 4 Qd 1 which having kankar deposits through which water started
belongs to Period III (fig. 10). Twenty-three oozing out. Regular excavation was carried out in
courses of bricks were found in the 2 m high this quadrant from layer 11 to 34 as the top layers
structure. The western and southern faces of the were removed in the recent past when the mound
wall at the southwestern corner exposed during was cut for taking away the earth. From the exposed
excavation have tapering nature which suggests that section of the mound towards north and north-east
it may be the base of a Mauryan stupa. of the quadrant two metre wide section scraping
18. E XCAVATION AT M UHAMMADNAGAR, DISTRICT upto the top of the mound in sq A2, Qd 4 gave the
G URGAON connecting upper sequence of the site (pl. 24-25).
Cultural sequence of the site is quite similar to that
Excavation Branch II, New Delhi, of the
noticed at Harnol, another site in the
Survey, under the direction of B.R. Mani, assisted
neighbourhood.
by Vishnu Kant, Ajay Kumar Srivastava, B.K.
Chauhan, Vinod Kumar, Ram Kumar, V.P. Verma, A 35 cm thick deposit over the kankar mixed
Y.S. Nayal, Ajai Kumar, Suresh Choudhary, D.N. natural soil and water in sq XA 2, Qd 3 yielded
EXPLORA TIONS AND EXCA VA TIONS

sturdy red ware sherds which were not found in A 4 m deposit of Period V at the site belongs
the upper deposits. This layer represents Period I to Kushan period with two sub-periods — V A
of the site. Period II was represented by layers 29 having layer 8 to 11 in sq XA 2, Qd 3 and 6 to 12
to 33 having red ware, grey ware and some sherds A in sq A1, Qd 4. Sub-period VB contains layers
of PGW. Similar deposit in sq Al, Qd 4 containing 5 to 7 in sq XA 2, Qd 3 and 4 to 5 in sq. A 1, Qd
layers 30 to 34 yielded black-and-red ware, grey 4. These sub-periods have distinct structural phases
ware and red ware. Iron objects were found from and evidence of additions and alterations.
these deposits.
Structures of Kushan period were exposed
Layers 22 to 28 in sq XA 2, Qd 3 and 23 to in sq A2, Qd 4, sq A3, Qd 1, sq XA 2, Qd 3 and
29 in sq A1, Qd 4 represent the deposit associated sq XA 3, Qd 2 horizontally just below the level
with NBPW belonging to period III. Remains of a upto which part of the mound was cut and earth
brick wall having four courses and a drain with removed for strengthening the sides of roads in the
vertically placed bricks in east-west orientation recent past. Kushan structures in the form of house
were noticed. Evidence of post-holes suggesting complexes with various size of atleast five rooms
existence of thatched huts were also found were noticed here on either side of a narrow lane
associated with layers 23 and 24. Red ware was running from east to west having average width
the main ceramic industry and sherds of grey ware of 80 cm and paved with brick-bats (fig. 14,
and NBPW were also found. pl. 28). Size of the rooms were found 1.70 x
1.90 m, 1.75 x l .84 m and 1.27 x l .22 m. Typical
A deposit of about 3 m having layers 12 to 21 in
Kushan bricks measuring 42 x 26x 6 cm and 36 x
sq XA 2, Qd 3 and 13 to 22 in sq A1, Qd 4 represents
22 to 24 x 5 to 6 cm were found to be used in
the Sunga period deposit of Period IV. Lowest course construction of rooms. Sometimes these bricks
of a circular structure with wedge shaped burnt bricks were also used for paving the floors. One of
was found which may be the evidence of a stupa the rooms was found divided by mud-bricks at a
(pl. 26). From its sealing deposit three similar terracotta later stage of its use (pl. 29). Evidence of a floor
sealings with the figure of yupa were found (pl. 27). paved with mud bricks was also found in one of
Associated with the upper deposits were remains of the rooms. Width of the walls vary from 42 cm to
two structural phases, each having six to eight 75 cm.
remaining courses of brick walls. Terracotta bangle
pieces, stone and terracotta beads, broken parts of A sunken wall of twenty-six courses of bricks
terracotta plaques with human figures, terracotta animal with an opening in its upper courses suggesting
figurines and other minor antiquities were found. evidence of a window was noticed in sq. Al Qd 4
Incurved bowls and other shapes in red ware (pl. 30). From the exposed southern section of the
comprised the ceramic industry of the period. damaged part of the mound several huge structures
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-9&-A REVIEW

were noticed, some of which rising upto about forty region from the south and run towards north. In
courses of bricks. the plain area lying in-between these ranges and
towards their east there are a number of early
Terracotta human and animal figurines (pls. 31 -
historical sites with their antiquity going back to
33), bangles (pl. 34), beads, stone beads (pl. 35)
the protohistoric period. Large sites such as Autha,
and four Kushan copper coins were found. Red ware
Muhammadnagar, Bhadas, Malab, Gohana,
shapes from Kushan levels include bowls, basins,
Hathin, Ata, Mundehta (Mundheta), Mamlika,
vases, lids and lamps.
Gokalpur, Luhinga and Papra are known sites in
Layers 1 to 3 in sq Al, Qd 4 are associated the region. Some new sites were discovered during
with the late medieval deposit of Period VI. Part the explorations like Harnol, Mandikhera,
of a structure was exposed in the southern part of Gangwani, Jamalgarh and Paimakhera which are
the trench which was constructed by using bricks all very important in view of the rich archaeological
and stones. A large hearth was also noticed full of material found at these sites. Muhammadnagar and
ash. Some interesting dishes of fine red ware Harnol were excavated by the team.
besides other ceramics in associated red ware were
At Papra two mounds were seen having
found. Seven courses of a structure with reused
medieval ceramics on the surface. At Lunhinga four
bricks are also noticed in section scraping. These
separate mounds yielded medieval pottery.
structures are seemingly contemporary to the
period of construction of the mosque towards
Approximately 100 x 100 m area is covered
north-east of the trench on the mound.
by the mound at Gokalpur having a deposit of about
The site has also yielded a silver and a copper 2 m from where Kushan red ware was found.
punchmarked coin besides Kushan coins (pl. 36) Mundehta (Mundheta) is an important site which is
and a loose mutilated sculpture (pl. 37) of a seated spread in an area of about 150 x 150 m. PGW,
deity in red sandstone. black-and-red ware, black-slipped ware and red
ware were found from the site which has a deposit
19. EXPLORATION IN MEWAT AREA, DISTRICT GURGAON
of 5 to 6 m in height.
B.R. Mani of the Excavation Branch II, New
Amongst the newly discovered sites by the
Delhi, of the Survey, assisted by Vishnu Kant, Ajay
Kumar Srivastava, Vinod Kumar, Suresh Chaudhary team, Mandikhera is spread in an area of about

and Mohammad Nooman carried out explorations 200 x 200 m having cultural deposit of 10 to 12 m

in the Mewat area of District Gurgaon. in height. Kushan red ware and bricks measuring
36 x 22 x 6 cm were found besides medieval
Two low rocky ranges, which are the glazed ware. Kushan red ware was found at
continuation of the Aravalli chain, enter in Mewat Gangwani I which is a mound covered by modern

54
I EXPLORA TIONS AND EXCA VA TIONS

habitation and spread in an area of about 150 x excavation at the site was taken up with a view to
150 m with its cultural deposit of 8 m in height. ascertain the stratigraphical positions of early, mature
Gangwani II is a small circular mound with brick- and late Harappan periods as reported earlier in the
bats and deposit of about 2 m in an area with its course of exploration, and lay bare sizeable portions
radius around 20 m. Black-slipped ware and red of the settlement of each period besides correlating
ware were found from here. Jamalgarh is an imposing the nature of settlement with other excavated sites
site with its height of 10 to 12 m and area of about of the region. During this field-season, the
200 x 200 m. Sunga-Kushan red ware and bricks excavations, without reaching the natural soil,
measuring 35 x 21.5 x 6.5 cm and wedge shaped revealed the deposits of mature Harrappan period.
bricks measuring 33x21 to 9.5 x 7 cm were found.
Another early historical site discovered during There are five notified mounds out of which
exploration was Paimakhera, spread in an area of RGR-1, RGR-2 and RGR-3 are relatively free from
about 150 x150 m with its height of about 10 m. encroachment while RGR-4 and RGR-5 are thickly
Grey ware and red ware formed the main ceramic inhabitated by the twin villages- Rakhikhas and
assemblage. Various sizes of bricks were noticed, Rakhishahpur. RGR-1, stretching east-west, is 6m
such as 42 x 22.5 x 6.5 to 7 cm, 28.5 x 28.5 x high from the surrounding plains, lies on the northern
9 cm, 35 x 25 x 7 cm, 46 x 23 x 6.5 cm and 43 x extremities of RGR-3. RGR-2, apparently appears
28 x 8 cm. On a hillock towards east of Rawa at to be a citadel mound, is approximately 14m high
Dhodanka medieval structures and red ware were (pl. 38). Parallel to the east of RGR-2 lies RGR-3,
found. rising to a height of 12 m. The southern part of RGR-
2 further seems to have been interlocked with RGR-
20. E XCAVATION AT RAKHIGARHI, DISTRICT HISSAR 4 and RGR-5, while its northern contour elevations
show features of an entrance.
The Institute of Archaeology alongwith the
Chandigarh Circle of the Survey, under the direction At RGR-1, four quadrants of G5 and two
of Amarendra Nath and P.K. Mishra, assisted by quadrants of G6 were subjected to excavations. In
Alok Tripathi, M.P. Jain, R.S. Rana, L.S. Mamani, G6 the excavation was carried out to a depth of
R.K. Dalai, Ramji Chaudhary, Umesh Kumar, N. 4.70 m. The cutting revealed five structural phases
K. Kharab, R.K.Manik, P.S.Rawat, Manbir Singh, of which phases 1 to 4 were aligned, on either side,
Madan Lai, Piyush Bhatt, Rahul Bhosle, Jasmer to a lane (1.50 m wide) running north-south.. The
Singh and Vinod Dhingra took up excavations at this mud-bricks used in these structures were of various
Harappan site which was reported earlier (1963- sizes but the ratio noted was 1 : 2 : 4 . The bricks
64, p. 90; 1966-67, p. 12; 1980-81, p. 16; 1987- were laid in clay mortar alternately by layers of
88, p. 27). Apart from imparting training to the headers and stretchers. The structure of phase 1
PGDA students in the field of archaeology, was in the form of a kitchen (2.60 x 1.80 m)
EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

accommodating a chulha in the south-east corner view to examine various phases of settlements. The
and an in-built platform (65 cm x 30 cm) in south- cuttings on the western arm of the entrance revealed
west corner. The structures of phase 2 showed ten a series of east facing guard cells in north-south
courses of mud-bricks in the southeastern corner. alignment. The floors of these cells had reported a
The succeeding mud-brick structure (2.40 m) of few typical copper and bone arrow-heads and
phase 3 had an entrance (80 cm wide) on the points, justifying its function. The cuttings in the
eastern side, perhaps a part of larger structural southern location of RGR-2 revealed structures on
complex. The western arm of the wall had three either side of intersecting lanes and by-lanes of
courses while the southern had fourteen. In different functions, which included mud-brick
phase 4, a mud-brick wall of eleven courses was platforms, fire altars, specialised craft activity area,
noticed. The structures of phase 5 were not in exact granary, shops, drains, etc (pl. 39). Mud-bricks
alignment to the structures and lanes of the were extensively used in the construction, while
preceding phases. In this phase a significant burnt bricks were used in drains, steps and in the
structural-complex of storehouse was reported, veneering of mud-brick platforms. Some of the
consisting of an entrance free three-celled mud- mud-brick walls had mud plaster over them as
brick structure and platform of mud-bricks-on- preservative coatings. A cell with in-built niche
edge. Periodically, the levels of floor of each cell (pl. 40) also had mud plaster. The cuttings of R-21
were raised by soling of reused mustikas and exposed an impressive oblong verandah supported
terracotta cakes, maintaining slopy or saggy finish. by squarish pillars (90 cm) and pilasters. Next to
Here, the cells and the platform complement each this complex, in S-21, were located four cells in a
other in deciding its function as 'storehouse'. After row used by specialised craftsmen, as its floor
the desertion of the mature Harappan settlement revealed brick lined hearths, stone anvil, pounder
at the site, it was used as burial ground during the together with debitage of columellae of Xancus
late medieval period. The oblong burial chambers, pyrum, suggesting intra-regional trade contacts. A
oriented north-south, were invariably covered by modest granary, consisting of tiny cells in two
mud-bricks of 1 : 2 : 4 ratio, which gave false segments, was noticed in the cuttings of S-22 and
impression of their being Harappan in antiquity. No T-22. The accumulated sediments of the cells had
grave goods were reported from these burial- yielded Hordeum vulgari, a variety of barley. In
chambers as these had signs of robbing. T-23, a T- shaped covered drainage system was
noticed, laid in the centre of a street with slope
At RGR-2, the excavations were subjected towards south (pl. 41). Besides, a system of house
to the northern slope of the mound with a view to drain of terracotta pipes was also noticed in this
locating structural components of the entrance to cutting. In X-25, covered house drains originating
citadel, and towards the southern locality with a from bathing platforms were also exposed.
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

A medium size structure, oriented north-south, was shapes in grey ware were vases, dish-on-stand,
exposed from the middle level of S-22. A dishes, bowls and lids.
segmented niche of single coursed burnt bricks was
noticed towards the apsidal end; the floor had The final evidence provides reflexes on man-
brickbat soling, overlain by mud floor. A terracotta animal relationship, together with their associated
bull was located from its floor, slightly dislodged food habits. Cattle bones out number other animal
from the niche. From the north of this apsidal bones, including that of wild variety, which indicates
structure a hollow T-shaped fire altar, oriented east- existence of highly rich pastoral land in the
west, containing ash and bits of charcoal was neighbourhood. Among the cattle, domesticated
noticed (pl. 42). Further north, in the same buffaloes were preferred both for abundant milk
alignment, a mud-brick lined oblong pit chamber and meat. Occurrence of rodent bones support the
(longer axis east-west) containing fresh animal hypothesis of sedentary life style and food habit of
bones of bovine family mixed with ash and charcoal the Harappan people at the site, besides storage
was exposed. Apart from this the pit also contained of food grains. Lower percentage of wild animal
a terracotta votive tank and pottery pieces of dishes bones suggest limited hunting activity and more
(pl. 43). Further, from the same level of T-23 was reliability on plant food. The presence of fish bones
reported three circular fire altars over the mud floors not only suggest dietary but also fishing as one of
of an enclosed structure; these fire altars had mud- subsistence traits; likewise occurrence of bird
brick bases and were laid in a semicircular order a bones suggest that they formed part of their diet.
few tiny hollow circular white outlines, possibly Among the floral remains only charred wheat and
indicative of remains of burnt hard shells of fruits barley could be identified so far.
offered to the fire altars, was also noticed.
Amongst the important finds mention may be
The pottery mainly falls in two groups namely made of a cylindrical seal (pl. 44), squarish seals
red ware and grey ware, besides non-glazed and terracotta amulets (pl. 45). Apart from this a
reserve slipped ware, cut ware, cream-slipped copper vessel (pl. 46), containing a gold fillet, five
ware and 'barbotine' ware in limited frequency. silver bangles and a cluster of silver rings (pl. 47),
Important types in red ware included perforated were also found from the stratified deposit. Further,
jars, goblets, dish-on-stand, vases, jars, ledged rim bangles of copper, shell and terracotta, beads of
vessels, fluted vessels, ribbed vessels, dishes, gold, siliceous material, steatite and faience, weights
basins, troughs etc. The important painted motifs and measures of terracotta and stone (pl. 48),
in red ware were pipal leaf, palm leaf, triangles, gamesman and model of game-board of stone and
loops, intersecting circles, birds and scales etc. The terracotta, chert blades, copper arrow-heads, bone
frequency of grey ware with or without black slip points, terracotta tiles with intersecting circles and
was limited as compared to the red ware. Main terracotta figurines (pl. 49) deserve reference.
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW
JAMMU AND KASHMIR side of the mound which revealed six metres of
21. E XCAVATION AT G URU B ABA- KA -T IBBA, habitational deposit having seventeen different
DISTRICT JAMMU layers belonging to the following four distinctive
periods- Period I-grey ware, Period II-early
In continuation of the previous season's work,
historical, Period III-Kushan and Period IV-
the Srinagar Circle of the Survey, under the
medieval periods (fig. 15; pl. 50). A mud-brick wall
direction of P.C. Chaudhari and Vijay Shankar,
was noticed belonging to the Period III (figs. 16-
assisted by Sujeet Nayan, Samir Diwan, B.S.
19; pl. 51). Antiquities and pottery recovered are
Jamwal, Raghubir Singh, R.R. Chaudhary, R.K.
similar to those found in the previous season's
Kaul, V.K. Kaul and Arunji Sidha resumed the trial
work. Terracotta beads and balls, shell bangles,
excavation at Guru Baba-Ka-Tibba in Marh block
copper, ivory and bone objects were also found.
of District Jammu with the objective to establish
the nature and sequence of cultural deposits and 22. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT KATHUA
to understand the link between late Harappan and
Samir Diwan of the Srinagar Circle of the Survey
early historic cultures. Trial-excavation was carried
noticed the following antiquarian remains in Basohli
out in two quadrants of 4.25 m each on the south
tehsil.
Village
Nature of remains

Martha Late medieval baoli

Sanhar Late medieval 6ao///sculptures

Teerdi Late medieval baoli

Thana -do-

Tutthal -do-
north-west of the eastern entrance of the
KARNATAKA
citadel by K.P. Poonacha, assisted by T.M.
23. EXCAVATION AT HAMPI, DISTRICT BELLARY Keshava, B.K. Unnithan and M.M. Hadpad, of the

Excavations were taken up towards north and Banglore Circle of the Survey. In the 1800 sq m
north-east of the octagonal bath, nearly 500 m area taken up for excavations, a terraced structure
in the east-
 EXPLORA TIONS AND EXCA VA TIONS

west orientation extant to a height of 1.90 m The excavation, continued further towards the
running to a length of 38 m and width of 18 m western side of the terraced structure revealed a
(pls. 52 - 53) was found which was extensively passage with a width of 4.0 m . It runs in north-
damaged due to plundering as evidenced by the south orientation, to a distance of 60 m reaching
finding of burnt charcoal, loose ash, melted iron the octagonal bath at south and takes a right angle
fasteners. The terraced structure is found to be turn towards west and opens into what probably is
treated with the usual conventional mouldings of another courtyard for another terraced structure
pada, adho-padma, a short kantha and urdhva- further west. The antiquities from the excavation
kumuda mouldings at its facade and its side walls comprise different types of iron fasteners in the form
built in uncoursed rubble masonry in mud-plaster of flats, nails, clamps, etc., dull red and grey ware
and finely treated with lime-plaster for the finish. of utilitarian typology.
However, the topmost terrace has, at its western
The preservation and restoration of excavated
end, three brick-built chambers, each with a wall
remains of the pillared Noblemen's quarters facing
having width of 0.45 m . Due to the disturbances
the palace basement of Krishnadevaraya in the
in the mound, except the central chamber, the two
Rangamahal complex, towards its south, has been
northern and southern chambers were disturbed.
completed as per the original plan and elevation.
The extant central chamber measured 2.20 sq m
In addition, the screen-walls, the facade of the
with its brick-built wall. The entrance door
terraced structure near octagonal bath has also been
measured 90 cm in width. The excavation carried
restored by dismantling and resetting the disturbed
out towards the eastern side of this terraced
kumuda moulding and properly levelling the
structure revealed the open courtyard, running to
courtyard and terraced structure.
a length of 48 m in north-south with a width of 16
m . Beyond this wall further to the east was the The ceramic typology retrieved from the
exterior courtyard measuring 80 x 20 m which excavation revolve around the usual household
has at its northeastern corner a guarded entrance utensils characteristic of the medieval period.
with two guard chambers measuring 12 x 8 m. Storage-jars, high necked collared spheroidal water
Further at its southern side this courtyard has a pots, wide mouthed straight shouldered lotas,
highly disturbed guarded entrance with a platform characteristic lids with collars form the utilitarian
for the guard, built towards its inner side. This pottery in dull red and grey ware. The findings of
entrance opens into a large rectangular chamber China porcelain were reduced to a few sherds. The
abutting the southern screen-wall of the earlier religious ware as encountered in the royal enclosure
referred terraced structure. This large rectangular is conspicuous by its absence. Different types of
hall might have served as horse stable for that iron nails of various size and shapes, clamps and
structure. hooks, melted and burnt were found at the site.
EXPLORA T/ONS AND EXCA VATIONS

24. E XCAVATION AT ISAMPUR, DISTRICT GLLBARGA which must have served as an assured source of
water; c) plentiful supply of wild plant and animal
K. Paddayya of the Deccan College Post-
foods both on the valley floor and on the surrounding
graduate and Research Institute, Pune undertook
uplands; and d) the basin-like topography of the area
explorations and excavation at the Lower
providing security and protection from both natural
Palaeolithic (Acheulian) s i t e of Isampur
and human agencies.
(30° 17'N; 76° 29'E) situated in Shorapur taluk.
This site lies in a narrow, gorge-like valley enclosed In addition to surface studies, excavation was
by shale-limestone uplands. It forms part of the undertaken in the watercourse portion of the site
limestone floor of the valley covered with 1 to 2 m covered with grass and shrubs. On account of partial
thick brown/black silt deposits of the Pleistocene erosion of silt deposit (which originally measured 1.5
period, which serve as excellent farmland. On m in thickness) covering the Acheulian level and its
account of soil quarrying and erosion some of the quarrying by the Irrigation Department over hundred
silt cover has been stripped away in recent times, artifacts were exposed on the surface. These
thereby exposing to surface the Stone Age comprised large cores, flakes, by-product flakes and
cultural material. chips of limestone and hammerstones of hard rocks
like chert, basalt and quartzite. Two trenches (1 and
Locality II at Isampur is one such Stone Age
3) were excavated in this part of the site; these lay
site. The surface explorations and trial pits revealed
12 m away from each other. The aim of this
that the site covers an area of three-quarters of a
excavation was three-fold: a) to ascertain the
hectare (pl. 54). It consists partly of agricultural land
stratigraphical position of the Acheulian level in
and partly of grass and shrub-covered course of a
relation to the sediments occurring in the area; b) to
shallow watercourse flowing across the farmland.
understand the depositional context of the cultural
At this spot only a thin cover of silt (20 to 60 cm) is
level from the point of view of site formation
left behind after soil quarrying and rainwater erosion.
processes; and c) to recover organic materials useful
The geoarchaeological studies undertaken in the area
for purposes of dating and environmental
revealed that there are four factors which favoured
reconstruction.
the location of the Stone Age site at this spot: a)
plentiful on-the-spot availability of hard limestone In Trench 1, a small area of 3 nr was
blocks of various shapes and sizes suitable for the excavated as part of general explorations carried
manufacture of tools; b) location of the site close to out in the previous field season. In the current season
the outer edge of a palaeodrainage channel the area was enlarged and the trench measured
(subsequently filled up with 3 to 4 m thick silt deposit) 6 m x 4 m. For want of time, excavation had to be
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY I997-9H-A REVIEW I

stopped at the 30 cm level (pls. 55-56). The following stratigraphy was exposed in the trench:

0-10/15 cm Black sticky clay (sterile)

below surface

10/15-20/25 cm Colluvial gravel lens in a matrix of brown silt and

below surface made up of angular to sub-angular pieces of
Intertrappean chert and some Middle Palaeolithic
artifacts of chert

20/25 - 30 cm Acheulian level consisting of fresh artifacts, limestone

below surface pieces and blocks set in a hard matrix of
kankary brown silt

The artifacts found in the Acheulian level showed Trench 3 (pl. 57) measured 7 x 6 m in size
razor-sharp edges and fresh surfaces. Morever, most and formed part of the area where the upper
of them were found lying on their flat surfaces. These portion of the silt deposit was dug away upto
features, coupled with the presence of many cores 55 cm below surface. In the northwestern part
and waste flakes, clearly show that the lithic material of the trench half-a-metre thick silt deposit
is in its primary context. The level yielded a total of was preserved. It measured only 20 to 30 cm
over four hundred and sixty artifacts. In addition, it in thickness in other parts of the trench. The
also produced a few fossilized pieces of tortoise shells following stratigraphy was observed in the
and teeth/bone fragments of wild cattle. trench:

0 - 20 cm Compact black silt without any cultural material

below surface

21 to 30 cm Black silt containing Intertrappean chert nodules

below surface and a few flake artifacts of Middle Palaeolithic type

31-35/40 cm Sterile brownish silt

36/41-55 cm Acheulian level found in a matrix of hard, brown

kankary silt and resting on limestone surface
EXPLORA TIONS AND EXCA VA TIONS

The Acheulian level was excavated as two iii) The main implement types include knives,
digging units (35 to 45 cm and 45 to 55 cm levels). handaxes and cleavers but their number is limited. The
The horizon rested on limestone surface and consisted assemblage predominantly consists of cores in various
of limestone blocks of various sizes and artifacts, all stages of working, flakes and debitage pieces. It would
set in a matrix of brown kankary silt and well seem that Isampur was a local centre for the supply
cemented. It appears most likely that some amount of finished tools to nearby smaller places.
of the brown silt was already present on the
limestone surface and then the Stone Age occupation iv) The occurrence of wild cattle bones and teeth
took place. From the positions of artifacts and and tortoise shell pieces gives some hints about the
limestone pieces and their orientations, it was clear hunting-gathering activities of the Acheulian group.
that the horizon was affected by fluvial activity which
25. E XCAVATION AT BENAGUTTI, SANNATI, DISTRICT
caused intrasite reshuffling of some of the pieces
GULBARGA
and artifacts. A total of over four hundred and fifty
artifacts were found in this level. Excavation Branch-I, Nagpur, of the Survey,
under the direction of K. Veerabhadra Rao, assisted
Based upon the results of field investigations by N.C. Prakash, C. Babjirao, N.K.S. Sharma, H.J.
described above, the following observations could be Barapatre, D.K. Kasbi, S.B. Suple, S.K.
made about the Acheulian site at Isampur: Gulrandhe, S.M. Khairkar, R.G. Nagulwar, A.E.
i) The Acheulian occupation took place on the Keshwar, D.K. Kamble, Shahid Akhtar, M.M.
limestone pediment surface. The site is preserved in Dahake, M.G. Pendelwar, S.A. Raut, M.R. Kambe,
its primary context, as is clearly proved by the fresh R.G. Patil, M.Ramaiah, P.L. Junghare and P.C.
condition of the artifacts, their occurrence in flat Dhendwal conducted excavations at Benagutti
positions and lack of any orientation in their long axes mound, located to the north-west of Village Sannati
and the occurrence of artifactual material in various on the left bank of River Bhima in the Chitapur taluk,
stages of manufacture. to know the sequence of cultures and the chronology
of the Buddhist structures.
ii) Isampur is a true quarry-cum-workshop site.
Limestone served as the principal raw material. With The excavations have brought to light a single
the help of hammerstones of hard rocks like chert, culture deposit (1.05 m) of Satavahana period
basalt and quartzite, limestone blocks from the (fig. 20). It consists of a large vihara-complex
bedrock were shaped into cores and used for flake measuring 18.80 x 15.25 m enclosed by a massive
production. These flakes were in turn shaped into compound wall built of bricks, remains of which are
regular tools like knives, cleavers and handaxes. The found on the northern and southern sides (pl. 58).
lithic material including the small chips enables us to An elliptical brick structure (16.40 x 8 m) located
reconstruct the production sequence of artifacts. to the south of the vihara is worth mentioning for its
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW I

architecture (pl. 59). The structure was raised over but the extant foundation gives an idea of its
a bed of longitudinally placed schist pebbles with architecture. Above a bed of schist pebbles there are
slots running up the wall along its inner periphery at sixteen to twenty four courses of bricks upto the
regular intervals, indicating that wooden rafters were ground level. The chaitya floor was raised upto plinth
incorporated into the fabric of the wall for taking level by filling with black cotton soil to a maximum
the load of the superstructure. height of 1.36 m while on the exterior the pebble -
rubble was used to raise the ground level around the
The vihara-complex comprises eight cells
chaitya. To the west of the chaitya at a distance of
(7 x 3.4 m, 5.7 x 3.1 m, 4.6 x 2.6 m) and a large
1.3 m and below a depth of 1 m, a large brick platform
assembly hall of 10 x 8.6 m at the centre connected
measuring 3.35 x 2.65 m was also encountered. It
by a corridor of 18 x 1 m size running north-south
was damaged due to undercutting of the river bank
(pl. 60). All the cells evidently have entrances
by flood waters. In both structures, the bricks normally
connected to the corridor. The floor of the chambers
measure 47 x 36 x 7 cm,
is paved with longitudinal schist pebbles, which was
subsequently plastered with lime mortar. The floor The antiquarian remains encountered here consist
of the corridor and the main assembly hall were of a good number of sculptural fragments (pl. 61).
further covered with schist slabs. At a later date Some of them bearing inscriptions in Brahmi characters
schist slabs were also used for veneering the western of third century BC (pls. 62-63). Moulded terracotta
corridor. figurines including those of kaolin, a variety of
semiprecious beads made from chalcedony, agate,
Of the two boundary walls bordering the vihara
carnelian, crystal, faience and paste; objects of ivory
complex, the one on the northern side is in a better
and bone which include stylus, crochet needles, dice,
state of preservation, measuring 24.6 m long with a
glass bangles, terracotta plaques and copper objects
maximum width of 1.55 m. It has an entrance in the
including hairpins, antimony rods and necklace were
form of a small chamber 2.7 x 9 m with provision
found (pls. 64-67). More, than sixty coins of copper
for a door. The southern boundary wall is damaged
and lead datable to late Satavahana period were also
and the available portion measuring 21 x 1.40 m
found (pl. 68).
with a height of 20 cm. The burnt bricks of the walls
measure 46 x 24 x 7 cm and were laid above a bed The ceramic evidence retrieved from the
of longitudinal schist pebbles. These were also used excavation includes red ware of medium fabric,
for paving pathways. burnished red ware, micaceous red ware, dull grey ware
and a large variety of fine Red Polished Ware besides
The elliptical brick structure (chaityagriha)
a solitary evidence of imitation variety of Rouletted
measures 16.4 x 8 m and has a 4 m wide entrance on
Ware. The Red Polished Ware is represented by flasks
the eastern side. The superstructure is completely lost,
of different types with globular body and a long narrow
 EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

neck with or without air vent hole on the rim. Bowls Totally an area of 1500 sq m distributed in fifteen
and dishes were also found in Red Polished Ware. The trenches beyond the railing (pl.70) of the stupa has
red ware consists of vessels of various sizes in shapes been taken up for probe. The excavation has laid bare
of globular pots, carinated handis, lid-cum-bowls, remnants of many accessory structures in the form of
bowls and large storage vessels. A large number of brick-built chaityas and votive stupas outside the
conical bowls with a flat base found here was probably periphery of the railing.
used by the monks of vihara (figs. 21 to 27). The
On the southeastern side, abutting the railing
collection also includes a single piece of Northern Black
brick-built apsidal structure has been exposed. The
Polished Ware (NBPW) (pl. 69). The decorations are
apsidal structure extends upto a height of 1 m and has
made by stamping, applique and cord impression.
thirteen courses. The curvilinear profile of the apse is
Among the stamped motifs were noticed different
obtained by providing a small ledge of 1 to 1.5 cm in
varieties of triratna symbols of which a unique, highly
respect of every successive brick course. The
stylised triratna with two makara/matsya mukhas,
structure measures 6 m in length and 4.55 m in width.
floral and geometric designs is noteworthy. The applique
The full size course is moulded in the shape of
designs were mostly confined to floral and finger
adho-kumuda. The core of the structure is filled
pressed bands and cord impressions were restricted
with brickbats and earth.
to loop designs.
Excavation at the south of the western entrance
The presence of a lone sherd of NBPW and a
of the stupa has brought to light another circular brick
fragmentary inscription on a small stone trough pushed
structure built of burnt bricks. This structure has a
the date of the site to third century BC. From other
diameter of 8 m and is extant upto a height of 38 cm
fragmentary inscriptions, which were engraved in the
in four courses. The periphery of the structure has a
characters of Ikshvaku Brahmi script, it is evident
pavement to a width of 45 cm alround in rectangular
that the site was in use upto the third century AD.
limestone members. The topmost brick course is
26. EXCAVATION AT KANAGANAHALLI (SANNATI), shaped like an adho-kumuda motif. The size of the
DISTRICT GULBARGA brick is similar to the above mentioned structure.

The excavation was resumed by the Bangalore Excavation in the area north-west of the western
Circle of the Survey, in continuation of the earlier work entrance has laid bare another brick-built rectangular
(1996-97, pp. 53-55), under the direction of K.P. structure (5.15 x 4.75 m). This structure (pl. 71),
Poonacha, assisted by T.M. Keshava, M.V. extant upto a height of 1.15 m, has been veneered
Visweswara, C.S. Seshadri, Sushanta Kumar Kar, M. with moulded limestone members on the eastern face.
Kalimuthu, Somla Naik, B.K. Unnithan and Megharaj It has a chandrasila on the south. The foundation to
Hadpad has brought to light the complete layout of the all the brick structures encountered is provided with
stupa proper in its plan and elevation. rubble mixed with gravel.
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

During excavations many architectural members popular Jataka like Vidura-Pandita-Jataka,

of the stupa-like fragments of sculptured veneering Sutasoma-Jataka, Shaddanta-Jataka, Sanjiniya-
slabs, members of the railing, chhatras, pedestals, Jataka, Suka-Jataka, Vesantara Jataka, etc., are
coping members, pillars, capitals, Buddha padas, magnificently treated. They also have label inscriptions
sculpture of yaksha and four seated Buddhas were identifying tine Jataka depicted. Apart from Jatakas,
retrieved. Some of the sculptured veneering slabs which select major events from the life of the Buddha which
are in fragments when identified and joined together are vividly depicted include king Suddhodana and
reveal that they depict symbolic representations of the Maya in the royal court, birth of baby Siddhartha,
Master like the stupa models, simhasana, bodhi- mahabhinishkramana, Mara's futile attempt and
vriksha and dharmachakra, besides representations retreat, enlightenment, first sermon, division of relics
of the important monasteries as well as the naga king etc. The panels containing the portrait sculptures of
Muchilinda. These panels used for veneering the vedika important Kings of the Satavahanas like Sri Satakarni,
stands to a height of 1.20 m and have a width of 1.20 Pulumavi, Simuka besides the Mauryan emperor
m. Each panel is sculptured with a slender pilaster at Asoka (pl. 72), are of great significance. Many of
the left border which is decorated with the relief them have a label inscription below identifying the
sculptures of stupa, bodhi tree in railing, elegant personality portrayed.
sculptures of male devotees and female chauri bearers.
KERALA
Some of these sculptured panels are inscribed in
27. EXCAVATION AT BEKAL FORT AT PALLIKKARE,
Brahmi characters of first to third century AD, recording
DISTRICT KASARGOD
the donations made by a variety of persons ranging
from traders to a king, common man and a mendicant The Thrissur Circle of the Survey, under the
hailing from areas as far as Himalayas. direction of T. Satyamurthy, assisted by Krishna, T.
Samuel Joshuva, and A. Palanivel, undertook excavations
The medhi which rises over the vedika too has a at BekalFort( 12° 23'N;75°2'E) which was originally
veneering of sculptured panels having a height of 2.80 constructed during Ikkery Nayak's period (sixteenth
m and width of 1.20 m. A number of these veneering century AD)and was occupied by Hyder Ali,Tipu Sultan
slabs broken into many fragments and spread outside and later by the Britishers. There are many ancient remains
were retrieved and joined. of military and para military settlements inside the fort
and during the year under review, the western part of the
It is observed that the veneering slabs of the
inner fortification was taken up for excavation. Many
medhi are carved in three registers. The themes opted
residential houses (pl. 73) planned in grid pattern were
for sculpturing include the major and minor events
unearthed and streets running north-south and east-west
from the life of the Master, key events from the popular
were also exposed. Among the structures exposed
Jatakas and portraits of royalty. Key events of
noteworthy are the typical Nallukettu houses of anicent
EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

Kerala. All of them were having central open courtyard discovered. Among the antiquities unearthed, interesting
with side aisles and inner verandahs forming inner-living is the copper die of coin of Tipu Sultan. Pieces of gold
rooms. There were steps from the street to reach the ear-rings (pl. 75) of Tipu's period were also unearthed.
houses and the kitchen, and bathing room facilities were MADHYA PRADESH
also provided inside the houses. Significant among the
discovery is the unearthing of a mint or Huzur (pl. 74) of 28. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT BETUL
Tipu Sultan in Trench No. G 6 - G 8 (30 x 25 m). A
The Excavation Branch-I, Nagpur, of the Survey,
series of ovens on the southeastern comer of the structure
under the direction of S.K. Mitra, assisted by Nandini
shows that they were used as a furnace to mint coins.
Bhattacharya Sahu and R.K. Dwivedi, P.V.
More than one hundred and fifty copper ingots were
Janardhanan, P.S. Pashine and S.A. Raut explored
encountered in the debris mixed with charcoal. One
near Multai and discovered the following sites.
hundred coins belonging to Tipu Sultan's period were
Nature of remains
Tehsil Village/Site

Middle Palaeolithic and Mesolithic tools

Multai
Khambara (Simjhira)
(78° 12'N; 21° 49'E) Megalithic caim circles

-do- Ubhariya
(78° 09'N; 21° 48'E)

The Ubhariya megaliths (pls. 76-77) consist of 29. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT DHAR
approximately fifty cairn circles, marked by with and
The Prehistory Branch, Nagpur, of the Survey,
without boulders arranged along the periphery.
under the direction of S.B.Ota and Shivananda V.,
Amongst these, a single megalith is constructed over
assisted by Nandini Bhattacharya, K.M. Girhe,
a high raised mud platform which is rare (pls. 78-79).
N.K. Nimje, P.C. Dogra and T.B. Thapa
The Khambara, a prehistoric site is stretched on resumed exploration in the submergence area of
either side of the State Highway between Multai and Sardar Sarovar Project and r eported the
Betul to a length of approximately 2.5 km in association discovery of the following sites/mounds in the
with the geological formation of High Level Gravel. region.

Tehsil Village/Site Nature of remains

Dharampuri Balwara Middle Palaeolithic

(75° 29' 47" NS; 22° 9' 56"EW)
1 EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

Tehsil Village/Site Nature of remains

Dharampuri Beganda Chalcolithic and Medieval

(75° 31' 8" NS; 22° 11' 29" EW)

-do- Dahewa-I Medieval

(75° 31' 16"NS;22° 13'EW)

-do- Dahewa-II Middle Palaeolithic

(75° 31' 25" NS; 22° 12' 43" EW)

-do- Dharmapure Rock-cut caves of medieval period,

(22° 09' N;75°21' E) Bharavi mata mandir assignable to
eleventhth-twelfth century AD

-do- Ekalra Historical

(22° 07' N;75° 18' E)

-do- Golati Early historical

(22° 09' N;75°23' E)

-do- Hatnavar Early historical

(22° 08' N;75° 19' E)

-do- Khalghat Historical

(75° 27' 51" NS; 22° 9' 51" EW)

-do- Kothra Chalcolithic

(22° 08' N; 75° 14' E)
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY I997-98-A REVIEW

Tehsil Village/Site Nature of remains

Dharampuri Morghadi Lower Palaeolithic
(75° 28'NS; 22° 9'56' 'EW)

-do- Pagra Lower Palaeolithic

(22° 11' N;75° 19' E)

-do- Pipaldagarhi Chalcolithithic site

unknown as Ramgarh
(22° 09' N;75°25' E)

-do- Ratwa Historical

(22° 07' N;75°10' E)

-do- Tawala Early Medieval

(22° 09' N; 75° 14' E)

-do- Tawalai Khurd Medieval

(22° 09' N;75°14' E)

Maheshwar Ezampura Medieval

(75° 31' 16" NS; 22° 12' 51" EW)

-do- Jhirwi Early historical

(75°32'NS;22°12'EW)

-do- Limbadi Chalcolithic

(75° 34' 82" NS; 22° 10' 27" EW)

-do- Sahastradhara Middle Palaeolithic (pl. 80)

(75° 32' 47" NS; 22° 10' 5" EW)
EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

30. EXPLORATION AT KUTWAR, DISTRICT MORENA (Per iod I ) , PGW (Per iod I I ) and NBPW
In continuation of the last year's work (1996- (Period III).
97 pp. 64-65), the Bhopal Circle of the Survey,
under the direction of A.K. Sinha, assisted by 31. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT RAIPUR
Narayan Vyas, Manuel Joseph, O.B. Khobragade, The Excavation Branch-I. Nagpur, of the
K.K. Rai, Nitin Shrivastava and C.K. Bhanarkar Survey, under the direction of S.K. Mitra, assisted
resumed the excavations at KTR-3 and KTR-4 by Ch. Babji Rao, R.K. Dwivedi, Ghyasuddin, P.S.
besides a new site in Garhi area (KTR-5) to Pashine and T.B. Thapa, explored the region mainly
confirm the results obtained last year (1996- to ascertain the possibilities to undertake future
97) and to know the details of the settlement excavation work. In the process, the team
pattern specially during black-and-red ware discovered the following sites.

Tehsil Village/Site Nature of remains

Dhamtari Arod Group of menhirs with cairn circles (pis. 81 -
(81° 38' N; 20° 40' E) 82)

-do- Bhawarmara Group of menhirs

(81° 38'N; 20° 41'E)

-do- Lilar Early historical red ware pottery and group

(81° 39'N; 20° 40'E) of menhirs

The Bhawarmara site is located on the right Jagdish Prasad and C.K. Bhanarkar resumed the
bank of Janjhan nala and Lilar is located to the excavation work around Structure 8. The trenches
right of Nagindhar and Bhawarmara nalas were further laid beyond the monastic-complex
culminating into Mahanadi. exposed in 1996-97. It has brought to light the
remains of two different monastic-complexes. The
32. EXCAVATION AT SANCHI, DISTRICT RAISEN excavation also indicated that the structures belong
In continuation of the last year's work (1996- to atleast three different phases which may roughly
97 p. 65), the Bhopal Circle of the Survey, under the be bracketed between circa first century AD to third-
direction of A.K. Sinha assisted by Naryan Vyas, P.K. fourth century AD. Quite interestingly from one of the
Mukherjee, Rekha Radhaballabhi, R.K. Shrivastava, trenches laid on extreme south an iron helmet and a
EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

javelin were discovered from one of the cells of the Rewa on the right bank of River Tons at a distance
complex. A few Saka-Kshatrapa coins were also of 80 km north of Rewa and 10 km west of
found apart from semiprecious stone and terracotta Chakghat. The imposing mound at the site (pl. 83)
beads and wheels, iron implements, bone points etc. was explored in 1997. The exploration brought to
light NBPW sherds along with the Kushan pottery,
Digging at Structure 8 was also resumed to microliths, animal bones etc. The dimension of the
know the details. It was confirmed that the mound indicated that it would have been the
platform was raised by constructing walls on all continuous habitation for a considerable time.
the four sides of semi-dressed stones and filling
the space in-between with large sized boulders. With a view to exposing the thickness of
A few NBPW sherds were also recovered from deposit and understanding the different cultures of
the filling. the site, the Department of Ancient History, Culture
and Archaeology, University of Allahabad, planned
33. E XCAVATION AT SATDHARA, DISTRICT RAISEN to excavate the site. The excavation was conducted
In continuation of the last year's work by J.N. Pal, D.K. Shukla and M.C. Gupta, under
(1996-97 p. 65), the Bhopal Circle of the Survey the supervision of V.D. Misra, assisted by L.K.
under the direction of A.K. Sinha, assisted by Tewari, Rajendra Prasad, V.K. Khattri and Sharad
Suman. In all, four Trenches A-9, L-1, Z-5 and Z-
Narayan Vyas, P.K. Mukherjee, R.K. Shrivastava,
6 were laid out.
Ramesh Thakur, A.K. Soni, C.K. Bhanarkar and
Suneet Kumar Verma resumed the excavation Trench A-9 measuring 5 x 5 m has been
work at Satdhara around Stupa 1. The excavated upto a depth of 60 cm. It was
excavations were carried out in the west and represented by three layers. Only NBPW and
north-west of Stupa 1 to understand the details associated sherds were obtained from this trench.
of the staircases and the working levels of the The available evidence suggested that as this trench
stupa besides east of the main stupa, close to the was laid out at a lower level it yielded the basal
apsidal structures. The Stupas 2 and 3, group of deposit of the NBPW period. The overlying
stupas and apsidal temple on the south of deposit, if any, was washed away.
Monastery 3 were excavated to lay bare the buried
features of the structures. Trench L-l measuring 5 x 5 m was excavated
upto a depth of 5-20 m (pl. 84). This deposit was
34. EXCAVATION AT AMILKONI, DISTRICT REWA divisible into twenty layers and two cultures. Layers
Archaeological site of Amilkoni (25° 3' 0" 9 to 21 with a thickness of 3.53 m yielded the
N; 81 ° 40' 12 " E) is located in the revenue village sherds of NBPW, black-slipped ware, black-and-
of Amilkoni in Teonthar sub-division of District red ware and red ware. Some of the pieces of cord-
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

impressed pottery were also obtained. The types and terracotta, bone objects, animal bones etc.
included different varieties of bowls, dishes, basins, were among the other antiquities. Burnt clay lumps
medium sized vases, storage-jars, etc. A few suggesting existence of daub and wattle structures.
painted NBPW sherds were also obtained. The occurrence of iron objects as well as iron slags
Antiquities like iron/copper objects, beads from the excavation indicated that the iron tools
fashioned on semiprecious stones, and terracotta were manufactured in this area. Interestingly enough
and animal bones were also obtained. a human burial (pl. 83) was also exposed from the
lowermost horizon from the NBPW phase.
Burnt clay lumps with reed impressions
encountered at Layers 7 and 8 with a thickness of Excavation at Amilkoni thus exposed cultural
52 cm represented transitional character between level from mid NBPW phase to Kushan period.
NBPW ware and the Kushan pottery. Layers 6 to The excavation revealed that there is no break
1, with a thickness of 1.15 m, yielded typical between NBPW and Kushan period indicating
Kushan pottery. Iron/copper objects, beads thereby the continuation of NBPW phase in this
fashioned on semi-precious stones, terracotta area over a considerable length of time. Secondly,
objects and animal bones were also obtained. Brick the Kushan period at this site was characterised
floor was a characteristic feature of this period by both extensive and intensive brick structures.
(pl. 85). Brick floored rooms were also exposed in the
Kushan period at the site, the same structural
Two Trenches Z-5 and Z-6 measuring 5 x 2.5
sophistication was visible as was the case with other
m were exposed to a maximum depth of 3.91 m.
Kushan sites in the Ganga valley.
Of these two trenches, Z-5 was exposed to a depth
of 1.19 m divisible into six layers (1-6). This In the light of evidence available so far, the
deposit was characterised by Kushan pottery antiquity of human settlement at the site may be
(pl. 86), terracotta and iron objects. traced back to the fifth century BC and it continued
without interruption upto the second-third century
Trench Z-6 with a maximum deposit of 2.72
AD.
m was divisible into twelve layers. Layers 7 and 8
with a thickness of .54 m exhibited a transitional 35. EXPLORATION IN THE TONS VALLEY, DISTRICTS
character from NBPW to Kushan. Layers 9-18 REWA (M ADHYA P RADESH) AND ALLAHABAD
with a thickness of 2.18 m characterised the NBPW (UTTAR PRADESH)
deposit. From the NBPW phase sherds of NBPW, Archaeological explorations have been
black-and-red ware, black-slipped ware, plain grey
conducted by V.D. Misra, J.N. Pal, B.B. Misra,
ware and red ware were obtained. Iron/copper
U.C. Chattopadhyaya, D.K. Shukla and M.C.
objects, beads fashioned on semiprecious stones
Gupta of the Department of Ancient History, Culture
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

and Archaeology, University of Allahabad, in the the area lying between Sohagighat in the east and
Tons valley. The explored area includes Teonthar Teonthar in the west. As many as thirty-five sites
sub-division of District Rewa of Madhya Pradesh of different cultures have been explored. The
and Bara sub-division of District Allahabad of Uttar exploration brought to light several sites ranging
Pradesh. The extensive exploration was carried out from Palaeolithic to Iron Age cultures. The result
in 300 sq km area. These sites are located between of the exploration is given below:

District Sub-division Site Nature of remains

Palaeolithic sites

Rewa Teonthar Sahijawar-1 Lower Palaeolithic cleavers and scrapers

made on sandstone and quartzite

-do- -do- Sohagighat (Kharari Nala) Cleaver, flakes, scrapers fashioned mostly
on sandstone and a few on quartzite. A few
Middle Palaeolithic tools fashioned on
quartzite. An evolved handaxe was also
obtained

Mesolithic sites

Rewa Teonthar Bhageligaon Microliths made on chert, chalcedony,

agate and carnelian

-do- -do- Dandi on Sohagighat Core, core fragment, flakes, flake

fragments, (West of Talab) blade, blade
fragments fashioned on agate, chert,
chalcedony and quartz

-do- -do- Sahijawar-2 Microliths made on chert, chalcedony,

agate and carnelian, core, core fragments,
flakes, flake fragments, blades, blade
fragments and tools
I EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

District Sub-division Site Nature of remains

Rewa Teonthar Sohagi Pahar Ka Talab To the south of Sahijawar the site is
located on the hill. Fluted core, chert,
chalcedony, carnelian, quartz, cherty
material predominate

-do- -do- Tulsipurwa Microliths made on chert, chalcedony, agate

and carnelian, core, core fragments, flakes,
flake fragments, chunk, shaped tools include
retouched blades, backed-blades, etc

Neolithic sites

Rewa -do- Babupur-1 On the Kharari nala near Babupur village

the site yielded triangular neolithic celt and
Kotia type pottery

Chalcolithic sites
Rewa -do- Malpar-1 Micr oliths, black-and-red war e of
chalcolithic fabric, black-slipped ware
with incised design

NBPW culture sites

Rewa Teonthar Anjora-1 Red Ware, orange chocolate colour bowl,

dishes, storage-jars and NBPW sherds

-do- -do- Chak Early NBPW sherds

-do- -do- Deopa Chanda NBPW bowl with everted rim, associated
pottery and animal bones
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW I

District Sub-division Site Nature of remains

Rewa Teonthar Malpar-2 Black-and-red ware of chalcolithic culture,

brickbats, storage-jars, karahi of late
NBPW phase, iron slags, red ware, storage-
jars, knife-edged bowl, micr oliths,
gamesman, pottery disc, stone discs,
terracotta bangle, animal bones, potsherds
ranging from mid-NBPW to Kushan
period

-do- -do- Rajapur Early NBPW assemblage and some Kotia

type pottery, miniature vase with globular
profile

-do- -do- Subhanath NBPW sherds, post firing incised potsherds

and Kotia pottery

-do- -do- Tikuri Red ware storage-jar, lipped-bowl, basin,

medium-sized jar, black-and-red ware bowl,
NBPW sherds of dish and bowl, stone and
pottery disc, chert/chalcedony pieces, iron
slag

Kotia culture sites

Rewa Teonthar Anjora-2 Red ware, thick grey ware and Kotia type
pottery, carinated handi with multi-grooved
rim, medium-sized vases and spout

-do- -do- Babupur-2 Red ware, grey ware, bowl, medium-sized

vases and carinated handis
EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

District Sub-division Site Nature of remains

Rewa Teonthar Bagheri Kotia type pottery, red ware, grey ware
(both plain and slipped), handi, jar and basin

-do- -do- Baragaon Kotia type pottery

-do- -do- Dabaha Kotia pottery, red ware, grey ware (slipped
and plain)

-do- -do- Dih Thick grey ware, Kotia type pottery

-do- -do- Koni Kotia type pottery, thick grey ware, thick red
ware, thin grey and black-slipped ware pots

-do- -do- Koni-Baran Kotia type pottery

-do- -do- Mallahan Tola Kotia type pottery

-do- -do- Malpar-3 Medium-sized jars, carinated handis, spouted

vessels and thick red ware

-do- -do- Nastganwan Kotia type pottery

-do- -do- Panasi Beads, hammer stone/cum-muller, Kotia type

pottery
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW I

District Sub-division Site Nature of remains

Rewa Teonthar Pandari Andar Kotia type pottery, microliths, (lunate of early
phase), carinated handi, basin, medium-sized
bowl, medium-sized vases and handi in the red
ware

-do- -do- Pandiwar Kotia type pottery

-do- -do- Tonk Kotia type pottery

Allahabad Bara Itara Kotia type assemblage

-do- -do- Lonipur Kotia type pottery, carinated handi, jar in

thick grey ware and red ware

-do- -do- Naurdhia Kotia type pottery, red ware, grey ware ( both
plain and slipped), jar, handi, basin, medium-
sized vases and trough etc.

-do- -do- Singhpur Kotia type pottery, red ware, storage-jar with
wide mouth.

36. E XCAVATION AT E RAN, DISTRICT SAGAR Neolithic culture and to confirm the results of previous
excavations.
VD. Jha assisted by K.K. Tripathi and P.K. Shukla
of the Department of Ancient Indian History, Culture The result of earlier excavation was confirmed.
and Archaeology, H.S. Gour University, Sagar It has been observed that Ahar culture preceded
conducted excavation at Eran. Kayatha culture. In all, four cultural periods have been
recognised.
A Trench ERN 6 measuring 8 x 8 m was taken
on the main mound to determine the chronology of The ceramic industry of Period I (a) include
prehistoric cultures, to investigate the deposition of painted black-and-red ware, coarse black ware,
 EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

Malwa ware, grey ware, black-and-grey ware, tan different in shape and fabric from that of the
ware, white-slipped ware and a few sherds of buff proceeding period.
ware. The cultural material include terracotta bull
figurines, discs—both perforated and unperforated, Three structural phases have been encountered.
bangle and marble; beads of stone, terracotta and The houses were made of burnt brick and rammed
paste; sling ball, pestle, marble and broken bracelet, floor of clay.
blade and waste products of stone; bone points and
Arrow-head, nail, broken spear-head of iron
shell bangles.
and copper objects, punch marked coins; disc,
Two structural phases have been noticed. The marble, gamesman, earstud, toycart wheel, skin
rammed floors are made of yellow or black clay rubber, bangle, marble and bull figurine of terracotta;
mixed with potsherds and terracotta nodules. Huts pestle, quern, sling ball, miniature pot of stone; shell
were made of wattle and daub. bangles; beads of shell, stone and terracotta have
been unearthed.
Period I (b) is marked by the complete absence
of painted black-and-red-ware, white-slipped ware, The Period III bracketed between second
coarse black ware and introduction of Kayatha century AD to sixth century AD is characterised by
ware, lustrous red ware and black shining ware. It the introduction of red polished and other associated
has three structural phases. The associated wares wares. NBPW is completely absent. Three structural
are grey, Malwa, plain black-and-red and coarse phases have been noticed. Household objects of
red. terracotta, iron, stone, shell and glass have been
unearthed. The evidence of devastation by fire at
The rammed floor of black clay contains the end of this period has been met with. The site
charcoal, potsherds and bone. Pestle and querns, was abandoned by the close of sixth century AD.
beads, sling ball, marble, stopper, parallel-sided
In Period IV the site was reoccupied during
blades and waste products of stone; figurine of
the fourteenth century AD. Structures of stone and
Mother Goddess, bull, earstud, bead, bangle in
burnt bricks have been noticed. The cultural material
terracotta, shell bangle, bone point, copper rod were
of late medieval period include nail and knife of iron;
found.
bead and marble of terracotta; sling ball, quern and
The Period II ranging from 700 BC to first pestle of stone. The period came to an end by the
century AD has been marked by the introduction of close of eighteenth century AD.
iron, burnt brick structure, black burnished ware and
37. EXPLORATIONS IN DISTRICT WEST NIMAR
punch marked coin. The Malwa ware, grey ware
and chalcolithic black-and-red ware have not been Shivanand V. under the direction of S.B.Ota, of
met with. The black-and-red ware of this period is the Pre-history Branch, Nagpur, of the Survey, during
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98~A REVIEW

the course of explorations in the submergence area Khasrawad tehsils of District West Nimar discovered
of the Sardar Sarovar Project confining to Thikri and the following sites.
Tehsil Village/Site Nature of remains
Khasrawad Akbarpurapura Medieval
(22° 09'N; 75° 28'E)

-do- Auliya (22° Upper Palaeolithic and Chalcolithic

08' N; 75° 22' E)

-do- Bhoinda Late medieval

(22° 07'N; 75° 22'E)

-do- Bijgun Historical

(22° 07'N; 75° 24'E)

-do- Boargaon Historical

(22° 07' N; 75° 35' E)

-do- Chichali Chalcolithic and Early Historical

(22° 08'N; 75° 24'E)

-do- Daal Khera Medieval

(22° 09'N; 75° 32'E)

-do- Ghatwarya Chalcolithic

(22° 08' N; 75° 22' E)

-do- Jalanpura Medieval

(22° 09'N; 75° 32'E)

-do- Nagawan (22° Medieval

07'N; 75° 25'E)
EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS
Tehsil nilage/Site Nature of remains
Khasrawad Takakhal Historical
(22° 08'N; 75° 26'E)

Thikri Brahmangaon Late Medieval

(22° 07'N; 75° 17'E)

-do- Chainpura Historical

(22° 07'N; 75° 15'E)

-do- Chichli Early historical

(22° 01'N; 75° 15'E)

-do- Jarway Historical

(22° 06'N; 75° 23'E)

-do- Kheri Historical

(22° 04'N; 75° 24'E)

-do- Lehargaon (Bhagawanpura) Early historical

(22° 05'N; 75° 22'E)

-do- Nandgaon Chalcolithic site locally known as Rahad

(22° 07'N; 75° 18'E) Kot and historical site known as Boradi
Khera

-do- Parvatpura Historical

(22° 06'N; 75° 21'E)

-do- Vishwanath Khera Late medieval

(22° 07' N; 75° 16' E)

The Prehistory Branch, Nagpur, of the Survey sites to ascertain the potentiality for undertaking large-
under S.K. Mittra, assisted by R.K. Dwivedi, N.K. scale excavation work for the 1998-99 field season.
Nimje, P.S. Pashine and A.P. Gadekar revisited the In the process, the team explored the sites of Kathora,
EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

Kirmohi, Pichauri, Dehdala, Taluq Barwani, assisted by Manoj Saxena, Goutam Haldar, Giridhari
Ghatwarya and Chichali, Taluq Khasravad on the left Gaekwad, M. Kasturi Bai, Necholas Perchard and
bank of River Narmada. Lindsay Lolyd-Smith. During this season the
excavation was undertaken within the protected area
This exploration has yielded very important
designated as Trench A where early medieval brick
surface finds at Chichali, Ghatwarya and Pichauri.
temples were uncovered by Sayed Yusuf in 1937.
The Chichali finds consist of handaxes (fig. 28; pls.
However, he could not document and study these
88-89), fragment of legged-quer n bearing
temples in detail, hence the present task was carried
Mauryan polish, microliths (fig. 29; pl. 90).
out to unravel their importance in the field of
Besides, a good number of painted sherds have
architecture, chronology and history. Originally the
been collected which consist of black-on-red
Yusuf s trench measured 30 sq m but the present dig
ware, black-on-buff ware, black-on-dull red ware
was confined to 15 x 17 m sounding. In fact, it is not
and white painted black-and-red ware (figs. 30-
clear whether Yusuf had fully recorded the temples,
32; pl. 91). The total ceramic assemblage relates
which being brick-built and having been exposed to
to Malwa ware. The thick and sturdy fabric in the elements for more than sixty years, were beginning
some cases closely resembles the late Harappan to show signs of erosion. The work has enabled to
ceramic industry. put together a detailed phasing of the structures which
should be supplemented by some absolute dating
At Pichauri the presence of thick, sturdy and well
evidence once the pottery and coins are studied.
levigated deep red ware fabric with black painted
broad bands, strongly suggests a late Harappan
In addition to the work on the brick temples, a
ceramic affinity and a couple of terracotta objects
small 3 x 3 test sounding was undertaken in the area
were also found (pl. 92).
to the south, S. Yusufs main trench (Trench A). The
One of the important finds is from Ghatwarya, aim of this is to establish the southern limits of the
which has yielded a broken ground and polished early historic urban area between Trench A and the

neolithic celt, fashioned on basalt (fig. 33; pl. 93). trenches at the extreme southern end of the site.

MAHARASHTRA Trench A comprised the northern and southern

temples (fig. 34; pl. 94) discovered by Sayed Yusaf
38. EXCAVATION IN PAITHAN, DISTRICT AURANGABAD
in his 1937 excavations where work of cleaning and
In continuation of the last year's work (1996- recording was taken up.
97, p. 70), excavation was resumed under the
collaboration of Mini Circle, Goa, of the Survey and The north temple consists of a square sanctum
the Society for South Asian Studies, U.K. The work with a rectangular mandapa attached to the eastern
was directed by J.V.P. Rao and Derek Kennet side. Within the mandapa is another wall attached
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

to the sanctum and forming a narrow ambulatory Phase III repr esents the addition of a
between itself and the other mandapa wall. The mandapa to the east of the shrine defined by the
temple is oriented in east-west direction and the addition of 1.12 m thick outer wall to the east and
maximum dimension is 11.3 m east-west and 7.64 enclosing an area 7.54 m north-south and about 8
m north-south. m east-west. The wall is constructed of two outer
faces of bricks with a core of brickbats and lumpy
The northern temple, constructed of bricks and
silt. The bricks of the lowest courses, which can
mud mortar, can be divided into five distinct structural
reliably be assigned to the original construction,
phases with two sub-phases in the fourth phase.
measure 4 x 25 x 6.5 cm. They are a slightly
The earliest phase which is represented by a powdery orange red and the joint is of fine silt.
small square structure measuring 2.08 x 2.04 m on
the exterior and 1.06 x 1.10 m in the interior is A section of adhishthana moulding (24 cm)
possibly opened to the west. The extant height of is preserved on southern face of the sanctum. The
the shrine measures 1.12m having fifteen courses of moulding is very similar to the better preserved
brick and width of the wall being in-between 45 cm moulding of the first phase of the south temple. It
and 54 cm. The size of the brick includes 40 x 25 x consists of one-course urdhva-padma, one-course
7 cm and occasionally brick measuring 33 x 25 x kantha and a three-course vrtha kumada. A small
7 cm were also used. Robber's pit exposes the lower section of the urdhva-padma is also preserved on
courses on the northern side where a recess of two the west face of the surviving stump of mandapa
thick bricks was noticed which perhaps represents wall, which is a later addition to the wall. It seems
the kantha of adhishthana. ~ most likely that a similar moulding ran right around
the outer face of the wall.
During the phase II, a thick wall with triratha
pattern was built around the earlier shrine, which An antarala was added by raising the floor
measures 4.2 m across. The size of the brick is same level with black cotton soil supported by a line of
as in phase I, although different sizes were used in the brick veneering which is regarded as sub-phase of
upper courses indicating repairs. Using the earlier wall phase IV. During sub-phase IV b, the mandapa
as inner face of the triratha, the outer face was was reduced in size by the addition of inner wall in
constructed of orange red brick of the same size of rhomboidal shape which facilitates a sort of
phase I. The space between the two faces measures ambulatory in-between the main mandapa wall and
between 73 and 81 cm wide and is filled with a itself. Most importantly the bricks of this wall are
hearting of roughly coursed brick bats in a silt matrix. larger in size and hence useful in tying the phasing
There is no indication of roofing on the structure. of the north temple with the phasing of the south
Therefore, it continued to be a free standing structure. temple.

128
EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

There was extensive robbing activity towards found in the seams of basaltic deposit comprising
the north of the temple because of the missing north handaxes, cleavers, choppers, scrapers etc., mostly
mandapa wall. belong to Late Acheulian period. The Middle Stone
Age tool kit comprises smaller handaxes, points,
The southern temple consists of a rectangular
cleavers, scrapers etc., is mostly on quartzitic
sanctum and r ectangular mandapa having
material. Majority of the tools of these periods are
adhishthana moulding from bottom to top, upana,
digging and cutting tools, pointing to the fact that
urthva padma, champfered kantha and kumuda
the Early Man at Mansar was predominantly
on the exterior wall portion. The size of the brick
dependent on vegetarian food rather than on
used is 43 x 25 x 6.5 cm same as in sub-phase
hunting. The Late Stone Age tools comprise both
IV b of north temple. There are also sub-phases
geometric and non-geometric ones, shaped out of
identified in this temple which includes eastern
crystalline material such as quartz, chert, chalcedony
extension of mandapa, and subsequent repairs to
and agate. These comprise triangles, points,
the walls of mandapa and to the eastern entrance.
trapeze, lunates, borers, burins, etc. In the hillocks
few rock-shelters and caves have been noticed
Basing on the architectural features like
which were probably used by the Early Man of
adhishthana mouldings, sizes of bricks, a tentative
Mansar.
date is suggested to these temples from circa fifth
to eighth-ninth century AD. Along the bank of the present Mansar lake, a
few megalithic cairn circles have also been noticed.
39. E XCAVATION AT M ANSAR, DISTRICT N AGPUR

Exploration and excavation at Mansar (21 ° 24' Digging in the eastern peripheral and the central
N; 79° 17' E) were carried out under the supervision areas of MNS-3 gave the evidence that the early
of Bodhisattva Nagarjun Smarak Sanstha Va settlers of the area of the historical period decided
Anusandhan Kendra, Nagpur, directed by Jagat Pati to build a stupa following the natural contour of the
Joshi and A.K. Sharma, assisted by Julfiquar Ali, hill (pl. 95). The early stupa found in the central area
Archana Dubey Asthana, P.M. Khobragade and was having four to five courses of brick 48 x 25 x 8
J.S. Dubey in the area locally known as Hidamba cm in size. This earliest stupa was having a diameter
Tekdi which has been now designated as MNS-3. of 14 m. Not much could be said about its

The hill is basically made of granite flow of lava. superstructure as its three sides were superimposed
with massive later structures which could not be
The explorations in the area have yielded stone removed. This stupa was later enlarged by using
tools right from Early Stone Age to Late Stone Age. bricks of the size 42 x 22 x 7 cm. It was increased
The Early Stone Age tools which have been shaped by making brick boxes filled with earth and small
out of quartzitic sandstone and crystalline quartz, boulders, a technique of building stupa also excavated
EXPLORA TIONS AND EXCA VA T1ONS

at Pauni near the knee region of the figure on his right side
. The present available height thus achieved was 2 m with an iron snake kept near his left toe looking
in the peripheral area and 3.6 m in the central area of towards the human figure. Contemporary to this
the stupa boxes. It has a pradakshinapatha around Purushamedha, was a simple stone temple with a
it and a rectangular projection is also available in the mandapa and a garbhagriha on the western side
eastern side. This stupa has been given support on the of the mound. Adjoining the kurmachiti in the
eastern side with a stone-rubble revetment having southern side there is a stone staircase comprising
8 to 9 courses of boulders. A fragment of a eight steps leading towards a small havana kunda,
soapstone relic-casket along with a lid fragment has a lime kiln and a square shrine made of bricks which
also been recovered from the peripheral area of this apparently appears to have been a Saiva shrine as
stupa. On the northeastern side there is another brick there is a hole for outlet of water. Stratigraphically,
structure which has been badly damaged. it appears that the sacrifice was made at the end of
the Satavahana period and the beginning of the
On the northeastern side of the central area Vakataka period. A whitish layer seals the sacrificial
an oval chaitya built in two phases having a altars and other associated structures.
pedestal on the northern side and an entrance on
the western side was exposed. It is 8 m long in the During this period, in the eastern side of the
north-south and 5.50 m in width in east-west. mound, a magnificent temple with a plinth of
dressed sandstone blocks and supersturcture of
After an accumulation of 1.25 m deposit, at bricks was built on the top by the Vakatakas. This
the end of the Satavahana period and the beginning temple with two phases of construction has yielded
of the Vakataka period, two sacrificial altars, one many fragmentary sculptures having impressive
in the shape of a syenachiti and the other a kurma head dresses and bedecked with jewellery. These
chiti, made of bricks have been exposed. The are in the best traditions of the Vakataka art.
syenachiti which is in the north was made after
smashing the cross walls of the boxes of the earlier Besides, a coin of Western Kshatarpa king

stupa which has gone out of use by that time making showing Swami Rudrasena Ill's bust on the obverse

the ground levelled. and on the reverse a chaitya with inscriptions

reading Maha Kshatrapasa Swami Rudradaman
In the syenachiti figure of a Purusha made Putasa Raja Maha Kshatrapa Swami Rudrasena
of lime has been found sacrificed with his head 21 Saka (AD 348-378) was discover ed.
smashed. The head of the figure is oriented towards Sculptured and architectural fragments on white
west wher eas the legs are put towards east stone, rough grained sandstone and fine grained
(pl. 96). A vedi in the chest portion with a hole for rose coloured sandstone, were also recovered from
fixing ayashti over it was made and a lamp was dig (pl. 97).
found kept nearby. Two pots have also been kept
 EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

During this period, after the Vakataka activities north of Imphal was carried out under the supervision
ceased, particularly keeping in view the of S. Bheigy Singh and K. Indrani Devi assisted by
commanding position of the hill, the Buddhists K. Dinamani Singh, N. Ibomcha Singh, K. Gunindro
finally built a stupa having twenty-four brick-built Singh and Kh. Renubala Devi.
boxes with a central box, all filled with rubble and
stone. It is having a diameter of 18 m and steps on The site is located on the fringe of Luwangching
the eastern side. This large stupa was built at the hill, about 24.384 m high from the foothill. It is a
top and remained in existence till the end of the secondary pot burial site.
seventh century AD. This stupa was also associated
with an oval chaitya on the southeastern side which A trench measuring 4.5 x 4.5 m was laid out

was built over an earlier chaitya. Again on the and excavated upto the depth of 1.15 m. The

eastern side a large impressive staircase has been excavation revealed two phases of pot burial layers.

exposed for approaching structures built in different The depth of the first phase is 0.77 m with twelve pot

periods with its length and height increased through burials and the depth of the second phase is 0.38 m

the centuries. The staircase also shows the evidence showing six pot burials.

of the use of temple material in the stage of its

In most of the burials three or four jars in the
renovation and enlargement during the time of the
sequence of the smaller ones being kept inside the bigger
last stupa. Thus the Hidamba Tikdi at Mansar gives
ones are interned inside a big jar. The innermost jar of
the succession of culture from circa 200 BC to
each burial is entered with charred bones and charcoal.
AD 700. This period has yielded a copper coin of
Ornaments such as finger rings, bangles, anklets, armlets
Vishnukundin dynasty and belongs to King
of bronze are encountered in some of the burials along
Mahendra Verman of fifth century AD.
with the charred bones. The innermost jar is again
Other finds of the season's dig include large, covered by either inverted ring, footed bowls or bowls
number of iron objects, glass pendants and as lids. Most of the jars are slightly elongated. Every
terracottas from all the periods. A copper coin of burial has either a vase or long and narrow globular jar
Bahmani king of fourteenth century has also been or spouted jar as associated pottery. Almost all the
found from the top layers. pots are broken except a few smaller ones. Other finds
include implements like spear-head and knives of iron.
MANIPUR Among the antiquities the discovery of one mini bamboo
basket is most interesting. It has 9 cm diameter and
40. E XCAVATION AT K HAMARAN , K HANIRAN ,
6.5 cm in height.
DISTRICT IMPHAL
The excavation at Khamaran village (24°52' N; Pottery comprised orange-red in colour. But a
93°53' E) situated at a distance of 12 kms to the vase and a spouted jar of dark grey colour were also
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

discovered. The jars are decorated with both stamped about 9.144 m high from the foothill was discovered.
and incised designs. The antiquities collected from the site include globular
jars, vase, bronze rings, etc.
41. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT IMPHAL

K. Indrani Devi and K. Dinamani Singh of the ORISSA

Department of Archaeology, Government of
42. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT CUTTACK
Manipur explored Koirengoi (24°53' N; 93°55' E)
and Kouturk (24° 53' N; 93° 55' E) villages. A In the course of exploration on the right bank of
stone inscription was discovered on the left bank of the River Mahanadi in the Banki tehsil of District
Imphal river. The texture of the inscribed stone is of Cuttack, reconnaissance survey work was carried out
medium fine sandstone having the size of 79 cm in by P.K. Dikhit, G.L. Katade, S.K. Dey, B.B. Badamali
height, 17 cm in thickness, 41 cm in breadth on the and R.N. Sahoo of the Excavation Branch-IV,
lower portion and 31 cm on the upper portion. The Bhubaneswar, of the Survey, under the direction of
inscription consists of eighteen lines in Bengali script. Bimal Bandyopadhyay and A.K. Patel. The following
A secondary urn burial site on the fringe of a hill, archaeological remains were brought to light.

Village Nature of remains

Site

Banara Subudhesvara Temple Complex Unidentified mutilated stone sculptures

20°25'08"N; 85°45- 17"E

Bidyadharpur Site near Godisahi Railway crossing Small caves on laterite rock
20° 27'30" N; 85° 48'05" E

Charigharia Godatala Mound having grey ware and red ware of

20° 25' 40 " N; 85° 41' 36 " E medieval period

Danaparha Garh Jagannath Mundia Remains of a medieval fort, having grey

(Danpada) 20° 23' 14" N; 85° 37' 10" E ware and sculptures of Ganesa, Karttikeya
and Parvati in temple-complex

Gayal Banka Site near Pata (lake) Mound having grey ware and dull red ware
(Jaria soni Thakurani) of medieval period
20°25'09" N; 85°42'00" E
EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

Village Site Nature of remains

Gayal Banka Pathara Chakada Post-holes in series on rock surface probably

20° 25' 09 " N; 85° 42' 00 " E of seasonal camp of medieval period

Ghasiputa KakudiPadia Mound badly disturbed by flood, yielding

(Jat Mundia) 20° 24' 40 " N; 85° 37' 29 " E red ware and grey ware of medieval period

Indumati Patana Site near Bada pata Mound having grey ware and dull red ware
(Near Chandi Mandir) of medieval period
2 0 ° 2 4 ' 0 9 "N ; 8 5 °3 7 ' 3 0 "E

-do- Banapadia Rock-cut well, mound having grey ware of

20° 24' 09" N; 85° 37' 30" E. late medieval period

-do- Chandi Mandir (Modern temple) Unidentified stone sculpture, most probably
20° 24' 09" N; 85° 37' 30" E. of a king sitting on a throne

Kain Mundi Dihamala Mound having grey ware and red ware of
20° 26' 04" N; 85° 41' 03" E medieval period

-do- Haladibari Medieval habitational site yielding grey and

20° 26' 04" N; 85° 41' 03" E dull red ware

-do- Site near Indira Prathamika Vidyalaya Mound having grey ware and red ware of
20° 26' 04" N; 85° 41' 03" E medieval period

-do- Sijumula Mound having grey ware and red ware of

20° 26' 04" N; 85° 41' 03" E. medieval period
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

Village Site Nature of remains

Kushapangi Dhanaghara Mundia Post-holes in series on rock surface of medieval

(Tangara Sahipada) 20° 25' 09" N; 85° 38' 10" E. period

Muraripur Puruna Dhipa Mound, badly disturbed by flood, yielding red

20° 26' 42" N; 85° 38' 00" E. ware and grey ware of medieval period

Padmapur Padmapur Jaina sculpture and female figures

20° 26'47" N; 85° 49'03" E.

Pathapur Mangala Diha Disturbed mound yielding red ware and grey
20° 26' 32" N; 85° 39' 24" E. ware of medieval period

Pathapur Pandava Khara Rock-shelter, later converted into cave with

(Amarendrapur) 20° 26' 32 " N; 85° 39' 24 " E. modern paintings

Ratagarh Jateswara temple Ruined temple with sculpture of Varaha,

Parvati
20° 26' 21" N; 85° 49' 00" E. and Ganesa

Ratagarh Sikhareswar temple Ruined temple with sculpture of Siva

20° 26' 21 "N; 85° 49' 00" E.

Upara Pathapur Hadua A reservoir with five bounds of medieval period

20° 26'03" N; 85° 39'00" E.

43. EXCAVATION AT UDAYGIRI, DISTRICT JAJPUR Buddhist site with an aim to lay bare the complete plan
of the monastery and to know the cultural sequence of
The Excavation Branch-IV, Bhubaneswar, of the
the site.
Survey, under the direction of Bimal Bandyopadhyay
and A.K. Patel assisted by P.K. Dikhit, G.L. Katade, Udaygiri (20° 38' 45" N; 86° 16' 25" E) is
S.K. Dey, S.K. Kunthia, B.B. Badamali, R.N. Sahoo situated 102 km north-east from Bhubaneswar in a
and S.K. Bhoi carried out excavation at Udaygiri-2, a valley surrounded by Assia Hills on the west, south,

I36
I EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

south-east and north and open land in the east reaching 10 m each in grid pattern. The mound selected for
the bank of the river Bada Genguti (Birupa). The excavation has elevated peripheral surface with deep
horse-shoe shaped valley is vertically divided into two depression in the centre suggesting remains of
halves by a spur. Both halves have rich archaeological monastery.
remains of the Buddhist era (pl. 98). The northern
Totally, ten trenches numbering A4, A5, XA6,
half of the valley had been excavated from 1985-86
XB2, XB4, XB5, XB6, XC4, XC5 and XC6 were
to 1989-90 which had brought to light remains of a
undertaken for excavation. Four trenches, viz., XB2,
huge monastic-complex protected by a large
XC4, XB6 and A4 were excavated to ascertain the
enclosure wall, a seven metre high stupa having images
outer walls of the monastery on north, west, south
of four dhyani Buddhas in the niches on all four
and east respectively. One quadrant each of these
cardinal directions. Besides the Buddha images,
trenches were exposed upto natural soil level. Trenches
sculptures of Tara, Avalokitesvara, Maitreya,
XB5, XB4 and one quadrant of XA5 were dug upto
Aparajita, Vasudhara, Jambhala and Hariri were also
the floor level in order to expose sanctum sanctorum,
recovered. Among other antiquities, a good number
courtyard, passage verandah and one cell respectively.
of seals and sealings were found which read as Shri
Deposit outside the monastery has two layers in
Madhavapura Mahavihara Arya Bhikshu
general; the first layer is of collapsed debris of the
Samghasya identifying the ancient site of Udaygiri as
monastery while the second one is depositional
"Madhavapura Mahavihara". The Buddhist
affected by the erosion due to slope of the hill. The
establishment here can be datable between c. eigth-
layer is resting upon the natural soil (pl. 100).
ninth century and twelfth-thirteenth century AD.
The excavation conducted so far has partly laid
After a gap of eight years, a team of the
bare an impressive brick-built monastic-complex
Excavation Branch IV thoroughly surveyed the
datable to the eigth century AD. The excavated
adjoining area. As a result, in the southeastern half of
remains suggest that it is square on plan measuring 30
the valley, an isolated area on the hill slope bearing
x 30 m. The outer face of the southern side wall has
antiquarian remains was identified and named as
been cut into projections giving an impression like
Udaygiri-2. This is located at a distance of about
pancharatha; the first projection at 9 m, the second
400 m in south-east direction of the earlier excavated
at 3 m and the length of the third is 3.6 m.
monastery. The archaeological remains are spread in
an area of about 400 x 300 m on the hill slope with a It has already been stated that the monastery is
total deposit of 5 m (pl. 99). Intensive study of surface located on the hill slope, the slope, being from west
features suggested that large monastery, stupa, chaitya to east. The excavation has revealed that the
and other structures are lying buried under this elevated monastery was directly erected over the slopy surface.
ground. The area was covered with thick vegetation. The surface was cut on the west, north-west and
After cleaning, the area was divided into squares of southern sides while on the eastern side; the outer
EXPLORA TIONS AND EXCA VATIONS

wall was made high to maintain the required level inside over the debris at the entrance of the upper sanctum.
the monastery. The outer wall on the east has sixteen Besides, a large number of architectural members of
small offsets at the base in order to protect outward the entrance of the upper sanctum sanctorum were
thrust of the inner filling. Here, the application of offsets removed from the debris inside the pradakshina
increased the thickness of the base by 0.5 m. patha.

The shrine chamber is located in the centre on Surface indications suggest that the monastery
the southern side measuring 3.75 x 2.75 m which (pl. 103) has cells on all the four sides. One cell lying
contains colossal seated image of Buddha in on the right side of the sanctum sanctorum was
bhumisparsha-mudra measuring 2.60 m in height completely exposed upto its floor level. The cell
with pedestal. The pedestal is resting on the stone measures 2.90 x 2.75 m and has partly survived brick
paving. Two door jambs are standing in-situ at the flooring. The cell has only an arched entrance and an
entrance of the sanctum whereas the lintel is collapsed ar ched window. T he window measur ing
over the debris inside the sanctum. The walls of the 2.00 x 1.4 m was closed during the later phase.
sanctum are 1.5 m thick. One of the most outstanding Entrances of the other three cells lying on the left side
features is provision of an ambulatory path of the sanctum were completely exposed. The door
pradakshinapatha measuring 1.4 m in width around jamb and lintels are in good state of preservation. Each
the sanctum sanctorum (pl. 101). On the back side entrance measures 1.5 x 0.7 m. A passage verandah
wall of' the pradakshinapatha, two arched windows of 2.4 m width running in front of the sanctorum and
were provided on either side for fresh air and light, the cells on the left side of sanctum was completely
but later on, these windows were closed. The walls exposed. An arched window is provided at the rear
separating pradakshinapatha and the cells are end of the passage verandah. The passage verandah
2.15 m thick. on the left side of the sanctum has a lime pit measuring
4.5 x 2.5 m belonging to a later phase. This pit was
The southern back side wall is projected divided into vertical halves by a 35 cm thick brick
southward to accommodate the upper sanctum wall. A stone paved courtyard is provided in the centre
sanctorum. The upper sanctum is directly erected on of the monastery. Stone slabs of various sizes are used
the southern outer wall, forming a shrine chamber of for paving the courtyard.
2 x 2 m and is also provided with stone pedestal
(pl. 102). Originally, the floor of the chamber was Some stray finds of structural activities in the
paved with stones but later on, it was coated with form of some irregularly laid brick walls were noticed
brick jelly. Patches of lime-plaster were also noticed during the excavation. These activities were found
over the brick jelly. A small drain is also provided in above the collapsed debris of the monastery. Thus,
the southeastern corner of the chamber, which opens these structures can be assignable to Period II. The
outside the outer wall. A votive stupa was found lying excavation has revealed two phases of structural
 INDIANARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

activities during Period I. The double-storeyed Dharini mantra are noteworthy (pl. 106). Two
monastery in the original form belongs to Period IA. fragmentary inscriptions have also been retrieved. Out
During the Period IB, the stone-paved floor of the of these, one inscription is inscribed on both the sides.
upper shrine chamber was covered with thick coat Animal figurines, iron objects, beads, skin rubber, dice,
of brick jelly, the windows were closed and the etc. are other finds.
heights of the entrances of the cell doors were also
The monastery may be datable to c. eight
decreased by putting brick masonry.
century AD and continued upto the twelfth
The monastery is built up of finely joint cut century AD.
bricks in mud mortar. The brick sizes are 36 x 24 x
44. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT SAMBALPUR
8 cm, 34 x 24 x 7 cm and 36 x 26 x 7 cm etc. The
upper storey of the monastery was perhaps built over During the course of exploration in District
wooden beams and rafters. Provision of an offset at Sambalpur by A.K. Bhargava, S.K. Bhoi and R.N.
an equal height throughout inner side of the Sahoo of the Excavation Branch-IV, Bhubaneswar,
monastery suggested wooden beams being kept over of the Survey, under the direction of A.K. Patel,
it. The offset has stone slab at the top throughout to encountered a medieval site at Bamragarh (21 °40'
bear the load of the beams. 40" N; 84°27' 41" E). The site has been identified
as the capital of old Bamanda State. The site has
Pottery of the Period I can be divided into two yielded terracotta human and animal figurines and a
phases. Pottery include mainly two wares, i.e., grey broken stone sculpture probably of Ganesa.
ware and red ware. Early phase is dominated by
45. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT SUNDERGARH
red ware and the main shapes are jar, small vases,
bowls, crude type of sprinklers, miniature pots, In the course of the survey of Hemgir hills
lamps, etc., whereas the later phase is dominated carried out by A.K. Bhargava, S.K. Bhoi and R.N.
by grey ware with the main shapes being jar, handi, Sahoo of the Excavation Branch-IV, Bhubaneswar,
dish, bowl and basins. of the Survey, under the direction of A.K. Patel,
rock-shelters with paintings were noticed near
Among the important finds, stone sculptures of Brahmani Gumpha, Chhengapahar and Phuldungri.
Buddha in bhumisparsha-mudra and dhyana-mudra The rock-shelters bear paintings mostly in ochre
are important (pl. 104). Behind the sculpture of Buddha colour with occasional use of white pigments. The
in dhyana-mudra, a Buddhist creed, "Ye Dharma paintings are of both animal and human figures
Hetu Prabhava..." has been written in late Brahmi comparable to the mesolithic paintings of Central
script and in Sanskrit language. Among others, one India. In the rock-shelters near Bramai Gumpha,
sculptures of Tara, (pl. 105). Manjusri, Avalokitesvara, microliths associated with pottery were also
Jatamukuta Lokesvara and terracotta sealings with recovered.
EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

RAJASTHAN nature of sequence and to correlate the stratigraphic

position of the site.
46. EXCAVATION AT L ACHHORA, D ISTRICT
BHILWARA 47. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT JHUNJHUNU
In the course of village-to-village survey, B.R.
The Jaipur Circle of the Survey, under the
Singh of the Jaipur Circle of the Survey, noticed the
direction of B.R. Meena, assisted by Kanwar Singh,
following remains of archaeological interest in District
B.R. Singh, took a trial-trench to know the exact
and tehsil Jhunjhunu.
Village/Site
Nature of remains
Churela
Late medieval ruined haveli
28° 10'05" N; 75° 15'05" E.

Jit-ki-Dhani Fortress of medieval period

28° 10'05" N; 75° 19'07"E.

Marigsar 28° 07'00" Fortress of medieval period

N; 75° 19'05"E.

Rizani Grave of late medieval period

28° 09'07" N; 75° 18'06"E.

48. EXCAVATION AT BALATHAL, DISTRICT UDAIPUR Balaram Tripathy, Niranjan Kulkami, Swayam Panda
and Bhushan Ratanjankar, M.D. Kajale, P.K. Thomas,
The fifth season's excavation at Balathal (1995-
P.P. Joglekar, Arti Deshpande and A. Kshirsagar who
96, pp.64-70 and 1996-97, pp. 90-100) was begun
participated in the excavation for specialist studies.
by V.N. Misra, Vasant Shindeand R.K. Mohanty of
M.A. and M. Phil students of the Department of
the Deccan College Post-graduate and Research
Archaeology, Deccan College and Diploma students
Institute, Pune and Lalit Pandey and Jeewan Kharakwal
of the Institute of Rajasthan Studies, Kajal Shah of the
of the Institute of Rajasthan Studies, Rajasthan
Department of Archaeology, M.S. University, Baroda,
Vidyapeeth, Udaipur, in the third week of November
Sherna, Lorraine and Tinaz, of St. Xavier's College,
1997 and continued till the middle of February, 1998.
Mumbai participated as trainees.
The excavators were assisted by B.B. Dighe, D.
Karanjkar, S.A. Pradhan and D.D. Phule, B. The aims of this season's work were to further
Waghmode, Sunil Jadhav and Ravi Dhamapurkar, uncover the plan, and inner and outer faces of the
 INDIANARCHAEOLOGY1997-98-A REVIEW I

fortified enclosure, discovered and partially exposed characterised by coarse and hand-made plain and
in the central part of the mound, during previous painted pottery, circular mud structures and occasional
seasons; to determine the probable function of this presence of semiprecious stone beads, copper
structure; to trace the outer fortification wall of the fragments, and total absence of stone blades.
settlement and determine its nature and age; and to
find out the relationship between the outer Phase B (c. 2400-1800 BC) heralds a significant
fortification wall and the structures found inside it. and sudden change in domestic and defence
architecture and material culture and, by implication,
Thirty-eight trenches, each measuring 5 x 5 m in the life-style of the inhabitants. The coarse and
and covering a total area of 600 sq m were opened hand-made pottery of phase A become gradually
on the eastern part of the mound. Trenches A2, refined into fine, wheel-made pottery. Other features
A3, A4 and A5 and parts of Trenches A6, A7, of this phase are strong defences in the form of an
A8, 0A4, 0A5, 0A6, 0A7, 0A8, BX1, F, Fl, F7, outer fortification wall-complex; stone and mud-brick
G, G1, G6, G7, H, H6 and H7 were excavated to residential structures, craft specialisation represented
uncover the plan of the fortified enclosure. Trenches by technologically superior and diverse ceramics and
C3 (northern half), D3, E3 and F3 were excavated a variety of copper implements; and sudden increase
to determine the probable function of the enclosure. in material culture. Four structural phases have been
Trenches A13, 0A13 and OB 13 were excavated found in this phase. In structural phase I, two parallel
to trace the outer fortification wall. The northern stone walls, running in a roughly east-west direction,
half of Trenches D7, D8, D9, D10, Dll and were exposed in the northwestern quadrant of Trench
northwestern quadrant of Trench D12 were D12. They could not be traced eastward because of
excavated to relate the outer fortification wall with the presence of the outer fortification wall of structural
the inner structures (fig. 35). phase II in this quadrant. The walls, 1.60 m apart and
with an average width of 75 cm, have well made faces
The Chalcolithic period at Balathal has been sub-
on both sides. They have been exposed to a length of
divided into two phases, namely A and B, on the basis
of stratigraphy, architecture and material culture. 2.0 m and have survived to a height of 70 cm.

Remains of phase A (c. 2800-2400 BC) have been

The entire plan of the fortified enclosure of
found in the 90 cm thick deposit at the base of the
structural phase II, partially exposed during previous
mound. Trial-trenches at different locations have
seasons, has been made clear from sondages taken
confirmed that the earlier phase is present almost all
at regular intervals along the possible alignment of the
over the site, except in the southern part. Digging down
structure (pl. 107). The inner and outer faces of the
to the natural level in the northwestern quadrant of
walls, on all the four sides, are made of stones whereas
D12 revealed the presence of phase A right upto the
the core is composed of mud, complete and broken
eastern margin of the habitation. This phase is
mud-bricks, interspersed with stones, all rammed
EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

hard. The northern wall, which runs straight in the east- length of 9.50 m. The same wall again turns to the
west direction, has survived to a height of 2.80 m. Its east and, at a distance of 2.70 m, projects slightly to
length along the inner face is 31.40 m and along the the south and runs straight eastward and joins its
outer face is 38.35 m. The average width of this wall southeastern corner at a distance of 16.10 m. The
on the top is 4.30 m. A prominent bastion was noticed inner face of the wall behaves slightly differently from
on the northeastern corner of this wall. It is rectangular its outer face. From the southwestern corner the wall
on plan, measuring 5.50 m (east-west) in length and runs straight in the east-west direction for a length
3.30 m (north-south) in width. In the northwestern of 15.0 m and then turns south. At a distance of
corner, such a bastion is conspicuously absent. 8.80 m the wall turns to the east and runs in a roughly
However, a small, roughly squarish chamber was north-east south-west direction for a length of 14.30
found within the stone revetments of the wall near the m and joins the southeastern corner of the structure.
northewestern corner. A 2.0 m wide gap in the inner Some portion of the inner face near the southeastern
face of the wall, 1.60 m to the east of the northwestern corner has been damaged possibly due to late
corner, possibly represents an entrance to this disturbance. The width of the southern wall varies
chamber which may be identified as a guard room. from 4.85 m near the southwestern corner to 5.20
m near turning to the south.
The western wall of the enclosure, running in a
north-south direction, is the shortest. It is 16.0 m Inside the fortified enclosure a human skeleton
long along its inner face and 27.40 m long along the was found at a depth of 2.70 m in Trench E3 (pl. 108).
outer face. Its average width on the top is 3.75 m. It was dumped in burnt cow-dung in a crouching
The eastern wall, running in a broadly north-west position in north-south direction with head towards the
south-east direction, has a length of 26.70 m along south. A number of small flattish stones were found
the inner face and 37.65 along the outer face. In its around the body. Most probably the person was killed,
inner face a gap of 1.65 m, noticed in the 1994-95 as large battering marks on his head would suggest,
season, at a distance of 7.0 m from the southeastern and thrown inside the cow-dung deposit. A well made
corner, was thought to be an entrance. However, floor was exposed inside the fortified enclosure in
digging in this season has made it clear that the gap Trenches C3, D3, E3 and F3. The floor of yellow silt
represents not an entrance but a later damage to the is laid over thick bedding made of black clay with
wall. The width of this wall on top is 6.80 m in the occasional stones in it. This floor, however, does not
centre. Compared to this the other three walls are give any clue to the function of the structure.
thin (average width 4.80 m) on the top. The southern
wall of the structure behaves differently from the One of the most important contributions of this
other walls. Its outer face, from the southwestern year's excavation is the discovery of the outer
corner, runs towards east for a length of 16.45 m fortification wall (pl. 109), a small part (8.65 m) of
and then, turning to the south and runs straight for a which was exposed on the eastern periphery, in
I EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

Trenches A13, OA13 and OB 13,55 m to the east of from a cattle bone, which is ground, flat on both
the inner fortified enclosure. The southeastern corner faces and bears incised circular pattern on the petals.
of the wall and some portions on the northern and
southern sides has been exposed. The strong defence The early historic levels overlying the Chalcolithic
wall, made of flattish stones set in mud mortar, was deposit were subjected to systematic excavation. As

constructed on top of a mud and mud-brick platform. a result of large-scale excavation, it is now clear that

It was constructed in two phases. The lower portion the activities of the early historic people had been

of the wall, which is broad at the base and gradually confined to the southern and eastern parts of the

becomes narrow towards the top, represents the mound over an area of roughly 60 m by 55 m. The
early phase. It is 1.15 m high and has nine stone early historic occupation was exposed in Trenches
courses. The wall of the second phase, perfectly A2, A3, A4, A5, D3, E3, F3, parts of A6, C3, F,
vertical in nature, has survived to a height of 85 cm. Fl, G, Gl, G6, H, HI, H6, D7, D8, D9 and D10.
This vertical wall was constructed 35 cm away from The early historic occupation is confined to the top
the outer edge of the wall of the first phase. On top five layers, including the black sterile layer (5/13)

of the wall of the second phase was possibly a mud overlaid by the uniform white layer of ash (4) (pl. 111).
brick wall, the traces of which have survived at Considering the horizontal nature of the sterile layer
places. This outer defence wall, 2 m to the west of and its association with the early historic period, it is
the defence wall was exposed in the northwestern apparent that the layer was laid intentionally to create
quadrant of Trench Dl 2. Besides, one more parallel sufficient horizontal space for habitation. A number

stone wall was exposed. It is not possible at this of burnt wattle-and-daub, rectangular and squarish
stage to infer the relationship between these two structures were exposed on the southern and eastern

walls. Considering the nature of construction and parts of the mound. None of the structures, however,

stratigraphical position, the defence wall appears to could be exposed in its entirety. In a number of
be contemporary to the inner fortified enclosure structures were found storage pits, some of which
(Structural phase II). contained charred remains of wheat, rice, black gram
and mustard. Besides, a large number of iron
Even though the Chalcolithic phase is quite rich implements, including a hoard of rectangular frames,
in material remains, the excavation of this season axes (pl. 112), adzes, sickles (pl. 113) spear and arrow-
has yielded very few objects. They include the typical heads, nails, etc. have been found. The most spectacular
objects like beads of semiprecious stones, copper discovery is a roughly plano-convex terracotta seal
fragments and a variety of stone and terracotta with a man riding a horse in low relief and surrounded
objects. One of the noteworthy objects recovered by a number of animals (pl. 114). Besides, it bears an
this year is a large circular bone pendant having six inscription in Brahmi script (pl. 115), characteristic of
petals, two of which are broken (pl. 110). It is made the beginning of the Christian era.
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW I

49. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT UDAIPUR very well with the early historic pottery of Balathal
Exploration was conducted jointly by Jeewan and Ahar, dated between circa second century BC
S.Kharakwal of the Department of Archaeology, to second century AD.
Rajasthan Vidyapeeth, Udaipur and VS. Shinde of
A low mound of medieval period was found close
the Deccan College and Post-graduate Institute,
to Bichhri village and Udaisagar, about 18 km east of
Pune, along the Ahar river in Girwa tehsil of District
Udaipur. This site at Bichhri is spread over one and a
Udaipur.
half hectare area on the left bank of the Ahar river.
A small mound, roughly round, measuring The ceramic assemblage comprises red and grey
105 m north-south and 80 m east-west was wares. The red ware bulbous jars with externally
discovered on the outskirt of Udaipur city. It is thickened rim and bowls with flared sides are
located on the right bank of Ahar at Bedla. The site predominant at the site.
is roughly 7 km upstream of the site of Ahar. The
site has about 5 m thick cultural deposit and has Another mound at Bichhri is located on the right
revealed two different cultures namely Chalcolithic bank of the river and also belongs to medieval period.
and early historic. The Chalcolithic pottery, i.e., thick The pottery of this mound was found similar as seen in
coarse red-slipped ware, coarse grey-slipped ware, earlier mound. Several squarish and rectangular stone
thin red-slipped and black-and-red ware, matches structures were visible on the surface of the mound.
very well with that of Ahar ceramic assemblage. It
TAMIL NADU
is interesting to record here that apart from Ahar
type pottery, a few sherds of tan ware and red ware 50. EXCAVATION AT KODUMANAL, DISTRICT ERODE
(perforated), belonging to Harappa culture, were also
The excavation at the site was resumed by the
found at the site. Besides pottery, half a dozen cores
State Department of Archaeology, Tamil Nadu, under
of chert and a small knife fragment of copper were
the direction of Thiru Natna Kasinathan assisted by
also discovered. A squarish structure was also
K. Damodaran, A. Abdul Majeed, R. Selvaraj,
noticed in the central part of the mound. Bedla, on
Goewthamaputhiran and S.Munusamy. During this
the basis of its size and proximity to Ahar, can be
season, nine trenches at the habitational site were laid
identified as a satellite settlement of the latter.
bare. Two megaliths viz., Megalith 2 and Megalith 3
The Ahar culture deposit is capped by early were opened.
historic remains as the visible stone structure and
As in the earlier seasons, the excavation revealed
pottery would indicate at the site. The ceramic
only two cultural periods viz., Periods I and II ranging
assemblage is represented by red ware, coarse grey
from 300 BC to AD 300. The artifacts comprise fine
and fine grey wares. This asemblage also matches
graffiti potsherds numbering nearly two hundred,
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW I

recovered from the habitational and burial sites. extent of ancient stone flooring encountered
Besides, more than one hundred inscribed potsherds incidentally while widening the modern well.
were collected from habitational site. In addition to
the above a terracotta pipe was also unearthed. It The excavation around the modern well
appears to have been used for bringing pure drinking revealed ancient stone flooring with brick structures.
water to the habitation. The flooring is made of well-dressed stone slabs with
lime-mortar pointing. This stone flooring seems to
The megalithic burial (Megalith 2) yielded five continue towards the temple side, shows that it may
iron swords measuring a length of 1.35 m to 1.65 m be connected to the temple. The level of this flooring
and fifty carnelian beads. The grave goods were found coincides with the level of miniature shrine and
placed outside the main cist (pl. 116). indicates a probable date of Pallava
Narasimhavarman II (AD 700-728) or earlier
Megalith 3 yielded the objects which are found
(pl. 118).
in main cist only. The artifacts include one four-legged
jar, a few iron arrow-heads, hilt portion of a sword Few trenches laid further to the north of the
and lid of a vessel with a dove figure, knob and four modern well led to exposure of rectangular brick
stirrups (pl. 117). structures (5 x 4 x 2 m) (pl. 119). Due to lack of
evidences, the structures could not be properly
The most outstanding find of this season consists
correlated. The size of bricks, however, shows that
of two NBPW potsherds which confirm the trade and
they belong to early medieval period.
cultural contact of the ancient Tamils with the northern
part of India especially the Gangetic region. The excavation also revealed the continuation

51. EXCAVATION AT MAMALLAPURAM, DISTRICT of bathing ghat-like structure towards northern side,
as the one exposed already on southern side during
KANCHIPLRAM
1990-91. A total number of five steps built of large
The Chennai Circle of the Survey, under the laterite and granite slabs were exposed intact (pl. 120).
direction of K.T. Narasimhan, assisted by
Sathyabhama Badhreenath, G. Thirumoorthy, K.P. The bricks (28 x 16 x 5 Cm) found in the
Mohandas, R. Jayaraj, R. Vinayagam and J. excavations are well-burnt and confirm as belonging
Kuppuswamy, carried out excavation in north-west to the early medieval period, whether the structures
area of the Shore Temple-complex in the light of and the bricks belong to the same period can be
recent discoveries such as miniature shrine, bathing confirmed after further excavation. The pottery such
ghat-like structure, etc. Besides tracing out the as black-and-red ware, black ware and the red ware
continuation of bathing ghat-like structure on of various types of the same period were recovered
northern side, the excavation aimed at exposing the in the excavations. A thick stone rim portion of a large

156
EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

pot is also a significant find. Among the important An inscribed potsherd bearing Asokan Brahmi
antiquities, iron vessels (liquid measures) highly script written possibly in Prakrit language unearthed
corroded, found in cluster, is noteworthy. at Vanagiri is an outstanding find of this season as
this is the first occurrence so far. The inscription
Since the above exposed structures are
reads as (A) hapagetaro. It is difficult to interpret
inconclusive and do not throw any definite idea on
its meaning (pl. 121).
temple construction activities and bathing ghat-like
structure, a further horizontal excavation is Besides, a considerable number of terracotta
necessary to understand the art and architectural figurines were unearthed in fragments. One of the
development of the Pallavas and also to correlate terracotta deserves special mention. It is a head portion
the existing structures and newly acquired finds. of a male figure assignable to early Chola period.

52. EXCAVATION AT P UMPUHAR, DISTRICT The most important artifact of this site, a Chola
NAGAPPATTINAM square copper coin of Sangam age, bearing the
figure of a Tiger with raised paw and long curved
The State Department of Archaeology,
tail, was unearthed at Desai Kula Medu in Vanagiri
Government of Tamil Nadu, under the direction of
at a depth of 3.7 m in layer (6). Deer horn,
Thiru Natna Kasinathan, assisted by K. Damodaran,
semiprecious stone beads in large quantity and bone
A. Abdul Majeed, Kulandaivelan, T. Subramaniam,
arrow-heads were the other antiquities collected
D. Muthu and K. Nedunchezian, carried out
during this season.
excavation in twelve trenches in Kilarveli, Kilaiyur,
Desaikulamedu in Vanagiri and Melaiyur around 53. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT PI DUKKOTTAI
Pumpuhar.
PS. Sriraman of the Chennai Circle of the Survey
Excavations revealed the cultural periods noticed the following cultural remains under village-
continuously ra nging fr om 300 BC to to-village survey work in search of antiquarian
1200 AD. remains.

Taluk Village Nature of remains

Kulattur Ammachatram Megalithic burial site, Jaina beds and bas

relief of tirthankara and inscription of early
medieval period

-do- Irumbali Medieval habitation site; ruined temple

(Chola period)
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98 A REVIEW 1

Taluk Viltage Nature of remains

Kulattur Kulattur Jaina beds and Jaina sculptures of early

medieval period; Siva temple {circa
thirteenth century AD), Vishnu temple
{circa eighteenth century AD)

-do- Mangatevanpatti Megalithic burial site; ruins of Jaina temple

{circa tenth century AD)

-do- Melur Megalithic burial site; loose sculptures of

Mahavira, Sapta-matrika and Vishnu
(medieval period)

-do- Nartamalai Rock-cut Siva and Vishnu temple,

Sapta-matrika sculptures {circa eighth-tenth
century AD), Devi temple {circa sixteenth
century AD)

-do- Pungudi Siva temple {circa fifteenth century AD)

Satyamangalam Megalithic burial site, Siva temple with

-do- inscription, ruined temple with Ayyanar
image, inscribed sluice {circa fourteenth
century AD)

-do- Tayinipatn" Megalithic burial site

-do- Vellanur Siva temple with inscriptions {circa tenth

century AD); Siva temple and Sapta-

matrika sculptures {circa fourteenth
century AD)
54. EXCAVATION AT ALAGANKULAM, DISTRICT Kasinathan, assisted by K. Damodaran, A. Abdul
RAMNAD Majeed, N. Ganesan, Selvaraj. S. and D. Gopalan.
The State Department of Archaeology, the Among the finds, a potsherd with decorated motif,
Government of Tamil Nadu, carried out excavation at female figures probably of foreign origin and another
Alagankulam, under the direction of Thiru Natna potsherd with graffiti mark of a ship with decorated
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

motif are remarkable examples for establishing the trade excavation at Tiruverkadu, under the direction of
contact of ancient Tamil with the western World in this S. Gurumurthy, assisted by R. Ponnusamy, M.
part of Tamil Nadu. Seran and P.D. Balaji.

The potsherd which is believed to be of foreign The Trench TVD 4 measuring 6 x 5 m was
origin depicts two female figures with their faces turned laid to the east of the Ayyappa Swamigal Mutt and
right. One of the females is found carrying a long to the west of TVD 3. Cultural deposits in seven
necked jar in her left hand while the other female is layers to a thickness of 2.30 m were uncovered.
holding a mirror or a musical instrument in her left
hand. There appears to be one more female figure, Tentatively the deposit was divided into three

but the portion of the full figure is lost except the object cultural periods. The Period I has two sub-phases,
which was held by her. namely IA - representing the Iron Age phase
(400 BC to AD 200) and IB - representing the
These figures are very slim with bangles in their post-Iron Age phase (AD 200 to 600). Period II
forearm and heavy undergarments, having elongated is assignable to the early medieval period (AD 600
face and thick lips. Though, the anatomy of these to 1200 AD) and Period III represents the late
figures resembles closely with the figures of Egyptian medieval period (AD 1200 and after).
origin, the dress and thick bangle/ornaments
distinguish them from the Egyptian specimens. Period IA is characterised by the presence of
Perhaps this potsherd has been imported from finer variety of black-and-red ware and black ware
outside, roughly datable to second-first century BC sherds. Besides, a few coarse red ware sherds,
(pl. 122). sometimes with designs painted in red ochre were
found. Antiquities comprised a few hopscotches
The potsherd with ship design could be and a terracotta bead.
assignable to fourth-fifth century AD (pl. 123).
Black-and-red ware and black ware sherds
A square copper coin of the Pandyas of Sangam were noticed in the next phase, i.e., Period IB.
Age and a few Roman copper coins were also Large quantity of potsherds were collected in this
collected. Of the Roman coins, three are identified to level. The pottery also included some lids, spouts
have been issued during the fifth century AD bearing and pan-supports. A few bone pieces were also
the legend grdaroma narwam. noticed. A pottery dump was found very close to
the furnace. In this level a rubbing stone, a conch
55. E XCAVATION AT T IRUVERKADU, D ISTRICT
and terracotta objects like broken part of a figurine,
TlRUVELLORE
bead mould like objects (?) and hopscotches were
The Department of Ancient History, Culture also recovered. Remains of charcoal were also
and Archaeology, University of Madras, resumed collected.
EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

In Period II, red-slipped ware sherds and coarse 56. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT VELLORE
red ware sherds were found. One hopscotch and a few
crumbled iron objects were collected. The succeeding K.P. Mohandas of the Chennai Circle of the
deposit assignable to Period III was devoid of Survey, noticed the following cultural remains under
antiquities. A few coarse red ware sherds were found. village-to-village survey.

Taluk Village Nature of remains

Arakkonam Simkarumbur Siva temple (Vijayanagara period); rest
house (late Vijayanagara period)

Arcot Attithangal Subramanya temple (late medieval period)

-do- Mosur Siva temple (medieval period)

-do- Pardarani Hero-stone (late medieval period)

-do- Punnapadi Loose sculptures of Siva-linga, nandi and

Devi (medieval period)

-do- Thimiri Siva temple (late medieval period)

-do- Valaiyathur Hero-stone and Sive temple (medieval

period)

57. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT VILLUPURAM Survey, noticed the following cultural remains under
M. Nambirajan of the Chennai Circle of the village-to-village survey
Taluk Village Nature of remains
Gingee Embalam Temple of goddess Durga and Tamil
inscription

-do- Iyyakunram Kadali Siva temple (late medieval period)

-do- Loose sculptures and Persian inscription

 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

Taluk Village Nature of remains

Gingee Kalavai Siva temple with Tamil Inscription (medieval
period)

-do- Krishnapuram Siva temple (late medieval period)

-do- Melacheri Siva temple with Tamil inscription (late

medieval period)

-do- Nilampundi Temple of goddess Amman (late medieval

period)
-do- Sattaputtur Siva temple with Tamil inscription (late
medieval period)

-do- Sevalpurai Siva temple with Tamil inscription (late

medieval period)

-do- Singavaram Vishnu temple with Tamil inscription (late

medieval period)

-do- Siruvadi Megalithic burial site

-do- Vadapalai Microliths, Vishnu temple (late medieval period)

-do- Vanakkambadi Rest house (late medieval period)

UTTAR PRADESH Allahabad by J.N. Pal and M.C. Gupta under the
supervision of V.D. Misra, B.B. Misra, J.N. Pandey,
58. EXCAVATION AT JHUSI, DISTRICT ALLAHABAD
U.C. Chattopadhyay, D.K. Shukla and Prakash
The excavation at Jhusi (25° 26' N; 81° 54' Sinha, Anil Kumar Dubey, Ram Naresh and Vikram
30" E) was resumed by the Department of Ancient Singh also participated as trainees. The excavation
History, Culture and Archaeology, University of team was assisted by L.K. Tewari, V.N. Rai,
1 EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

Rajendra Prasad, V.K. Khattri, Kamlesh Kumar, Culture Layer Thickness

Arvind Malviya and Sharad Suman and Sanjay
Early medieval 1-4 1.10m
Kumar. The main objective of the excavation was
(i) to confirm the stratigraphy of cultures as revealed Gupta 5-8 1.68 m
through the earlier excavations, (ii) to ascertain the
nature and thickness of pre-NBPW deposit at the Kushan 9-18 3.15m
site.
Sunga 19-20 3.15m
In all four trenches, each measuring 5 square
metres were laid out on the Samudrakup mound NBPW 21-44 5.84 m
(pl. 124). The trenches were numbered C-12, D-
12, C-14 and C-15. As in 1995, the excavation Pre-NBPW 45-63 4.36 m
revealed five cultural phases.

(1) Early medieval period In Square C-15, the layers from 45-63 with a
thickness of 4.36 m characterise pre-NBPW deposit
at the site (Period I). These layers are composed of
(2) Gupta period
potsherds, burnt clay lump, ash and occasionally animal
bones. Different floor levels, hearths and post-holes
(3) Sunga-Kushan period
also characterise these layers.

(4) NBPW period The ceramic assemblage of this culture is

represented by black-slipped ware, black-and-red
(5) Pre NBPW period ware and red ware, the last being further sub-divided
into ordinary red ware, chocolate coloured red ware
and orange coloured red ware. Pots were manufactured
The excavations in Trenches C-12 and D-12
on wheel. Typologically, these include pedestalled-
revealed cultural deposits ranging from the early
bowl, deep bowl with everted rim, convex-sided and
medieval to the Kushan period.
hemispherical splayed out rim, convex-sided bowls,
The combined results of the excavations lipped-bowls and basins, footed and perforated vessels
conducted in the four trenches revealed occupation etc. Some of the sherds in chocolate ware bear
deposit measuring 16.20 m. This deposit contained paintings, the pattern being the linear one. Besides the
cultural relics ranging from the Chalcolithic to the pottery, socketed bone arrow-heads and beads
early medieval period. The culture-wise break up fashioned on ivory and semiprecious stones were also
of deposits is detailed below. obtained from these layers. Post-holes and hearths show
EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

the use of burnt bricks. On the basis of presence or The ceramic assemblage of the period include
absence of iron objects the pre-NBPW deposit may NBPW, black-slipped ware, black-and-red ware,
be divided into two sub-groups IA and IB, while the plain grey ware and red ware, the last one divisible
sub-group IA representing layers 52 to 63 has not into various sub-groups. Important pottery types
yielded any iron object. Group IB comprising layers include bowls, dishes, basins, medium-sized vases,
45 to 51 is associated with iron objects. storage-jars, etc. Some of the NBPW sherds,
particularly from mid-phase, are characterised by
The NBPW deposit at the site (Period II), having
paintings.
a thickness of 5.84 m is represented by layers 21 to
44. Out of these layers, 39 to 44 represent the early Layers 9 to 20 with a thickness of 3.15 m
NBPW phase while layers 38A to 26 characterise constitute Period III—the so-called Sunga-Kushan
the mid-NBPW phase and layers 25 to 21 represent period. Of these, layers 20 to 19 constitute the Sunga
late NBPW period at the site. The NBPW phase at horizon and the remaining Kushan. From the Sunga
the site has yielded potsherds, iron and copper level typical stamped pottery, beads of semiprecious
objects, beads fashioned on semiprecious stones and stones and terracotta and a few terracotta figurines
terracotta, terracotta objects, charred grains and were obtained. Burnt brick walls and rooms with brick
bone objects (pl. 125). From the early NBPW phase flooring were also encountered.
no evidence of brick structure has been obtained.
The deposit pertaining to Kushan period with a
Only pits, hearths and post-holes along with burnt
thickness of 3.15 m has yielded typical Kushan pottery,
clay lumps were encountered at the site. However,
terracotta objects, iron and copper objects, beads
from the mid-NBPW phase onwards, brickbats and
fashioned on semiprecious stones and terracotta, bone
brick structures were also available. From the mid-
objects, animal bones, etc. Of the structural activity of
NBPW phase in Trench C-15 a burnt horizon was
the period, mention may be made of burnt brick walls,
also exposed. This was represented both in section
rooms with brick floor, hearths (pl. 127) etc. The
(pl. 126), as well as on plan. Charred grains of
available evidence suggests that there was concentration
wheat, mustard, moong and urad were obtained
of population during this period. A few sealings with
from this horizon. A few cast copper coins along with
legends were also obtained from this period.
copper objects were also obtained from the same
horizon. The available evidence suggest that in the Layers 8 to 5 with a thickness of 1.68 m
concerned portions grains were stored. It may be characterised the Gupta period at the site (Period
pointed out that the burnt surface has been noticed at IV). Besides the typical Gupta pottery, these layers
considerable length beyond the exposed trench both also yielded terracotta figurines, carved bricks, beads
on southern and northern sides, suggesting thereby fashioned on semiprecious stones and terracotta,
that during this period the site witnessed a bone objects, iron and copper objects. A few sealings
conflagration on a massive scale. with legend were also obtained from this horizon.
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

Remains of houses with brick floors were also before the emergence of NBPW. The ceramic
encountered. It may be pointed out that in the assemblage and other antiquities of this horizon
structure pertaining to Kushan period the incidence compare favourably well with their counterparts of
of complete bricks is higher than in the case of the different Chalcolithic sites of eastern Uttar Pradesh
Gupta period structure (pl. 128). and Bihar on one hand and those from the Vindhyas
on the other. The available evidence from the sites
It appears that the site, particularly the area
like Sohagaura, Narhan, Khairadih in eastern Uttar
which was put to excavation, was abandoned after
Pradesh, Chirand, Chechar, Kutubpur, Taradih and
Gupta period. However, after a considerable time
Senuwar in Bihar and Raja Nal-Ka-Tila, Kakori and
gap it was re-occupied in the early medieval period.
Koldihwa in the Vindhyas may push back the antiquity
The Period V at the site is represented by the of the pre-NBPW culture at Jhusi to the middle of
early medieval pottery particularly the glazed ware, second millennium BC.
terracotta, copper and iron objects, animal bones,
59. EXPLORATION IN THE MID-GANGA VALLEY,
etc. A few miniature stone sculptures representing
DISTRICTS ALLAHABAD, KAUSAMBI, PRATAPGARH,
various Hindu gods like Ganesa, etc. were also
JAUNPUR, BHADOHI
obtained. The early medieval level at the site was
also characterised by stone chips indicating that the The Department of Ancient History, Culture and

stone chipping had taken place in the area on a Archaeology, University of Allahabad, under VD.
massive scale. The purpose of which could not be Misra, J.N. Pandey, J.N. Pal, M.C. Gupta B.C.
ascertained due to the limited nature of the excavation. Shukla and Anil Kumar Dubey conducted
explorations in the districts of Allahabad, Kausambi,
T his season's excavation has amply Pratapgarh, Jaunpur and Bhadohi and discovered a
demonstrated the existence of pre-NBPW horizon. number of sites ranging from Mesolithic to early
If the thickness of the deposit is to be taken into medieval period, hi all thirty-six sites were explored.
consideration, it suggests a continuous occupation The details of the explored sites are given below.

District Tehsil Village/Site Nature of remains

Mesolithic sites

Kausambi Manjhanpur Ark Mahabiram Non-geometric microliths

Pratapgarh Pratapgarh Gadawari Microliths

EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

District Tehsil Village/Site Nature of remains

Pre-NBPW culture sites

Allahabad Handia Dharampur Pre-NBPW, NBPW, red ware, ghata-shaped

(Dharma) beads
-do- Handia Hetapatti Sirohi Pre-NBPW, NBPW, microliths, Kushan
pottery

-do- Phoolpur Durbasa Ashram Pre-NBPW, NBPW and associated wares,

(Kakara) some early pottery types, terracotta bead
(arecanut type), ring-well and a large brick
structure

NBPW culture sites

Allahabad Chail Mahagaon NBPW sherds along with associated ware,

bone arrow-heads, terracotta figurines and
other antiquities

-do- Handia Mahanaiya-Dih, Jalalpur NBPW pottery and associated ware

-do- -do- Nibhapur-Piprahi Late NBPW and Kushan pottery

Phoolpur Malkhan NBPW sherds and plain red ware pottery

-do-

Soraon ChannapurDih Late NBPW, early Kushan pottery and Kushan

(Kharagapur) bricks
-do-
Kausambi Manjhanpur
Bidaon NBPW and associated pottery Late NBPW and
Sant Ravidas Nagar Gyanpur
Andhedih associated pottery Late NBPW and associated
-do-
Ghatampur pottery

-do-
-do- -do- Matethu Late NBPW and Kushan pottery
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

District Tehsil Village/Site Nature of remains

Kushan period

Allahabad Handia Bhiski Pottery of Kushan period

-do- -do- Handia Kushan pottery

-do- Neebi Kushan potter

-do-

-do- Pathshala Kushan pottery

-do-

-do- Upardaha Pottery and fragments of sculpture

do-

( Vishnu-Dasavatara)

-do- Phoolpur Badara Kushan and Gupta pottery

-do- -do- Kala Kaserua Kushan pottery, brick structure and early
medieval potsherds

-do- -do- Mahmudabad Kushan pottery comprising bowls, lids,

sprinkler and spout, etc.

-do- -do- Ramnathpura(Dihwa) Kushan pottery, early medieval pottery, types

of red ware, Siva temple, Siva-linga made
of Kushan bricks

-do- -do- Sudanipur Kushan pottery and brick wall of Kushan

period; relics of early medieval Siva Temple,
images of Parvati, Nandi and Siva-linga and
red ware pottery

-do- -do- Ummedpur Kushan pottery and NBP W sherds

-do- Soraon MalakPayagi Kushan and medieval sherds, structures made

of Kushan bricks

172
I EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS
District Tehsil Village/Site Nature of remains

Allahabad Soraon Unch Dih NBPW and early Kushan period, ancient Sun
temple and stone sculptures of early medieval
period
-do- -do- Soraon Kushan pottery

Jaunpur Badshahpur Nadar Kushan and Gupta period potsherds and shell
bangle pieces

-do- -do- NibhapurBaban Kushan potsherds

SantRavidasNagar -do- Bairi-Bisa Kushan pottery, fragments of pillar depicting

makara vahini Ganga and kurma vahini
Yamuna, dancing Ganesa etc.

-do- -do- Qierapur/Tikari Kushan pottery

-do- Gyanur Unjh Kushan pottery

Early Medieval sites

Pratapgarh Kunda BheraharanNath Siva temple with ekamukha-linga, early

medieval site

SantRavidasNagar Gyanpur Bhideura Early medieval temple and pottery

-do- -do- Semradh Siva temple, ekamukha Si\a-linga

60. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT CHANDAULI Chakia tehsil of District Chandauli. During the
Rakesh Tewari of the State Archaeology course of exploration, the sites of Malhar, Munsa
Department, the Government of Uttar Pradesh, Khand, Nakatidari, Nimbia-Ka-tanda, Dhandhra
undertook exploration in Karamnasa Valley in Wali Mana, Banbhikhanpur were brought to light,

173
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW I

while a number of earlier known sites were of the Karamnasa also consists of the above
revisited to assess their significance for further mentioned ceramic industries noticed at
investigations. Malhar. However, certain varieties such as cord
impressed and incised pottery, besides iron slags
A few painted rock-shelters comprising
have not been found at this site.
paintings executed over their walls and ceilings are
noticed at Nakatidari, Nimbia-ka-tanda and Sherds of red ware, black-slipped ware and
Dhandhara wali Mana. Superimposed paintings grey ware contemporary to that of NBPW, besides
include human and animal figures engaged in remains datable to medieval period, have been
hunting, dancing and other activities. Most of the found at Banbhikhanpur. Remains of Munsakhand
paintings are executed in different shades of ochre include red ware and a few stone images of early
colour. medieval period.

Malhar, located on the left bank of the River 61. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT LALITPUR
Karamnasa, has yielded black-and-red ware, red In continuation of the earlier work, Ambika
ware, black-slipped ware, grey ware and NBPW, Prasad Singh of the Regional Archaeological Unit,
besides stone balls, pestles, terracotta discs and Jhansi of the State Archaeological Department, the
beads, etc. A few examples of cord impressions Government of Uttar Pradesh undertook exploration
are also found on black-and-red ware, and red in development block Birdha, in District Lalitpur,
ware sherds. The presence of iron slag and ore in under the direction of Rakesh Tewari and explored
a considerable quantity is notable. The assemblage thirty-five villages. The exploration of the area,
shows that the aforesaid material may represent revealed ancient monuments, stone sculptures and
the deposits of Chalcolithic, early Iron Age and other archaeological remains, the details of which
NBPW periods. Latifshah situated on the left bank are given below.
Village/Site Nature of remains

Alapur Medieval sculptures

Anora Temples {circa eighteenth-nineteenth century AD)

Kalyanpur Medieval sculptures

Kuchadon Medieval temple

 EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

Village/Site Nature of remains

Lalitpur Medieval sculptures, late medieval building, temples

{circa eighteenth-nineteenth century AD)

Madon Medieval sculptures, late medieval temple

Nadanwara Medieval sculptures, remains of medieval temple

Piprai Late medieval temple, Jaina temple {circa

nineteenth century AD)

Rajvara Medieval sculptures

Ramesara Medieval sculptures

62. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT MAHOBA in ruins except ardha-mandapa and mandapa, the
roof of mandapa is almost safe. The lintel of sanctum
In the course of village-to-village survey scheme,
doorway is carved on lalatabimba with an image of
Ambika Prasad Singh of the Regional Archaeological
Siva. The four-handed Siva, seated in lalitasana pose,
Unit, Jhansi, the Government of Uttar Pradesh,
is holding trident and serpent in upper two hands while
undertook exploration in development block Charkhari,
the lower right hand is depicted in varada-mudra and
District Mahoba under the direction of Rakesh Tewari
the other one is chopped off. Brahma and Vishnu are
and explored one hundred and seven villages. The
carved on either sides of the door lintel while Ganga
exploration of villages in Charkhari development block
and Yamuna are depicted in lower portion of sanctum
revealed ancient monuments, stone sculptures and other
doorway. Siva-linga, installed on a separate platform
archaeological remains. Ancient temples and stone
in front of the temple, seems to be the main deity of the
sculptures etc., ranging in date from tenth century to
temple. Sculptures of Ganesa, Nataraja Siva, Vishnu,
ninteenth century, were brought to light from Charkhari,
Varaha and Parsvanatha datable to the eleventh-twelfth
Tola, Supa, Salat-malat Udaipura, Bomhori-Beldaran,
century AD, were discovered in and around the village.
Kakun Satpurave, Kharela, Ram Nagar villages. Out
of these a dilapidated medieval temple, known as Two images of Surya, datable to the tenth-
Kakaramath at village Salat-malat, is noteworthy eleventh century AD, were discovered from village
(pl. 129). Built on a high platform, the whole temple is Kakun. One of these images, is installed in the cella
EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

of a dilapidated medieval temple. The upraised The town Charkhari is important for its fort, tanks,
hands of this images are broken. In-between his lakes and temples datable to eighteenth-nineteenth
feet there is a human figure, apparently of Prithvi century AD. There are seven tanks around the town
or Mahasveta. Surya is flanked by two of his wives and most of these tanks are interconnected, covered
Rajani, Niksubha (Riksubha), attended by Pingala with lotus flowers and surrounded by hills. The Deyorhi
and Danda on two sides. Another image of Surya, Darwaza is famous for its architecture and stone
in same style, is installed in front of the temple. The carvings (pl. 132). On the top of famous Ranjeeta
second image is noticeable in view of its pedestal Hill, there is a fort named Mangal Garh. This fort was
which shows seven horses of the chariot (pl. 130). built by Maharaja Jagatraja {circa eighteenth century)
and commands a grand view of neighbouring hills and
A temple datable to the twelfth-thirteenth
whole of the town. The temples, which need mention
century AD, has been found from the western
are Guman Vihari Temple, Chakradhari Temple,
outskirts of the village Satpurava (pl. 131). The
Chhailvihari Temple and Govardhan natha Temple,
east facing temple consists of plan of ardha-
specially for their local religious importance.
mandapa and a sanctum. Built on a low
adhishthana, the jangha is devoid of niche Village Supa is worth mentioning for its fort
decorations and is surmounted by varandika datable to the eighteenth century. This small fort was
mouldings. The main deity of the cella is missing built by Arjuna Singh and the gate, fortification wall
and no deity has been carved on the lalatabimba and bastion of this fort are almost safe. A masonry
of sanctum doorway. The sikhara of the temple baoli, in front of the fort, is noticeable in view of its
has collapsed but in south-east corner, three interior constructions.
bhumi amalakas are partly safe. A tank located
in southern side of the temple is known as List of villages with their archaeological details
'Chandelu Talab'. are given below.

Village/Site Nature of remains

Akathohan Temples (circa eighteenth-nineteenth century AD)

Andhora Temples (circa eighteenth century AD)

Bamarara Medieval sculptures and temples (circa eighteenth

century AD)
EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

Village/Site Nature of remains

Bamhori-Beldaran Gondwani temple (circa twelfth-therteenth

century AD)

Bhatevara Kala Siva temple (circa eighteenth century AD)

Chandoli Temples (circa eighteenth-nineteenth century AD)

Charkhari Fort, palace, temples (circa eighteenth-nineteenth

century AD), tanks

Damdama Medieval sculptures

Gorakha Medieval sculptures (circa eighteenth-nineteenth

century AD)

Gorihari Temples (circa eighteenth-nineteenth century AD)

Gurha Temples (circa eighteenth-nineteenth century AD)

ImiliaDang Siva temple (circa eighteenth century AD)

Jaroli Temples (circa eighteenth-nineteenth century AD)

Kakun Medieval sculptures, dilapidated medieval temple

Karaharakhurd Medieval sculptures

Khandia Siva temple (circa eighteenth century AD), tank

 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

Nature of remains

Kharela Medieval sculptures, temples (circa eighteenth-

nineteenth century AD)

Kumhari Medieval sculptures

Majhol Medieval sculptures

Malakhanpur Temples (circa eighteenth-nineteenth century AD)

Nareri Medieval sculptures

Natarra Temples (circa eighteenth-nineteenth century AD)

Paharetha Dilapidated medieval temple

Pahari-Bhitari Medieval temple, ruins of fort

Pratistha Medieval sculptures

Pupavara Siva temple (circa eighteenth century AD)

RamNager Temples (circa nineteenth century AD)

Rihunia Medieval sculptures, ruins of medieval temple

Sabua Ram-Janaki temple (circa eighteenth century AD)

EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

Site Nature of remains

Salat-Malat Medieval sculptures medieval temple, palace

Satpurava Medieval temple, tank

Sudamapuri Chhatari temple {circa nineteenth century AD)

Suhajana Medieval sculptures

Supa Dilapidated medieval temple, fort, baoli

Swasamaf Medieval sculptures, runis of medieval temple

Tola Temple and tank {circa nineteenth century AD)

Udaipura Ram Janaki temple {circa eighteenth century AD)

63. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT MIRZAPUR block, under the village-to-village survey scheme in
Under the general guidance of Rakesh tehsil Mirzapur (Sadar). During the course of
Tewari, P.K. Singh of the State Archaeology exploration twenty-five villages have yielded
Department, the Government of Uttar Pradesh, archaeological finds. A summary of the same is given
explored forty-seven villages of Vijaypur-chhanbe below.

Site Nature of remains

Badevra Chaube Red ware, black-slipped ware, red-slipped ware

BagheraKhurd Medieval red ware Red ware, red-slipped ware

Bahutimaya-Chakchaura

Baisan Ka Purwa Microliths, red ware

 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

Site Nature of remains

Bajata , Red ware, black-slipped ware, red-slipped ware

Balapur Red ware, glazed ware

BarhaKhurd Medieval red ware

Birohi Red ware, microliths

Chareru-Chaukhata Red ware, red-slipped ware, black-slipped ware

(terracotta animal and human figurines)

Chitauli Medieval red ware

Gaipura Red ware, glazed ware

GharwasPatti Medieval red ware

Gogaon Red ware, black-slipped ware

Hargarh Medieval red ware

KarniBhawa Medieval red ware

Kashi Sarpati Medieval red ware

Kolahi Red ware, black-slipped ware, black ware and

grey ware

Kushaha Red ware, glazed ware

Leharia Microliths
EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

Site Nature of remains

Mulahana-ki-Pahari Black-slipped ware, red ware, red-slipped ware

Patehra Red ware, red-slipped ware and black-slipped ware

Rambagh Kot Medieval red ware

Ramgarhwa Red ware, black-slipped ware, terracotta bead,

iron spear-head

Saroi Babu Medieval red ware

Sikara Kalan Medieval red ware and glazed ware

64. EXPLORATION IN TEHSIL DIDIHAT, DISTRICT resumed exploration and surveyed one hundred and
PITHORAGARH forty villages and their hamlets. Archaeological remains
In continuation of village-to-village exploration, including stone sculptures, copper plate and
Suresh Kumar Dubey of the Regional Archaeological monuments have been brought to light from the
Unit, the Government of Uttar Pradesh, Almora following villages.
Village/Site Nature of remains
Agnya Copper plate of King Kalyanmalla, Saka era 1362
(1440 AD), mentioning landgrant

Bagarihat Remains of medieval temple and one stone sculpture

of Seshasayi Vishnu, Durga and fragmentary
sculpture

Barakot Water tank (naula) having modern structure over it

Chimoli A temple constructed with the ruins of a medieval

temple having stone sculptures of Ganesa and
Varahi and a vira-khamba (hero-stone) of late
medieval period
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

Village/Site Nature of remains

Dhokali Water tank (naula) of medieval period covered

with a modern structure

Kheti Two water tanks of five and seven tiers

respectively of reservoir (naula)

Muleswar Mahadev Temple, Kwerali A fragmentary stone sculpture (medieval

period), tiered water tank or reservoir (naula) of
circa eleventh century AD

Majhera Water tank (naula) having a modern structure

over it

Serasonali Medieval water tank (naula) covered with a

modern structure

Tharp Medieval stone vira-khamba (hero-stone) and

a naula (reservoir)

Tripura Devi Temple, Tripuradevi Medieval stone sculpture of Ganesa

Bhagawati Mandir, Varshayat Stone sculpture of Ganesa and Sun (circa tenth
century AD), Vishnu and stone sculpture from
adjoining temple

65. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT SONBHADRA NBPW sherds were noticed on the site along with a
Rakesh Tewari and P.K. Singh of the State few microliths. The site is quite extensive, measuring
Archaeology Department, the Government of Uttar approximately 500 x 500 m., and is under cultivation.
Pradesh, during further investigations in Robertsganj Considering the location being nearer to Kaimur range
tehsil of District Sonbhadra, brought to light a few and its assemblage, this site appears very important
important sites, i.e., Raipura, Mahuaria and Pasahi. for the study of pre-NBPW deposits of the area.
First of them is located on the right bank of a small Pasahi, situated on the right bank of Belan, has also
nala, a tributary of Belan river. Red ware, balck-and- yielded similar ceramic industries as of Raipura;
red ware, black-slipped ware, grey ware and a few however, the beginning of the habitation at this site
 EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

seems to be a little later. The site at Mahuaria, situated and-red ware, black-slipped ware. The main shapes
at a distance of 500 m from Rajpur on the left of the in NBPW are globular bowl and base of dishes. The
Rajpur-Lakhania road, has yielded black-slipped main shapes of the black-and-red ware are water
ware, red ware and grey ware contemporary to the vessels and miniature pots. The main shapes in the
NBPW. black-slipped ware are bowls and convex-sided
dishes. Red ware includes shapes of water vessels,
66. EXCAVATION AT BHAGWAS, DISTRICT SONBHADRA bowls, storage-jars. Terracotta nodules and lumps are
The State Archaeology Department of the present indicating the structural activities of this period.
Government of Uttar Pradesh, conducted scientific The noteworthy antiquities comprise iron, terracotta
scraping and exposed section at Bhagwas, District and stone objects.
Sonbhadra, under the direction of Rakesh Tewari,
assisted by P.K. Singh, R.K. Srivastava and G.C. Marked by the presence of red ware, black-
Singh. The prime objective of this year's excavation slipped ware and grey ware, the main shapes of red
was to ascertain the pre-NBPW deposit of the upper ware in Period III include typical pottery of the Sunga-
Belan valley. Kushan period. The main shapes in the black-slipped
ware are convex-sided dishes. Terracotta nodules,
For this purpose a section facing east, which was terracotta lumps with straw marks and reed
at the western corner of a squarish pond, dug right in impressions which denote the structural activity of the
the midst of the mound, by local authorities for irrigation period. A floor made of rammed brick jelly and brick
was chosen for scraping. It was further extended in nodules mixed with ash is an important find of this
the section facing south. deposit.

Period I is marked by the presence of black- Period IV is marked by the presence of red ware
and-red ware of coarse variety with straw and husk of coarse to medium fabric. The main shapes are
impressions. The black-slipped ware and red ware bowls, water vessels, storage-jars akin to those of
are other main ceramic industries. The main shapes Gupta and post-Gupta period.
of black-slipped ware are bowls and dishes. Red ware
is of medium to coarse variety. Shapes include water In Period V there is presence of red ware of
vessels and other big pots. Most of them are treated different shapes ranging from coarse to medium fabric.
with straw marks. Structural remains are observed A circular brick structure of about fifteen courses,
through terracotta nodules and lumps with reed and made up of wedge-shaped bricks is a noteworthy

husk impressions. feature of this period.

Period II is represented by the appearance of Periods IV and V could be assignable to Gupta/

NBPW and its associated red ware, grey ware, black- post-Gupta and early medieval periods respectively.
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

67. E XCAVATION AT NAI-DIH, DISTRICT SONBHADRA flat-footed bowls, spouted vessels, miniature pots,
The State Archaeology Department of the convex-sided dish with inturned rim or collared rim,
Government of Uttar Pradesh, carried out bowl with featureless rim. The main shapes in the
excavations at Nai-Dih, under the directon of Rakesh black-slipped ware are bowls and dishes. The main
Tewari, assisted by P.K. Singh, R.K. Srivastava and shapes in the grey ware are bowls and dishes. The
G.C. Singh with a view to ascertain the pre-NBPW sherd of black-and-red ware contain cord impression,
deposits of the upper Belan valley. husk marks, regular vertical and horizontal impressions
forming rigdes and grooves, few treated with red slip.
A pre-NBPW phase, is represented by black-
The assemblage includes both hand-made and wheel
and-red ware, black-slipped ware and red ware in
turned varieties. The main shapes comprise water
Period I . The black-and-red ware potsherds are
vessels, spouted vessels, convex-sided dishes, and
with cord impressions, straw marks and husk marks
bowls with collared and out-turned rim. The structural
and the plain black-and-red ware is of fine to coarse
activities in this period are represented by terracotta
fabric. The main shapes of black-slipped ware are
nodules, lumps with reed impression and straw marks.
slipped bowl, globular bowl, convex-sided dishes,
Other finds include iron implements and slags, bone
dish with straight sided featureless rim or inturned
points, terracotta objects, stone objects and microliths.
rim. The main shapes of red ware are miniature
vessels, bowl, dishes, water vessels, inturned bowl Period III is represented by a red ware ceramic
etc. In addition to the above, corded red ware, red- industry datable to Sunga-Kushan period. A brick-
and-black ware (inner side red) are also found in structure forming a wall of seven courses has been
this deposit. This deposit is devoid of structures, found in this level.
metal and painted pottery. Microliths, terracotta
68. EXCAVATION AT SRAVASTI, DISTRICT SRAVASTI
nodules and charred bones with cut marks are other
important finds. The deposit is about 1.40 m thick In continuation of the previous year's work
and the period could be dated to 1000-600 BC on (1996-97, pp. 171 -176), the Excavation Branch III,
comparative basis. Patna, of the Survey, in collaboration with the
Archaeological Research Institute of Kansai University,
Period II is characterised by the appearance of
Osaka, Japan has conducted excavations at Sravasti.
NBP W and its contemporary pottery. Other ceramic
The excavation was carried out under the joint
industries are red ware, black-slipped ware, black-
direction of G.T. Shendey of the Survey and A. Abosi
and-red ware and grey ware. NBPW sherds are
of Kansai University, assisted by D.K. Ambastha,
bichrome, spotted red surface and plain normal type.
D.K. Singh, N.K. Sinha, J.K. Tiwari, P.C. Das, S.P.
The main shapes are convex-sided dishes and bowls,
Gupta, O.P. Pandey and B. Prasad of the Excavation
dishes of inturned rim. The main shapes in the red
Branch III, Patna and F. Yoneda and others of the
ware are bowls, dishes, water vessels, storage-jars,
Japanese team.

186
EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

The excavation was resumed at two sites - brick wall parallel to this western brick wall was
namely at Kandbhari Gate (fig.36) and Chirenath traced in G3 and G4 trenches upto length 20 m
Temple (figs. 37-39). and width 70 cm with maximum height 62 cm and
minimum height 17 cm and maximum ten courses
Kandbhari Gate is located in the south-east
and minimum three courses. This wall was also
of the fortified area of Mahet. The aim of
traced in H5 trench with the length of 3.43 m, width
excavation was to expose the entrance of
67 cm, and height 82 cm having sixteen courses.
fortification. Twenty one trenches were taken up
The sizes of cells are 5.6 x 1.97 m, 3.65 x 2.3 m.
for operation. A brick structure, eastern brick wall
Sizes of other cells were not traced out due to high
running towards the bastion is noticed just after the
water level. A remains of outer entrance has been
removal of humus in Trench K4 having a 9.40 m
traced in J4, J5, K4, K5 trenches. In Period I, the
(length) x 2.05 m (width). It continued upto layer
entrance door was 3.94 m wide. In Period II, this
4 having a height of 2.10 m and 42 courses. This
entrance door widened upto 6 m and in Period III,
wall is further noticed in the Trenches J3, H2, HI
it was paved with brickbats and this was widened
ZH1, ZJ2 with its total length 87.09 m, maximum
upto 11.15m.
and minimum width 3.60 m and 1.25 m respectively
with its maximum height 2.10m and minimum height Remains of inner entrance have been traced
0.30 cm and having forty-two maximum courses in ZG1 and Gl trenches, brick walls found in
and three minimum courses of bricks. Three channel shape. The brick wall towards north-west
constructional phases of this structure has been to south-east alignment has 9.10m length and 2.11
encountered. A brickbat rammed floor is unearthed m height with thirty-four courses. Two post-holes
in the Trenches J5 and J4 which seems to be a were also traced adjoining this wall. Rest two walls
pathway (pl. 133). which meet at 90° angles at the end of this wall
have4.10mlength x 1.38mwidth x 0.18mheight
At the western side a brick wall running
(three courses).
towards the bastion is noticed just after the removal
of humus in Trench H5 having 4.3 m length x 2.56 Four varieties of ceramic industries are noticed
m width. It continued upto H4, G4, G3 and G2
in the Period I—pre-Kushan and Kushan (first
with its total length 39.2 m (pl. 134) and having its
century BC-third century AD) which include (i) red
maximum width 2.56 m and minimum width 1.06 m ware (ii) grey ware (iii) black ware and (iv)
repeated with its maximum height 3.10 m (62
degenerated NBPW.
courses) and minimum height 1.56 m (23 courses).
In the western side the natural soil could not be Red ware is dominating in percentage. It is
traced due to high water level. Three constructional well fired and devoid of any surface treatment. The
phases of this wall has been encountered. Another fabric ranges from medium to fine. Bowl with ring

187
EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

cup base, miniature bowl, sprinklers, vase with Among the one hundred and three antiquities
vertical externally thickened rim, out-turned rim are recovered during the excavations, mostly are iron
found in red ware. nails, fragments of arrow-heads and spear-head,
terracotta skin-rubbers, sling balls, animal and
Percentage of grey ware is limited in quantity.
human figurines (pl. 135),coins, copper antimony
It is well fired with fine fabric and blackish grey to
rod and ear-ring and bone stylus. At the upper layer
ashy grey in shades. The types include bowl and
some muslim copper coins have been found.
dish only.
Chirenath Temple is located on a small mound,
The quantity of black ware is lesser than grey
outside the fortified area of Maheth, west of village
ware. It is well fired, fine fabric and treated with
Kandbhari and about 150 m south-west of
slip. Deep bowl and dish types are encountered in
Kandbhari Gate. The mound covers roughly an area
this layer.
of 40 m x 30 m. Eastern and northern part of this
Degenerated NBPW is very less in quantity. mound have been destroyed by the local villagers
It is well levigated clay and thicker in section. Only by converting it into agricultural fields as potsherds
bowl type is represented. and brickbats are found scattered on the surface
of these agricultural lands.
In Period II, only red ware is noticed. It is
well fired and fabric ranges from medium to fine. The height of the mound is not more than 2 m
This period is represented by Gupta and late from surrounding plain, on which the temple of
Gupta deposits. The fabrics can be classified in Chirenath had been constructed. Presently, the
two groups (i) slipped and (ii) dull red. Thick brick villagers call this temple Mahadeo-than. The temple
red slip is treated externally and internally is built of burnt bricks. Moulded and decorated
restricted to rim portion. Bowl with featureless bricks have been used for construction of this
rim and flat base, ink pot-lid type, basin, temple.
miniature vase with an out-turned featureless rim,
From outside, the temple is circular upto its
a sharp carination above flat base, sprinkler and
jangha portion. The sikhara is completely missing.
spout.
The circumference of the temple is 14.70 m. The
Period III (early medieval) is marked by the remains of three niches, in all the three cardinal
presence of red ware. Fabric ranges from medium directions excepting west, have been found on the
to coarse and it is devoid of any surface treatment. outer wall of the temple. The entrance is from west.
T he types r epr esented in this war e ar e The garbhagriha of the temple is roughly square
predominantly vases of different sizes. Few pots measuring 2.10 m x 2.10 m. A 1.70 m high Siva-
are ill fired showing the unoxydized smoky core. linga of r ed sandst one is installed in t he
EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

garbhagriha. Two flanks have been taken off from No antiquity and structural activitiy could be
both the sides of the linga, probably named it as traced in this level, probably because the area of
Chirenath (pl. 136). excavation was very limited (4.24 m x 2 m).

In the excavation conducted at this site in grids The evidence of flood in River Rapti has been
of 10 x 10m each, six layers were encountered and obtained in the form of thick layer of 1.60 m of
the natural soil was found mixed with kankar in yellowish sand above the deposit of this period.
which further probing could not be done as water
level has come up to it now. Layers 3 and 4 represent Period II. The
structural activities of this period were found in
The evidence of material culture recovered Trench XN17, Qd 1 and 2 and XM17 Qd 1.
from excavation in this area has been tentatively Structures are in the form of ruins of small cells.
divided into four cultural periods: Total five cells are fully or partly exposed. In the
Trenches XN17 and XM17 ther e wer e no
Period I Circa early second century
structures of later period. The extension and
BC to end of first century
remaining part of this cell-complex buried under
Period II Circa first century AD to the structures of Periods III and IV might be a part
of some monastery. The cells measure 1.45 m
fourth century AD x1.65 m, 2.40 m x 2.80 m, 1.93 m x 2.39 m and
2.06 m x 1.90 m. The bricks used for constructing
Period III Early medieval period
these rooms measure 33 x 23 x 6 cm, 32 x 23 x
Period IV Late medieval period 6 cm and 32 x 23 x 6 cm.

The ceramic industry of Period I is marked This period has yielded only red ware. They
with the presence of red ware, black ware and grey are well fired and treated with wash. The fabric ranges
ware. In red ware the fabric ranges from coarse to form medium to fine. The types include dish, bowl
fine. It is well fired and devoid of any surface with inturned rim, vase, storage jar, ink-pot type lid,
treatment. The types include vase, basin and earthen lamp, sprinkler, bowl with handle. Sprinkler
miniature bowl. The black ware group is minimum is of fine fabric and treated with thin red slip which is
in percentage. The type includes only bowl and washed out due to water loging. In the case of
miniature bowl. It is of medium fabric, well fired storage-jar, husk and gritts are mixed as tempering
and treated with thin slip. Grey ware is of fine fabric materials.
and well fired. Only bowl and flat dish are
Among the antiquities, terracotta animal figurines,
encountered. The texture of this ware is marked
human figurines, wheels, beads, skin rubber and bangle
by ashy grey, both exterior and base are of dull
pieces have been found. Pieces of glass bangle were
black.
 EXPLORATIONS AND EXCA VATIONS

also recovered. Noteworthy among the antiquities is The sculptures are made of very soft greenish
a corroded copper coin of Kanishka of standard type sandstone. One fragment of door-frame depicting
with greek legend and standing king on the obverse dvarapala and other fragmentary sculpture,
while Greek deity Nanaia on the reverse. probably of Vamana (pi. 137), made of black
The Period III is marked by the construction of a chlorite schist are also noteworthy finds of this
very well-planned temple-complex. Structural peirod. Fragmentary sculptures of Vishnu (pis. 138-
activities of this period can be divided into two phases. 139) and Uma-Mahesvara (pi. 140) were also
In this period one temple was constructed which was found.
enclosed with a wall from all the three sides except west The Period IV is represented by the remains of
from which entrance has been provided. The only one room of 5.65 m x 4.25 m. This room has
remains of this enclosure wall have been found in the been constructed by some priest when only the
northern side upto a length of 13.22 m. The thickness main temple was in worship. The other sub-
of this wall is 95 cm. hi the eastern side 11.90 m long shrines might have been covered with debris and
and 85 cm wide enclosure wall is traced, while in the earth. This room has been used for residential
southern side 12m long wall has been traced. But the purpose as a square platform of 2.88 m x 2.88 m
main shrine has not been exposed because in phase was exposed inside the room. The evidence of two
II, another temple (presently existing) was constructed hearths was found on this square platform.
on the ruins of earlier one. The brick sizes used in the 69. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT UTTARKASHI
enclosure wall are of 25 x 22 x 4 and 26 x 22 x The Regional Archaeological Unit, Pauri-
4 cm. Moulded bricks of earlier period have also been Garhwal of the State Archaeology Department,
noticed at places. Government of Uttar Pradesh, undertook exploration
In phase II of this period, once again massive in upper Tons valley in District Uttarkashi. The
structural construction activities have been done exploration was conducted by B.P. Badoni, assisted
without disturbing the enclosure wall of earlier phases, by B.B.S. Rawat under the general direction of Rakesh
probably because of transfer of ownership of this area. Tewari inPurola tehsil.

Village/Site .Sature of remain ;

Bari Wooden temple

Bhitri Wooden temple Datmeer

Wooden temple
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

Village/Site Nature of remains

Devra Wooden temple, remains of medieval temples

and sculptures

Dhara Wooden temple

Doni Wooden temple with profuse wood carving

Gangar Wooden temple with mandapas

Guradi Wooden temple

Hudyari Three-storeyed wooden temple

Jakhol Wooden temple with profuse wood carving

Kanyasani Wooden temple

Khanana Wooden temple

Kotgaon Wooden temple

Kunara Wooden temple

Masri Wooden temple

Naitwar Wooden temple, remains of medieval temples

Nanai Remains of medieval group of temples

EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

Village/Site Nature of remains

Nuranu Wooden temple

Osla Wooden temple

PaunUpla Wooden temple

PaunNichala Wooden temple

Pujeli Wooden temple

Satta Wooden temple

Saur Wooden temple

Sewa Multi-storeyed wooden temple

Sindri Wooden temple

Sirga Wooden temple

70. EXCAVATION AT CHAUKHANDI STUPA, SARNATH, of the mound have been taken up with a view to
DISTRICT VARANASI expose the plan of the stupa for the purpose of its
Muhammed K.K., assisted by D.P. Sinha, K.C. restoration and consolidation for giving it a proper
Srivastava, P.K. Tripathi and S.K. Arora of Patna shape. The diggings have exposed the traces of 1.30
Circle of the Survey, carried out excavation work at m thick outer walls of the terraces and 1.10m thick
Chaukhandi stupa mound in Sarnath. As per the cross walls forming boxes to be filled with earth. A
excavations by Cunningham and Oertel, this lofty few red ware sherds of vases and bowls, two spouts
brick structure of Gupta period consists of three and one knob have been recovered. Terracotta sling
square terraces raised one above the other. Five balls, beads and one sandstone pranala have been
trenches measuring 10 * 10 m in the south-east comer found in the excavation.
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

WEST BENGAL University of Calcutta, under the guidance of

Chitrarekha Gupta, assisted by Anil Chandra Pal,
71. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT BANKURA
Mallar Mitra, Asok Datta and others.
S.B. Ota, assisted by S.Maiti of the Calcutta
Circle of the Survey, conducted exploration at Patalpur Apart from imparting training to the post-
and Damodarpur in Onda and Bishnupur Police graduate students of the Department in the field
Station to ascertain the tool bearing horizon in the archaeology, other archaeological problems were also
area. This is half kilometre away from the left bank of considered. The work was mainly concentrated at the
Darakeswar river, on the road between Bishnupur Bhairav-danga mound (BD1) because the last year's
and Ayodhya Via Dharapat. Implementiferous horizon results yielded material belonging to the Chalcolithic
is half a metre below the present surface which is a phase along with those of the historic period, while
stabilised detrital laterite bed and is very hard and the Gader-danga area yielded assemblages only of
exposed at places. The overlying sediment is reddish the historic period. The excavation in this area was
sand. Below the detrital laterite there is a yellowish done to determine ( 1 ) the chrono-cultural
clay deposit. The composition of detrital laterite bed, development of the Chalcolithic phase; (2) the nature
2 m in thickness, shows that this has been deposited and character of transition from the Chalcolithic to
due to high energy surface wash. The artifacts, though the historic phase, and (3) extent of settlement area
sporadic in nature, come mostly from the top of the of the Chalcolithic people.
stabilised secondary laterite. The artifacts, comprising
With these objectives in view, two horizontal
blades and flake-blades, are mostly on chert and
trenches of 6 x 6 m (A2 and A3) were first taken up
quartz. Few quartz and well-rounded cobbles have
in BD1 area. Then one more trench (A/2) was taken
been noticed which suggest its presence through
in the same area, but it was partially exposed. The
import from some river bed. The nearest source for
Chalcolithic level yielded, as in previous year, wheel-
chert is not yet known but the source of quartz can be
made painted and plain black-and-red ware, black
faraway from the locality as besides the laterite pallets
on red ware, painted brown ware, black ware and
the other overwhelming stones in the detrital laterite
red ware. Bowls, basins, jars are common types. Jars
are quartz. To save the area from evergoing process
of soil erosion the Forest Department has undertaken or kalasas with beaded designs deserve mention

the work of deforestation here. (pl. 1 41 ). Bone tools including ordinary and
sophisticated socketed arrow-head and points
72. EXCAVATION AT PAKHANNA, DISTRICT BANKURA (pl. 142). beads of stone and bone, copper rings have
been found along with Chalcolithic ceramics. Iron tools
In continuation of the previous season's work
like chisel and arrow-head have been found from the
(1996-97, pp. 177-180). excavation was resumed
upper level of the Chalcolithic phase (pl. 143). One
at Pakhanna, by the Department of Archaeology.
trench (A2) has yielded a small Neolithic celt, but it
 EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

has been obtained from a pit of the Chalcolithic period. dwelling" of previous year has been found. No brick
Two more Neolithic celts have been found this year, structure of historic period has yet been traced. This
one from surface collection and another from an may be due to extensive brick-robbing at the site.
excavated trial-trench. No clear Neolithic or
Neolithic-Chalcolithic phase has yet been traced. In order to have an idea about the extent of
Chalcolithic settlement area on the Bhairav-danga
Because of the very disturbed nature of the site, mound, three trial-trenches of 2 x 2 m were taken at
the picture of transition from the Chalcolithic to the three points of the mound. It appears that the
historic phase is still very hazy. But two pieces of Chalcolithic people lived almost all over the Bhairav-
NBPW and the predominant black-polished ware danga mound. Then there was a gap and another
point to the flourishing stage of the site during the third cluster of settlement grew up in the Satbardanga
century BC. The beautiful Rouletted Wares (pl. 144), mound, where black-and-red wares have been found
stamped pottery (pl. 145), terracotta figurines show from the surface collection.
gradual development of the site around first century
In order to understand the cultural sequence of
AD. But later developments cannot be traced at
Satbardanga mound one trench was taken up. Here
Bhairav-danga.
Chalcolithic level could not be fully exposed, but the
From structural evidence unearthed, the process sequence seems to be the same as in the Bhairav-
of development, however, could not be ascertained. danga mound. Here Gupta moulded pottery was found
Three floor levels have been obtained, two of them in the upper level.
belong to the Chalcolithic phase. All are mud floors.
73. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT MIDNAPORE
One circular structure belonging to the Chalcolithic
period has been found in Trench A2 at a depth of In continuation of the previous season's work
1.25 m. The outer diameter of the structure is 2.60 m (1996-97, p. 180), Santanu Maiti of the Calcutta
and the inner diameter is 2.30 m. Two post-holes have Circle of the Survey, carried out village-to-village
been traced. Another rectangular floor with post-holes survey in the area confined to Contai Police Station
has been found in A3 at a depth of 1.67 m. In none of and brought to notice the following sites of
the trenches excavated this year anything like "pit- archaeological importance.

Village Nature of remains

Anuraibeliachatta Temple datable to late medieval period

Aurai Medieval mound and two temples of late

medieval period
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

Village Nature of remains

Bidhubahiri Medieval mound and a temple datable to circa

nineteenth century AD

Haturia Brick-built signal post, datable to circa nineteenth

century AD

Herranamaldina Flat-roofed brick temple, datable to circa

eighteenth century AD

Karpura Two temples datable to circa eighteenth-

nineteenth century AD
 II. EPIGRAPHY

S ANSKRITIC AND DRAVIDIC INSCRIPTIONS

ANDHRA PRADESH Public Gardens, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh. The

1. EASTERN CHALUKYA COPPER-PLATE CHARTER, first charter is in Sanskrit language and engraved in
KAKINADA, DISTRICT EAST GODAVARI Telugu-Kannada characters of sixth-seventh century
AD. Issued on the day of lunar eclipse during the fifth
This charter discovered from the village
year of the king Vishnuvardhana-maharaja, son of
Peddapurappadu, now preserved in the ASPP
Sarvvalokasraya and the grandson of
Museum at Kakinada, is written in Sanskrit language
Vishnuvardhana-maharaja, it records the gift of the
and Telugu-Kannada script of ninth-tenth century AD.
village Kondakali (Kondakaripuramu) situated in the
It records the gift of the village Kakandiparru in
Adhi-vishaya to a brahmin Nandisarmma of Khandi
Ashtami-vishaya to a Jinalaya on the occasion of
(Kaundinya?) gotra and the resident of Vemgipura by
the Jaina pontiff Kanakanandyacharyya attaining
the king. The charter contains a seal which reads: 'Sri
Dharma-pada by Chalukya king Vishamasiddhi, son Vishamasiddhi.
of Indra-bhattaraka of the Vengi country for the merit
of his father and for his ownself. The seal of the charter Of the second copper-plate set which is
reads 'Sri Vishamasiddhi.' supposed to have contained four plates, the first plate
is missing while the second one is fragmentary,
2. EASTERN CHALUKYA COPPER-PLATE CHARTERS,
retaining only a quarter portions. There is no inscription
HYDERABAD, DISTRICT HYDERABAD
engraved on the second side of all the three plates
Three copper plate sets are preserved in the and the ring with the seal attached to them does not
Andhra Pradesh State Archaeological Museum, bear any emblem or legend. The inscription is engraved

1
Information from: M.D. Sampath, assisted by M. Jayarama Sharma, C.A.Padmanabha Sastry and Jai Prakash,
D.M. Nagaraju and K. Karuppaiah, S. Rajavelu, who found, examined and reported nearly two hundred
seventy-eight inscriptions of which only the important ones are mentioned here.
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

in Sanskrit language and Telugu-Kannada characters 4. I KSHVAKU COPPER -P LATE G RANT FROM
and refers to the king [Jaya] simha-vallabha-maharaja KALLACHERUVU, DISTRICT WEST GODAVARI
probably Eastern Chalukyan king (AD 641 -73).
A'set of five copper-plates discovered from the

The inscription seems to record a tax-free gift above mentioned place, presently kept in the ASPP
of a village called Uchchatigrama situated in Natavati Museum at Kakinada, District East Godavari,
(vishaya) to a brahmin Matri-sarmma son of Dvivedi engraved in Prakrit language and southern Brahmi
Durgganandi-sarmma, a resident of Va(Vem)giparru characters of third-fourth century AD belong to the
belonging to Kanvasa-gotra, Apastamba-(sutra) on reign period of the Ikshvaku king Ehavula
the day of Vaisakha Purnima and Vyatipata. Chantamulavar mma who had per for med
asvamedha and hiranyakoti sacrifices. Dated in
The third set, which has three plates in Sanskrit Samvat year [4], Hema 6 and day 8, the inscription
language and Nagari characters of eleventh century refers to the construction of a Chatusala
AD dated in Saka 962 AD 1040 {netra-rasa- (quadrangular-hall) to the Mahavihara for
samkhya) in chronogram, it records the gift of an accommodating mendicants and pilgrims as a resting
agrahara named Daru situated in Vengi-vishaya on place (Vissamanattam), and records the grant of
the occasion of solar eclipse to a brahmin Narayana land as a permanent endowment (akkhaya-nivi)
of Haritasa-gotra, by king Vishnuvardhana of towards the maintenance of the same situated around
Chalukya family. township near the Mahavihara at Pithunda. The grant
was stated to have been made by the king from his
3. VLJAYANAGARA COPPER - PLATE CHARTER ,
victorious camp Samnakadata for accruing merit and
HYDERABAD, DISTRICT HYDERABAD
attaining longevity and strength (punnap-payan-ayu-
A copper-plate charter found preserved in the bala-vaddhanattam) and the order was issued by
Andhra Pradesh State Archaeological Museum at Mahatalavara Aggasura.
Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, is written in Sanskrit
and Kannada languages and Nagari characters 5. VISHNUKUNDI COPPER-PLATE FROM KALLACHERUVU,
belonging to the reign of Vijayanagara king Harihara. DISTRICT WEST GODAVARI
Dated in Saka 1308 (AD 1386), it registers the grant
Another charter with a set of seven copper-
of a village called Vidyaranyapura, named after Sri
plates discovered from the above mentioned
Vidyaranya to the mahajanas of Sringeri, on his
village, also kept in ASPP Museum at Kakinada,
attaining samadhi (paripurnaradalli). The gift
District East Godavari, is in Sanskrit language and
divided into hundred vrittis was made after purchase
in southern Brahmi characters of about the early
for a sum of five hundred varaha-gadyana. The
sixth century AD. Dated in the 26th year and 8th
above lands are situated in Kikkinda-nadu in
day of Hemanta, it belongs to the reign of
Aragada-vemthe.
Vishnukundi king Madhavavar mma, son of
 EPIGRAPHY

Govindavarmma, both being described as MADHYA PRADESH

performers of a nulmber of sacrifices like
7. INSCRIPTION, DAMARAUNA KALAN, DISTRICT
asvamedha, bahusuvarna, paundarika, etc. The
SHIVPURI
inscription states that at the orders of the king, his
son Vikramendravarmma, who was in-charge of Engraved on stone- slab and dated (Vikrama)
Trikalinga-Vengi-vishaya, made grant of land in the 1787 (AD 1730), this inscription in local dialect and
villages. Undichchishti, Dalava, Kadurukuttu and Nagari characters records the construction of a temple
Kadukapu and in villages of Klochela and Kloyura of Rama-Lakshmana probably by Maharaja Kumara
in Vengi-vishaya along with the privileges of Divanathana-sighaji.
achata-bhata-pravesha to the Trilokasraya-raja- 8. INSCRIPTION, VIDISHA, DISTRICT VIDISHA
mahavihara of Asanapura towards the repairs and
Engraved on the pedestal of Panchamukhi Siva-
maintenance, for accommodating and feeding of the
linga and dated [Vikrama] 1276 (AD 1219), this
members of Aryyasamgha who come from the four
inscription in corrupt Sanskrit language and Nagari
directions and for the benefit of the visiting monks
characters, records the installation probably of the
of the Mahavihara of Tamra-parnni (Ceylon). It is
same linga.
interesting to note that Vikramendravarmma who
was known to have born to Vakataka princess was TAMIL NADU
described as Vishnukundi-Vakataka-kula-dvaya- 9. HOYSALA INSCRIPTION, MOSAKKUTTIVALASU,
lalama. DISTRICT ERODE

KARNATAKA This damaged Tamil inscription is engraved on a

loose stone-slab kept in front of Alagunachchi Amman
6. HOYSALA I NSCRIPTION, H ALGUR, D ISTRICT
Temple. Dated in the cyclic year Dhatri (AD 1336)
MANDYA
and belonging to the period of Hoysala king, Vira
This damaged inscription in Kannada language Vallaladeva (Ballala III), it seems to refer to the
and characters belonging to the reign of Hoysala installation of Devi (goddess) and construction of a
king Vishnuvardhana (AD 1104-41), records the temple in the village Vayiranpalli alias Uttamacholach-
grant of land in the village Halaguru for worship, chaturvedimangalam in Virasola-valanadu.
food offerings, for temple servants and also for
10. MEMORIAL STONE-INSCRIPTION, TAMARAIKKARAI,
burning a perpetual lamp in the temple of god
DISTRICT ERODE
Svayambhu Vaijanatha at Narasingha-
chaturvedimangalam by a mahapradhana (name This fragmentary Tamil inscription engraved on
lost). The grant was stated to have been engraved a broken stone slab in early Vatteluttu characters of
on a copper plate and was entrusted to the senior fifth-sixth century AD, mentions the name
pontiff (hiriya-gurugalu) named Sambhu (deva). Karimidachchattan.
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW i

11. CHOLA INSCRIPTION, KORATTUR, DISTRICT Tamil language and characters of about thirteenth
KANCHIPLRAM century AD. It refers to the construction of a sluice
This inscription in Tamil language and characters, by Palai Tirup-peruman alias Mudikondasola
is engraved on a pillar of the mandapa of the temple Nadalvan.
of Mariyamman in the village. Dated in the twelfth
14. CHOLA INSCRIPTIONS, PERUNGULAM, DISTRICT
regnal year (AD 997) of Chola king Salai
TlRUNELVELI
kalamarutta Ko-Rajakesari, i.e., Rajaraja I, it
registers the sale of land along with water facilities as This Tamil inscription, engraved on a slab set
devabhoga, after making it free from taxes to the up on the floor of the ardha-mandapa in the
temple of Sembiyan Mahadeva-isvaram in the village Mayakkuttaperumal Temple belongs to 43rd
by the sabha of Kurattur alias Sri Parantakach- regnal year (AD 1113) of Chola king Kulottunga
chaturvedimangalam in Ambattur-nadu of I. It begins with his usual prasasti pugal-madu
Pular-kottam. vilanga etc., and mentions the village Perungudi
alias Uttamacholanallur included in
12. P ANDYA INSCRIPTIONS, VAUKANDAPURAM, Mudikondachola-valanadu, a sub-division of
DISTRICT PERAMBALUR
Raj araj apandi-nadu.
This Tamil inscription is engraved on a slab built
into the platform of the prakara in the temple of 15. TAMIL INSCRIPTION, THIRUKKURUNGUDI,
Triuvalisvaram-udaiyan at Valikandapuram. Dated in DISTRICTTIRUNELVELI
the 12th regnal year (AD 1308) of the Pandya king This inscription engraved on the south wall
Jatavarman Vira Pandya, it records the construction of prakara of the Tirupparkadal Nambi
of a drama-stage (tiruvad-arangu) probably for Temple, is in Tamil language and characters.
holding cultural activities and the (tiruppalliyarai) inside Dated in Saka 1293 (AD 1371), it refers to
the temple of Tiruvalisvaram-udaiyar located at the row or division (patti) measuring three span
Kilkurru-Valikandapuram of Venbar-nadu by one (mulam) and to an individual Sri Krishna -
Tiruvaiyarudaiyan Villimagadarayan alias Irungolan, bhattan, a native of Imampuliyur in Chola-
who had the rights of kudininga tirunamattukkani mandalam.
of the village and a resident of Brahmadesam alias
Tiruvabaranamitta-perumanallur. 16. CHOLA INSCRIPTION, KALANIPAKKAM, DISTRICT
VELLORE
13. TAMIL INSCRIPTION, SATYAMANGALAM, DISTRICT
PUDUKKOTTAI
This inscription, in Tamil language and
characters of the thirteenth century AD belongs to
This inscription engraved on a stone-slab
the reign of Chola king Rajaraja (Rajaraja III).
near the sluice of a tank outside the village, is in
Dated in the eleventh regnal year (AD 1227) of
I EPIGRAPHY

the Chola ruler Rajaraja III, it states that the sabha 17. PANDYA INSCRIPTION, TOPPALAKKARAI, DISTRICT
of Kalanippakkam in Miyarai-nadu in Paduvur- VlRUDHUNAGAR
kottam had made provisions by setting apart 1240 This inscription, engraved on the balipitha, fixed
kuli of' parivattanai land for burning a lamp and in front of the Perumal Temple is in Tamil language
for providing food offerings in the temple of and characters. Dated in the third regnal year (AD
Bhimesvaradevar of Kalanipakkam. The above 1271) of the Pandya king Sri-Kulasekharadeva, it
mentioned land was stated to have been acquired refers to the construction of the balipitha by an
through exchange and sale of land. individual named Irattaimavan alias Tamil (da) raiyar.

ARABIC AND PERSIAN INSCRIPTION

ANDHRA PRADESH inscriptions, simply record the name Nawab Mir
Nizam Ali Khan Nizamu'l Mulk Asaf Jah Thani (i.e., the
1. QUTB SHAHI INSCRIPTION, BADSHAHI ASHUR
Second), along with the date AH 1178 (AD 1764-65).
KHANA, DISTRICT HYDERABAD
The fourth one, on wooden panels of northern and
This beautiful inscription in the medallion form, southern halls of the Ashur Khana, records the renovation
executed in Thulth characters, on the western wall of of the decoration of the edifice, at the instance of Asad,
the Badshahi Ashur Khana at Hyderabad, records the superintendent (of buildings), during the reign of Asaf
only the name of the king 'Abu'l Muzaffar Sultan Jah II, in AH 12(0)5 (AD 1790-91).
'Abdullah Qutb Shah', whose ruling period extended
from AH 1035-83 (AD 1626-72). A seal housed in the museum at Idara-i-
Adabiyat-i-Urdu, Panja Gatta, Hyderabad, pertains
2. ASAF JAHI INSCRIPTIONS, BADSHAHI ASHUR to the time of Mir Akbar Ali Khan Sikandar Jah Asaf
KHANA, DISTRICT HYDERABAD Jah III (AH 1218-44 /AD 1803-29). Dated in AH
Among the four Persian inscriptions of Nawwab 1219(AD 1804-05), the seal records the name of
Mir Nizam 'Ali Khan Asaf Jah II (AH 1175-1218/ the official as Ashrafu'd Daula Ashraf Jang Mir Ali
AD 1762-1803), photographed from the above Husain Khan Bahadur, Fidwi-i-Asaf Jah (i.e., the
mentioned Badshahi Ashur Khana at Hyderabad, the devoted servant of Asaf Jah).
first one in three parts, records the erection (i.e.,
renovation of the Ashur Khana) by Nizamul Mulk 3. EPITAPHS, HYDERABAD, DISTRICT HYDERABAD
Asaf Jah (II) for the sake of (Imam) Husain, in AH A good number of epitaphic records in Arabic
1178 (AD 1764-65) while the second and the third and Persian have been copied from the famous
1
Information from M.Ilyas Quddusi, assisted by M.Yaseen Quddusi, and G.S. Khwaja, of Epigraphy Branch of
the Survey, Nagpur. One hundred and thirty-nine inscriptions were copied, examined and reported on during
the year under review, out of which only important ones are mentioned here.
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

graveyard called Daira Mir Mumin and a couple of Khan-i-Khanan, the first, AH 1256 (AD 1840-41);
other epitaphs from elsewhere in Hyderabad, pertaining Nawwab Mir Ghulam Husain Khan entitled Safdar
to the graves of dignified high officials, pious and learned Jang, Husamu'd Daula, Fakhru'l Mulk, the first, AH
personages, veteran generals and administrators. The 1278 (AD 1861-62); Nawwab Bahbud Ali Khan
names (in a couple of epitaphs names not mentioned) Fathyab Jang, AH 1288 (AD 1871-72); Nawwab
of the deceased along with their dates of death (in a Sir Salar Jang I, AH 1300 (AD 1883) and his sons
few cases dates of birth also) include: Haji Siddi Raihan, La'iq Ali Khan and Saadat Ali Khan AH 1306 (AD
AH 1055? (AD 1645); the headstone from the grave 1889).
of Mir Shah Ali (brother of Mir Muhammad Mumin,
4. VISITOR 'S RECORDS, MALKAPUR, D ISTRICT
the Prime Minister of Sultan Muhammad Quli Qutb
NALGONDA
Shah (AD 1580-1612) from the locality Purani Haveli,
recording the date of death, AH 1058? (AD 1648) Among the four r ecor ds in Persian,
(pl. 146); Mirza Abu Turab Ridawi Mashhadi, with photographed from Sarai Miran Masjid at Malkapur,
the pen-name Fitrat, AH 1060 (AD 1649-50) (earlier, two are in metrical form. The first one records that
partially copied as the bottom portion was cemented one Rafiud Din by name, on his way to Hyderabad,
underground, and listed without date in Annual Report stayed here along with his children for a day on 16
on Indian Epigraphy (AREp), 1975-76, App.D, No. Dhiqada AH 1280 ( 23rd April, AD 1864) and
20; Khuda Wardi Sultan, AH 1061 (AD 1650-51); enjoyed rest and composure in the inn. The second
Mirza Yahya, AH 1089 (AD 1678-79); (pl. 147) the one recounts that the court-personnel, of the District
records (obverse and reverse) sides of the headstone Nalgonda, comprising Qasim, the Mir Munshi,
from the grave of the wife of Mir Shah Ali, referred to Muhammad Husain Khan, the translator, and two
above, present the dates of death of respected lady, officials of the region - Sar Rishtadar of the Inam
AH 1091 (AD 1680) on the reverse and AH 1094 land and his Munshi (names not given), halted here
(AD 1682-83) on the obverse; Muhammad Husain for a day on Sunday, 4 Rabi II, AH 1287 (4th July
alias Saf Shikan Khan Bahadur Mujahid Jang, AH AD 1870) during their travel. The visitor's record
1128 (AD 1716) (partially listed, AREp., 1967-68, was written by Muhammad Husain Khan, the
App. D, No.55, without date as the lower portion translator of the court, referred to above.
was cemented underground); Sayyid Radi Mir Dauran
DELHI
Bahadur, AH 1216 (AD 1801 -02) who was born in
AH 1199 (AD 1784-85); Sayyid Abu'l Qasim Mir 5. MUGHAL INSCRIPTIONS, DISTRICT DELHI
Alam Bahadur, AH 1223 (AD 1808-09) who was Among the four photographed Mughal
born in AH 1166 (AD 1752-53); Nawwab Mir inscriptions in Persian, the first belongs to Jalalu'd
Abbas Ali Khan entitled Nizam Yar Jang, Nizam Din Muhammad Akbar (AD 1556-1605), pertaining
Yaru'd-Daula, Husamu'l Mulk, Husamu'l Umara, to the mosque called Khairu'l Manazil. It records
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

the construction of the mosque by Maham Bega in 6. EPITAPHS, DISTRICT DELHI

AH 969 (AD 1561-62), through the efforts of
In the collection, there are four miscellaneous
Shihabu'd Din Ahmad Khan; the metrical text of the
epitaphic records (later installations) in Persian, from
record, having been calligraphed by Niyaz Bakhsh
the tomb-complex of Hadrat Nizamu'd Din and
and the slab obviously set up under the supervision
Qabrastan Mehndiyan in Delhi. Of these, the first one
of Darwish Husain.
from the Nizamu'd Din tomb-complex, points to the

The second Mughal inscription, pertaining to grave as that of Hadrat Khwaja Sayyid Mu-i-(Tab),

Shah Jahan (AD 1628-58), comes from the tomb of son of Hadrat Maulana Khwaja Sayyid Badru'd Din

Shaikh Nizamu'd Din in Basti Nizamud Din, stating Ishaq Dehlawi and grandson (nawasa) of Hadrat

that Khalilu'llah Khan, son of Mir Miran al-Hasani Baba Faridu'd Din Ganj-i-Shakar and the spiritual
Nimatu'llahi who was governor (Hakim) of disciple of Hadrat Khwaja Nizamu'd Din Auliya
Shahjahanabad (i.e., Delhi), constructed this pavilion Sultanu'l Masha'ikh, whose death occurred in AH
round the blessed tomb in the year AH 1063 (AD 735 (AD 1334-35). It also records that this
1652-53), during the reign of his Exalted Majesty inscription was installed in AH 1349 (AD 1930-
Sahib-i-Qiran-i-Thani (i.e., Shahjahan). 31) by Hasan Nizami.

The third Mughal inscription in metrical form Among the epitaphs from Qabrastan
from Sunehri Masjid near Red Fort, belongs to the Mehndiyan, the first one points to the grave as that of
reign of Ahmad Shah (AD 1748-54), assigning the Hadrat Maulana Shah 'Abdu'r Rahim Muhaddith, son
construction of the mosque along with a well and a of Hadrat Maulana Shaikh Wajihu'd Din Muhaddith,
tank (haud), in AH 1164 (AD 1750-51), to Nawwab who was born in the year AH 1054 (AD 1644-45)
Qudsi Manzilat {i.e., Nawwab Qudsiya Begam, the during the reign of Shahjahan and died at the age of
mother of the said king), with the efforts of Nawwab seventy-six, during the reign of Farrukh Siyar in AH
Bahadur Jawid (Khan). The composer of this 1131 (AD 1718). It further records that the inscription
inscription was Khurram. was written by Muhammad Zubair son of Yusuf
Chudiwalan of Delhi and (obviously) set up under the
The last Mughal inscription, from the balcony supervision of Ali Muhammad Sher Mewat, the
in front of Muthamman Burj in the Red Fort, represents mutawalli (i.e., in charge) of the Dargah. The second
the later Mughal, Akbar II (AD 1806-37), that one pertains to the grave of Hujjatu'l Islam Hadrat
registers the construction of the royal seat (nashiman) Maulana Imam Shah Waliu'Uah Muhaddith son of
of exalted foundation meant for Akbar Shah, in AH Hadrat Maulana Shah' Abdur Rahim Muhaddith, who
1223 (AD 1808-09). The composer of the metrical was born in AH 1114 (AD 1703) and died at the age
text of this epigraph was the poet-laureate
of sixty-two in AH 1176, corresponding to (AD
(Sayyidush-Shuara), Sayyid.
1762), during the reign of Shah Alam II; the inscriber
EPIGRAPHY

and the supervisor being the same person, referred of a mosque, termed as Masjid-i-Asaf (locally called
to above. The third epitaph belongs to the grave of Asafi Masjid) in AH 1211 (AD 1796-97) and its
Hadrat Maulana Shah 'Abdul' 'Aziz Muhaddith, son reconstruction in the year AH 1293 (AD 1876-77).
of Hujjatu'l Islam Shah Waliu'llah Muhaddith, who
was born in AH 1159 (AD 1746-47) and died at the 8. M ISCELLANEOUS I NSCRIPTIONS , D ISTRICT
age of eighty in AH 1239 (AD 1824), during the reign MUZAFFARNAGAR

of Akbar Shah ll. Among the epigraphs copied, an epitaph in

Persian from Jalalabad specifies the death of Shah
UTTAR PRADESH
Mazhar Ali in AH 1244 (AD 1828-29), further
7. M ISCELLANEOUS I NSCRIPTIONS , D ISTRICT assigning the construction of the tomb obviously of
BAREILLY the deceased, to Sayyid Muhammad Imam, son of
Several inscriptions have been copied from Maulana Sayyid Shah Damin Ali.

different parts of Bareilly. Of these, the earliest one in

Among the three worth mentioning epigraphs
Persian, comes from a local mosque, recording the
from Charthawal, the first one in Persian, assigns
completion of the mosque by Chand Khan in AH 1150
the erection of a mosque to one 'Abdu'l Hakim in
(AD 1737-38) for which obviously the work started
AH 1173 (AD 1759-60). The second one, again
in AH 1149 (AD 1736-37). Next is a later installation
pertaining to another mosque, assigns i t s
of an epitaph in Persian in Bagh-i-Inayat Khan in
construction, to Munshi Muhammad Karimullah, for
Mahalla Baqarganj, recording an obituary, saying that
which obviously the work started in AH 1263 (AD
Nawwab 'Inayat Khan, eldest son of Mukarramu'd
1846-47) and came to an end in AH 1264 (AD
Daula Hafizu'l Mulk Hafiz Rahmat Khan Bahadur
1847-48). The third one is a trilingual (Hindi, English
Nasir Jang passed away, following the disease of
and Urdu) record from Ram Mandir, fixed over the
bladder-pain, at the age of thirty-two in AH 1187,
gate called Thakur Dwar. Dated in AD 1910 (Vikram
corresponding to AD 1773 (irregular-should be AD
Samvat 1967), its detailed Urdu version records that
1774-February-March) and was buried at Bareilly.
the old Thakur Darwaza (of the Hindu temple), built
While a Persian inscription from Kala Imam Bada
by Lala Rai Prem Raj in the time of Emperor
assigns the construction of a tomb (Darih), i.e., Imam
Jahangir, was repaired in the time of Honourable
Bada, to Husain Ali in AH 1204 (AD 1789-90). The
Pandit Juwala Prashad, Collector, with the help of
bridge over Deoraina river, on its southern parapet-
Maulawi Mushaffa Ahmad Siddiqi, Deputy Collector
wall, bears a brief bilingual inscription (Hindi and
and Chief of Badaun (Rais-i-Badaun).
Urdu), recording the name 'Diwan Bahadur Singh7
along with the date 'AD 1842', obviously the builder A metrical Persian record from Hasanpur
of the bridge in the given year. Another Persian Lohari, assigns the construction of a mosque, to one
inscription in metrical form records the original erection Nur Muhammad in AH 1261 (AD 1845).
 NUMISMATICS AND TREASURE TROVE

GUJARAT Temple by the Department of Ancient History,

University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram. Similar
1. GADHAIYA AND ROMAN COINS, HATHAB, DISTRICT
gold coins were in use indigenously almost
BHAVNAGAR
contemporary with the Roman coins in various parts
The Department of Archaeology and Museums,
of south India. These coins both of gold and copper
Government of Gujarat, discovered Gadhaiya and
do not contain any legend. However, symbols occur
Roman coins from the ancient port-town of Hathab. on both the sides (pls. 148-149).

2. S ILVER C OINS, D OODHRES, D ISTRICT

The coins are very small and thin. On the obverse
SURENDRANAGAR
of the gold coin there is an ankusa and twelve zodiacal
The Department of Archaeology and Museums, signs representing the solar year while on the reverse
Government of Gujarat, reported the discovery of
there is a Vishnupada symbol with the zodiacal signs.
one hundred and fifty-five silver coins of sixth-
On the obverse of the copper coin there is the Sri vatsa
seventh century (Valabhi period), bearing on one side
symbol while on the reverse there are zodiacal signs.
bust of a king with Brahmi letters on the other.
These coins have certain characteristics similar to that
of Vijayanagara period. However, their presence with
KERALA
the Roman coins would indicate an earlier date.
3. GOLD AND COPPER COINS, MENALLLR, DISTRICT
THIRIVANANTHAPURAM There are graffiti marks inside the wall of
the garbhagriha of the temple. Around the plinth there
At Menallur near Kariavattom two gold coins and
are bold reliefs of Mahalakshmi, Ganapati, serpentine
one copper coin along with a small ear-ring and an
motif, Elephant, Narasimha etc. The conical form of
object of copper resembling a flower have been found
the wooden roof is a unique one which is not prevalent
during the renovation work of a very old Mahavishnu
now in the wooden architecture of Kerala.
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1996-97-A REVIEW

UTTAR PRADESH images of Radhika, Maitreya, bust of a lady

4. SILVER COINS, KALYANPUR, DISTRICT BAREILLY (pl. 155), Buddhist male and female deities, etc.
Other objects include ornamental footed metal
The Agra Circle of the Survey, reported the
vessels, copper bell (pl. 156), ornamental spoons,
discovery of fifteen coins in silver from the agricultural
huge earthen storage-jar, wooden board ladden
field at village Kalyanpur, Nawabganj tehsil, District
with semiprecious stones and images of Durga,
Bareilly. These coins (pls. 150-151) were found to
Lakshmi, Hanuman, etc. Subsequently out of these
be of Muhammad Shah (AD 1719-1748), issued
objects, thirty objects were acquired by the Calcutta
in his regnal years from 22-28. The coins are now in
Circle from the Customs authorities.
the possession of Nawabganj Police Station.

5. S ILVER COINS, MAWANA, DISTRICT MEERUT 7. METAL IMAGES, CALCUTTA

Coins numbering one thousand five hundred The images which were seized by the Assistant
and sixteen in silver were found by the Agra Circle Commissioner of Customs, Calcutta, were examined
of the Survey during the course of reconstruction by the officials of the Calcutta Circle of the Survey.
work at a house in Rani-Ka-Mahal, Parikshitgarh, Images of Nataraja and a four-armed seated female
Mawana tehsil. The coins were examined by a team deity belonging to circa eighteenth century are
from the Agra Circle and Epigraphy Branch, noteworthy.
Nagpur, of the Survey and found to be of Alamgir
II (AD 1759-1806) with various mint-places viz., 8. METAL SCULPTURES, CALCUTTA

Bareilly, Varanasi, Ahmadnagar (Farrukhabad) and S.B. Ota and A.K. Bandyopadhyaya of the
Shahjahanabad (Delhi). The coins (pls. 152-153) Calcutta Circle of the Survey, examined six metal
are now in the possession of Tehsil Treasury, objects which were seized by the Air Intelligence Unit
Mawana. of the Customs Authority of Calcutta Airport.

WEST BENGAL 9. STONE IMAGES, DISTRICT DARJEELING

6. METAL, WOODEN AND STONE OBJECTS, CALCUTTA S.B. Ota and S. Maiti of the Calcutta Circle of
A large number of antiquities were examined the Survey, examined twenty-three stone sculptures
by A.K. Bandyopadhyaya and S. Maiti of the seized by the Assistant Commissioner of Customs,
Calcutta Circle of the Survey, which were in the Siliguri Division, which are kept in the Museum of
possession of the Assistant Commissioner of North-Bengal University. These sculptures represent
Customs, Customs House, Calcutta. These objects Vishnu, Sarasvati, Chamunda, Manasa, Venugopala,
include stone images of Durga, Vishnu, Navagraha Buddha, Mahishamardini Durga, Bhairava, rider on
panel, Surya (pl. 154), Nayika, Buddha, metal elephant, male figure, carved stone piece, etc., all
datable to circa tenth-twelfth century.
NUMISMATICS AND TREASURE TROVE

10. STONE IMAGES OF UMA-MAHESA AND VISHNU, 12. MISCELLANEOUS ANTIQUITIES, DISTRICT
DISTRICT DARJEELING SOUTH
A.K. Bandyopadhyaya and S. Maiti of the 24-PARGANAS
Calcutta Circle of the Survey, examined two stone S.B. Ota and A.K. Bandyopadhyaya of the
images of Uma-Mahesa and Vishnu belonging to circa Calcutta Circle of the Survey, examined eight objects
tenth-twelfth century, kept in the custody of Assistant seized by the Kulpi Police Station authority. These
Commissioner of Customs, Naxalbari Division, include table clocks, porcelain vases, etc.
Siliguri.
13. METAL AND STONE IMAGES, DISTRICT UTTAR
11. METAL LAMP, D ISTRICT NORTH 24- DINAJPUR
PARGANAS
S.B. Ota and S. Maiti of the Calcutta Circle of
A brass lamp datable to circa eighteenth- the Survey, examined one metal and two stone images
nineteenth century kept under the custody of the of Vishnu and one stone image of Manasa which are
Basirhat customs Preventive Unit, Basirhat, was housed in the Office of the Superintendent of Customs,
inspected by Santanu Maiti of the Calcutta Circle of Buniadpur Preventive Unit, Buniadpur. The metal image
the Survey. of Vishnu dates back to circa eighth century while the
stone images belong to circa eleventh-twelfth century.

221
 IV. OTHER IMPORTANT DISCOVERIES

ANDHRA PRADESH stone slabs of assorted sizes and shapes and is enclosed
1. INSCRIPTIONS, DISTRICTS ANANTAPUR, CUDDAPAH, by a brick wall which is veneered with stone slabs on its
KURNOOL, NALGONDA, NELLORE, PRAKASAM, inner face. The brick wall has been disturbed.
WARANGAL AND WEST GODAVARI
3. RELIC CASKET FROM THE BUDDHIST STUPA AT
The Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, KOTTURU, DISTRICT VISAKHAPATNAM
Government of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad,
While executing the fencing work around the
reported the discovery of inscriptions from different
protected monument, a stone relic casket was found
parts of the districts which belong to the Kalyani
by the Hyderabad Circle of the Survey, on the eastern
Chalukyas, Chalukya-Cholas, Kakatiyas and so on.
side of the stupa at its site. The relic casket, consisting
The Survey also brought to light habitation site,
of a Khondalite stone receptacle, is roughly rectangular
megalithic burials, temples and sculptures ranging from
in shape and measures 47 x 42 x 15.5 Cm in which a
the early historic to the medieval times.
casket made of marble and a small cylindrical rock
2. V OTIVE S TUPA N EAR T HE M AHASTUPA , crystal measuring 12.1 cm in dia and 6.5 cm in height
AMARAVATI, DISTRICT GUNTUR were placed. Along the edges of this stone casket lid
is an early Brahmi inscription which reads 'thambaya
The Hyderabad Circle of the Survey, discovered
danam’. On palaeographical grounds it is datable to
on the north-west comer of the Mahastupa at Amaravati,
the second century BC. Around the marble casket as
a votive stupa at a depth of 0.85 m while digging the
well as the crystal phial, twenty silver flowers, two
foundation trench for constructing a low dwarf wall for
gold flowers and two gold foils with wheel-like design
providing barbed wire fencing. This votive stupa, circular
were noticed as offerings. Apart from this, one
on plan with a diameter of 2.75 m has three courses of
hundred and seven beads of semiprecious stones such
bricks and is plastered with lime-mortar. Around it is a
as lapis lazuli, crystal, garnet, green beryl and carnelian,
squarish stone paved flooring made of schist (Cuddapah)
beads made of coral, pearl and copper were also found.
OTHER IMPORTANT DISCOVERIES

GUJARAT 8. STEP-WELL, TEMPLE AND SCULPTURES,

DISTRICT MAHESANA
4. JAINA SCULPTURES, GHOGHA, DISTRICT
BHAVNAGAR The Department of Archaeology and Museums,
Government of Gujarat, reported the discovery of
The Department of Archaeology and Museums,
Shitalamata step-well and a temple from Mandropur and
Government of Gujarat, reported the discovery of
Dasaj (Solanki period) and sculptures of Ganesa, Apsara
nine sculptures comprising a four-armed human form;
and Mahishasura from Karali and Dasaj in District
female figure; sculptures seated in padmasana
Mahesana, datable to circa ninth-eleventh century AD.
datable to circa thirteenth-fourteenth century.
KERALA
5. FRAGMENTARY POTTERY, VALLABHIPUR, DISTRICT
BHAVNAGAR 9. ROCK-CUT CAVE, NAGAMALAYARKAVU, BADAGARA,
DISTRICT KANNUR
D. R. Gehlot of the Vadodara Circle of the
Survey, reported the discovery of red ware depicting T. Satyamurthy and Krishna of the Thrissur
a bust probably of a Western Kshatrapa King from Circle of the Survey, discovered a rock-cut burial with
Vallabhipur (pl. 157) during his inspection of the site. all funerary assemblages.
Bust is depicted within a dotted circle in low relief, 10. GRANARY, CHERPUNKAL, ETTUMANUR, DISTRICT
datable to circa third century. KOTTAYAM

6. H ARAPPAN S EAL , D HOLAVIRA , D ISTRICT The Thrissur Circle of the Survey, during the year
KACHCHH under review, reported the discovery of an ancient
granary at Cherpunkal, datable to eighteenth century
Ramesh Kumar Singh of the Vododara Circle
AD. This granary consists of wooden walls and laterite
of the Survey, reported the discovery of a steatite
slabs.
seal (47 x 79 x 4 m) from Dholavira.
11. TEMPLE REMAINS, PALAZHI-PALA, DISTRICT
7. HARAPPAN S ITE, RAPAR, DISTRICT KACHCHH KOZHIKODE

Y.S. Rawat of the Excavation Branch V, The remains of sixteenth century temple were
Vadodara, of the Survey, under the supervision of traced at Palazhi-Pala by the Thrissur Circle of the
R.S. Fonia, discovered a Harappan site at Rapar. Survey. The temple is dedicated to Balasubrahmanyam.
The ancient settlement which lies buried under the MAHARASHTRA
present town has yielded a few potsherds and bone
pieces. A few rubble walls have also been noticed 12. MICROLITHS, ELLORA, DISTRICT AIRANGABAD

in the deep foundation trenches dug up for M.R. Dhekane, D.N. Sinha and H.S. Naik of
construction of modern building. the Aurangabad Circle of the Survey, during the course
OTHER IMPORTANT DISCOVERIES

of their exploration, discovered blades, scrapers, an ancient Siva Temple of the village. The stone plaque
cores and microliths of chert, agate and chalcedony. contains a row of six figures including Ganesa and
A linga-pitha and some potsherds of late medieval Jyesthadevi flanked by attendants, seated on a lotus
period were also noticed. pedestal, besides other human figures standing in
anjali pose. Stylistically, the plaque could be
10. AMBARKHANA, P ANHALA F ORT, DISTRICT
assignable to circa sixth century AD.
KOLHAPUR
UTTAR PRADESH
H.S. Naik of the Aurangabad Circle of the
Survey, during the course of exploration, noticed some 13. MINIATURE VOTIVE SHRINES, BAMORI, DISTRICT
structural remains of medieval period near the area NAINITAL
adjacent to Ambarkhana, which has a separate G.N. Srivastava of the Agra Circle of the Survey,
enclosure with the main entrance from the north and noticed seven miniature votive shrines at the foothill
a small passage from the east. of Mohalgad, in the revenue mauza of Bamori. The
miniature shrines imitate the style of rekha temple and
Besides this, a hero-stone of late medieval period
are monolithic. Except for the kalasa the crowning
could be seen near the north rampart and some broken
member which might have been fashioned out of
architectural members were also found in the south-
separate piece, was kept at the top concave surface
west part of the Ambarkhana.
of the sikhara.

TAMIL NADU Some of the shrines are found carved with the
crude figures of human couple which suggest these
11. MESOLITHIC SITE, DISTRICT THANJAVUR
shrines to be sati memorials or hero-shrines.
V.D. Misra of the Department of Ancient
History, Culture and Archaeology, University of 14. REMAINS OF TEMPLE, PEORA, DISTRICT NAINITAL
Allahabad, located a mesolithic site within the G.N. Srivastava of the Agra Circle of the Survey,
University campus near guest house. Tool types noticed a number of detached architectural stones viz.,
included blades, points, borers and scrapers. Other door-jambs carved with floral designs and purna-
artifacts include modified cores, flakes, core, ghata motifs, chaitya-gavakshas, amalaka-stone,
rejuvenating flakes and small chips. The raw material lingas and other moulded stone kept at the site of
is predominantly quartz although cores of chert were Kumanesvara Temple. The finds of these architectural
also found, some of these show patination. stones suggest that there were several minor subsidiary
shrines as well as atleast one larger temple. As per
12. P LAQUE, P ERUNGANJI, D ISTRICT VELLORE the stylistic consideration the chaitya-gavaksha which
G. Thirumoorthy of the Chennai Circle of the might have been a part of larger temple could be
Survey, discovered a rare plaque (30 x 30 cm) in datable to circa eighth-ninth century AD.
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98~A REVIEW

15 ANCIENT SITE, KATINGRA, DISTRICT ETAH is called Uncha-khera, located close by following
G.N. Srivastava, assisted by S.K. Kulshrestha
the crescent curve of the river. The cultural
of the Agra Circle of the Survey, noticed an ancient
assemblage of this mound consists of fine grey ware,
site consisting of two mounds on the banks of river
coarse grey ware, black-slipped ware and NBPW.
Kali at village Katingra. The smaller mound called
Besides, a few carved bricks have also been noticed
Roriha Khera, is full of brickbats and has suffered
lying at surface which are suggestive of the Gupta
in the hands of treasure-hunters. The larger mound
period.
 V. RADIOCARBON DATES

The following radiocarbon measurements were years half life value of radiocarbon. Three C-14
made on archaeological samples during the period. samples were sent to the University of Pennsylvania,
All the dates are from Kunal based on 5730 ±40 Philadelphia, USA, the details of which are as under.

HARYANA

KUNAL, DISTRICT HISSAR

IB BETA-77726
Date 5568 BP: 4040b70BP,
Calibrated date (Calib-3)
Local BC 2837 (25 68, 25 19, 25 05, 2466)
Depth: 149 cm
Trench: YCI, Qd IV, Layer: 4

IA BETA-77727
Date 5568, BC : 4250 B130 BP,
Date 5730 BC : 2430b 135 BC,
Calibrated date (Calib-3) Local BC
3016 (2884) 2621 Depth :300 cm,
Trench: YA2, Qd II, Layer: 10
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98 A REVIEW

IB BETA-77728,
Date 5568 BP : 3990b70 BP,
Date 5730 BC : 2160b70 BC, 0
Calibrated date (Calib-3) Local
BC 2577 (2473) 2409 Depth:
243 cm, Trench: XA3 Qd I,
Layer: 12
 VI. PALAEOBOTANICAL AND POLLEN
ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATIONS1

The report incorporates the result of botanical study of these remains opens up avenues to
study carried out at Birbal Sahni Institute of conceptualise the growth and concomitant
Palaeobotany, Lucknow, on the botanical remains development in the state of agriculture and subsistence
from Kunal in Ratia tehsil, District Hissar in Haryana. economy during first half of the 3rd millennium BC,
The excavations carried out here are remarkable in and also furnishes the information on the economical
many ways to have thrown valuable light on a cultural and ecological background of ancient settlers at Kunal.
milieu that preceded Mature Stage of Harappan For the samples collected from the site, the contributor
Civilization and gave rise to that later. The mound is gratefully acknowledges the Director, Haryana State
located on the left bank of now dried-up course of Archaeology and Museums, Chandigarh, along with
the legendary River Sarasvati, much eulogised in Vedic the excavators J.S. Khatri and Madhav Acharya for
texts. The mound covers a small area of about 1.20 their generous help.
hectares. The cultural deposit of a little over 3.00 m
HARYANA
has revealed occupational strata divisible into three
sub-periods, namely, la, Ib and Ic, from about 3,000 KUNAL (29° 30' N; 75° 41 E), DISTRICT HISSAR
to 2,500 BC.
The carbonised material from the earliest
The cumbersome samples of carbonised occupational phase (sub-Period la: circa 3,000-2,850
botanical material were systematically collected from BC) was very limited in quantity and survived the
a wide range of deposits by the application of large preservation in poor state. In view of the presence of
scale floatation, during the excavations carried out by hulled barley (Horedeum vulgare) and lentil (Lens
the Department of Haryana State Archaeology, in culinaris), it seems reasonable to believe that people
1994 and 1995. The majority of plant remains turn to who came to settle here, whoever they might have
be the mixture of highly carbonised and mutilated been, have had sufficient experience of agriculture and
grains, seeds and fruits of cultivated and wild plants, hailed from some farming community established
in a bulk of small wood charcoal pieces. The botanical elsewhere. The settlers opted for 'pit-dwelling'

'Contributed by K.S. Saraswat, Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, 53 University Road, Lucknow 226007
229
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

tradition. Post-holes have been noticed along the BC at Neolithic Senuwar in Kaimur region of Bihar
edges of shallow semi-subterranean pits, indicating and Koldihwa in the Vindhyan plateau region of
that some kind of wattle-and-daub superstructures Allahabad in Uttar Pradesh. The dissemination of rice
was raised above the ground to make them habitable. cultivation from its primary homestead somewhere in
Small pieces of carbonised bamboo (Bambusa sp) Ganga valley to the northwestern regions of Haryana
and microscopic remains of munj-gcass (Saccharum and Punjab, would certainly have been a slow moving
bengalese-Syn. S. munja) leaf in a few pieces of process through combined forces of natural and
mud-clods, provide direct evidence that bamboo and human selection, diverse climates, soils and varied
munj-grass were used in making wattle-and-daub cultural practices of different ethnic groups, which have
structures, in the form of small circular huts. had played enormous role in creating considerable

In the subsequent sub-Period Ib dated from ecological diversity in this crop, during early half of
2,850-2,600 BC, expansion of settlement and third millennium BC. The evidence of cultivated rice
elaboration of semi-subterranean dwelling pits has during 2,850-2,600 BC at Kunal is indeed to be
been witnessed. The pits were now lined up with finely reckoned with.
moulded mud-bricks. With the advancement in the
Associated weeds and wild taxa included the
material economy as a whole, rich and varied
seed and fruit remains of Capparis aphylla, Vicia
agricultural economy is evident by the cultivation of
sativa, Rumex dentatus, Cordia rothii or
hulled barley {Hordeum vulgare), emmer-wheat
dichotoma, Ziziphus nummularia and the species
(Triticum dicoccum), bread-wheat (triticum
of Phalaris, Datura, Aegilops, Melilotus, Cyperus
aestivum), dwarf-wheat (triticum sphaerococcum),
and Indigo/era. Several others could not be identified
rice (Oryza sativa), lentil (Lens culinaris), field-pea
with certainty, due to mutilated state of preservation.
(Pisum arvense) and oleiferous linseed or alsi
(Linumusitatissimum). It may be of considerable
Real transition between Early Harappan and
importance for archaeologists that the settlers of early
Mature Harappan cultures has been noticed in sub-
Harappan community at Kunal, who were primarily
Period Ic dated from 2,600 to 2,500 BC. Expansion
the growers of wheat and barley in their traditional
in settlement, replacement of subterranean dwelling
agriculture, included the rice in their economy at such
with wattle-and-daub structures by square-shaped or
an early date. Husk impressions in the pottery clearly
rectangular houses in a planned manner and Harappan
indicate that the rice was of fully cultivated form and
technologies and other devices, in a similar way as
underwent its cultivation for a long period. Ganga
represented by other major sites in the region, amply
Valley has at one time or other been considered as a
demonstrate a drastic spurt in the cultural
part of hearths of rice domestication and cultivation,
advancement. Evidences show further advancement
but the picture of rice-based agriculture on factual
in the agricultural economy. In addition to the crops
grounds in its homestead in not known before 2,200
reported in the preceding sub-Period Ib, new finds in
 PALAEOBOTANICAL AND POLLEN ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATIONS

this phase include the remains of naked-barley Kunal. A few quality timbers were made available
(Hordeum vulgare var.nudum), club-wheat from distant regions. Jamun (Syzygium cumini),jhau
(Triticum compactum), jowar-millet (Sorghum (Tamarix dioica), palash (Butea monosperma),
bicolor), mung/green-gram (Vigna radiata), grass- gular (Ficusglomerata), kaitha (Feronia limonia),
pea/khesari (Lathyrus sativus), horse-gram/kulthi babul (Acacia nilotica), neem (Azadirachta indica),
(Dolichos biflorus), chick-pea/gram (deer sheesham (Dalbergia sissoo), bel (Aegle marmelos)
arietinum), fenugreek/menthi (Trigonellafoenum- and bamboo (Bambusa sp.) were main trees
graecum) and til (Sesamum indicum). A cucurbit exploited for fuel and other constructional purpose.
seed comparable to Cucumis melo has been found. Timbers of chir-pine (Pinus roxburghii) and deodar
Although its identification could not be determined (Cedrus deodara) were obtained from far distant
with certainty, the seed in general appearance seems Himalayan forests. Karangi or Kanderi (Caesalpinia
to be of musk-melon or kharbuja, grown for its fruits. crista or C. decapetala), wild jujube (Ziziphus
Cultivation of cotton (Gossypium arboreum/ nummularia/oenoplia), heens (Capparis sepiaria)
herbaceum) was also undertaken for making textiles, and phog (Ephedra sp.) were the common shrubs
as evidenced by a carbonised seed of cotton and growing in the region of settlement. Mulberry (Moms
some textile impressions on pottery. Role of some alba), sahjan (Moringa pterigosperma) and a form
fruits in the subsistence economy is apparent by the of lemon (Citrus sp. possibly Citrus limon) were
seeds and fruit pieces of wild-jujube (Ziziphus cultivated for their fruits. The present day eco-system
nummularia), date (Phoenix sp.), anwala (Emblica in the region has been totally changed. During the
officinalis), melon/phut or kharbuja (Cucumis period of ancient settlement at Kunal, Sarasvati flowed
melo) and grape or raisin (Vitis vinifera), incidentally in all its true splendour as a great river. Jamun trees,
carbonised to survive the preservation. which are cultivated in gardens now-a-days, would
have occurred in the wild, along the river course. Its
Weeds and wild taxa represented by the seeds
fruits, in all likelihood, were eaten by ancient settlers.
and fruits, include Vicia sativa, Cenchrus cf.ciliaris,
A few pieces of bhang (Cannabis sativa) stem
Lathyrus aphaca, Cleome viscosa, Coccinia
charcoal have also been identified. Bhang is well known
cordifolia, Capparis aphylla, Salmalia malabarica, for its narcotic effect. The ancient settlers perhaps
Albizia cf. lebbeck and species of Melilotus, could not afford to neglect the traditional use of bhang
Indigofera, Aerva, Cyperus, Medicago, Abutilon, as a recreational stimulant.
Desmodium, Ephedra, Artemisia, etc.
In view of the above evidences a generalised
A large number of wood charcoal pieces picture can be envisaged about the surrounding
studied from sub-Periods Ib and Ic (2,850-2,500 forests. Most of the locally occurring trees and shrub
BC), throw light on the occurrence of local taxa in taxa are deciduous elements. There would have
the region and their exploitation by the settlers at certainly remained considerable moisture content in

231
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

the atmosphere, but at places were also found scrubby (Caesalpinia crista) and gorakh-boonti (Aerva sp.),
patches in the jungles where xeric elements, such as etc., were of common occurrence. An overall evidence
kareel (Capparis aphylla), jharberi (Ziziphus suggests the prevalence of semi-arid type of climate
nummularia), phog (Ephedra sp.), karangi in the region of ancient Kunal.
 VII. MUSEUMS

1. GOVERNMENT MUSEUM, AGARTALA The Museum also collected a large number of

The museum acquired a bronze Buddha image stone sculptures along with potsherds ranging in date
through donation from Nalchar, Melaghar, Tripura, from Kushan period to the medieval period from
datable to circa ninth-tenth century. Lord Buddha various places of Allahabad in the course of surface
seated in padmasana on a lotus pedestal in exploration.
bhumisparsa mudra and two figurines of lion appear
The Museum also organised an exhibition entitled
on two elephants, in front of the pedestal.
'Masterpieces of Indian Art' mainly comprising stone
2. ALLAHABAD MUSEUM, ALLAHABAD sculptures, bronzes, terracottas and architectural
remains. Another exhibition, organised by the Museum,
The Museum acquired through purchase
in collaboration with the Eastern Roerich Society
seventy-one antiquities, art objects and documents
'Urusvati', Russia, was to highlight the coloured
to enrich its collection. These include thirteen
reproductions of the paintings of Nicholas and
sketches on postcards and one painting by Nandalal
Svetoslav Roerich. The third exhibition was based on
Bose; one Mughal painting depicting a king seated
select paintings of the various competitions organised
on throne; set of three silver Indo-Greek coins
in the Museum.
belonging to Menander, Apollodotus and Seles;
one silver coin of Mohammad Ali Shah of Oudh; During the period under review, the Allahabad
one painting depicting Krishna as a child; one Museum organised two national-level seminars,
Tanjore-style painting of late eighteenth century; besides many smaller colloquiums. A national
one stone head of Vishnu, adorned with Kirita- seminar on 'Historiography of Indian Art and Culture
mukuta; one miniature painting showing Narasimha with special reference to fifty years of India's
incarnation along with depiction of Dasavatara of Independence' was organised on August 16-18,
Vishnu, twenty-seven fragmentary terracotta 1997. A seminar was also organised on 'The Role
objects belonging to Sunga and Kushan periods of Museums in promoting Cultural Education,
and twenty-one animal-shaped beads made of Creativity and Nation-building' from 19 to 21
semiprecious stones. December, 1997. The Museum celebrated the
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

closing centenary of Pandit K.C. Chattopadhyaya Mahishasuramardini. The galleries were re-arranged,
on 26 October, 1997 and observed 'Foundation improved and thirty-eight sculptures representing
Day' on 1'4 December 1997. Colloquiums were animal and plant motifs were displayed. An open air
organised to mark the completion of second gallery to display a number of sculptures and
centenary year of Mirza Ghalib on 27 March, 1998 architectural fragments was opened. Further progress
and on 30 January, 1998 to mark the death was made by renovation and reorganisation of
anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi. A seminar on godowns and alleys of the prehistory gallery which
'Maan and Mulya' was organised on February 21 - included illumination and installation of study-cum-
22,1998, under the Project 'Literary and Cultural visual storage facilities by the introduction of heavy
History of Allahabad'. Fourteen lectures were duty storage system.
organised by the Museum which were delivered by
eminent and literary personalities like Tosheo Tanaka 4. GOVERNMENT MUSEUM, EGMORE, CHENNAI
from Japan, M.S. Jain, Govinda Chandra Pande, During the period under review, the museum
Namvar Singh, Shrilal Shukla, Kamleshwar, Nemi
acquired the following objects as treasure trove viz.,
Chandra Jain and Lakshmi Kant Verma. Four
one crawling Krishna of fifteenth century AD, one
workshops were also held during the period under
Balasubrahmanya (ht 59 cm) of about fourteenth
review. It included two clay modelling and two
century AD, from Devakandanallur, Kudavasal taluk,
painting workshops.
District Tiruvarur, One Vishnu (ht 85 cm) of about
On the occasion of fifty years of India's fourteenth century AD from Tarangambadi, District
Independence, the Allahabad Museum has Nagapattinam, one Chandrasekhara (ht 44 cm) of
commenced a six-month (subsequently made one- about tenth century AD from Pillaiperumalnallur,
year) Diploma Course in the 'History of Indian Art, Tarangambadi taluk, District Nagapattinam. One
Culture and Tourism'. The course commenced on Ardhanarisvara, Parvati, Sakti-Ganapati and one five
18 February, 1998, which was inaugurated by nicked lamp from District Kanchipuram of very late
B.N.S. Yadava, a noted Historian. The course has period (ninteenth century AD).
been specially designed to meet the requirements of
students and it is the first of its kind in India to make 5. ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM, MATTANCHERRY
them aware of a career in the field of cultural service. PALACE, COCHIN

The museum attended to the work of applying

3. INDIAN MUSEUM. CALCUTTA
distemper to the Coronation Hall; repairing of bore-
The Archaeological section of the Indian
well system for water facilities to the tourists; providing
Museum was enriched by acquiring stone image of
teak wood shutters to control direct sunlight to the
standing Surya, seated Manasa and Sadasiva of
painting, etc. It also brought out a brochure in English
tenth-eleventh century besides a metal image of
for free distribution to tourists.

234
 MUSEUMS

In Gallery 4, brass domes were polished. delivered by N.P. Joshi on "Some observation on
Besides four glass show cases have been made to Dasavatara Images of Vishnu" while the second one
exhibit the coins. "Dr. R.N. Mehta Memorial Lecture" delivered by
B.N. Mukherjee was on "Early Kamarupa School
6. MAHARAJADHIRAJA LAKSHMISHVARA SINGHA
of Sculpture". On the second day M.L. Nigam
MUSEUM, DARBHANGA
delivered the K.K. Dasgupta Memorial Lecture on
On the occasion of the "Heritage Preservation the "Mughal Jades of India".
Week" the museum organised a painting exhibition. A
painting competition among the school students was 8. SALAR JUNG MUSEUM, HYDERABAD

also held in addition to debate, essay writing, fancy The Museum celebrated fifty years of India's
dress and music for which the successful participants Independence. A mobile exhibition entitled
were awarded. "Highlights of Freedom Movement and Emergence
of Salar Jung Museum" held on 17 August, 1997,
7. GOVERNMENT MUSEUM, GUWAHATI
exhibiting the rare photo illustrations as also by
During the year under review, the Directorate of bringing out a coloured brochure in four languages
Museums, Government of Assam, Guwahati, acquired (English/Hindi/Telugu/Urdu). The brochure highlights
a number of manuscripts from District Golaghat; in the historical events related to the freedom movement
addition to two stone pillars from Kamakhya hills, and role played by distinguished National leaders
Guwahati and a stone inscription namely "Nagajari- and personalities.
Khanikargaon", Part II, assignable to the sixth century A special Exhibition entitled "Birds and Animals
AD, collected from Borpathar, District Golaghat. in the Art collection of Salar Jung Museum" was also
arranged on 17 August, 1997. Exhibition included rare
The Directorate also celebrated the fifty-eighth
objects showing birds and animals depicted on
Foundation Day of the Assam State Museum on
pottery, metal, wood and ivory and paintings. Another
21 April, 1997. As a part of this, a lecture on the
special exhibition on "Select art objects from the
"Cult of Gopala Krishna" was delivered by M.L.
reserve collection" was organised on the eve of one
Nigam, former Director of Salarjung Museum,
hundred and twelfth inaugural day celebration of the
Hyderabad.
museum on 12 February, 1998. The exhibits included
The fifty years of India's Independence was a wide variety of art objects such as oil paintings, metal
celebrated in collaboration with the Indian Art ware, wood carvings, miniature paintings, etc. The
History Congress on 9 November, 1997. As a part Museum also organised a photo exhibition on the life
of this, two days Commemorative lectures were of Salar Jung at Raja Dinkar Kelkar Museum, Pune-
arranged on 9 and 10 November, 1997. On the first the birth place of Nawab Salar Jung III on 15
day, the "Karl Khandelawal Memorial Lecture" was February, 1998, for a period of one week.
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

Two national level seminars on "Aspects of chemical conservation laboratory. One thousand two
Protection, Preservation, Care and Display of Art hundred and eighty-eight objects of different
objects in Museums of National Importance" and categories including fifty one miniature paintings were
"Select Art Treasures and Illustrated Manuscripts in chemically treated in the laboratory. Besides this
the Salar Jung Museum" were organised. Some gallery section has also attended to the treatment of
talks pertaining to the Museum galleries were also manuscripts and books which include deacidification,
arranged in the Museum. lamination, repair and binding.

On the eve of Museum Week, four special lectures 9. STATE MUSEUM, LUCKNOW
were arranged on the following topics: centre of learning;
During the year under review, the Museum
art and communication; museum and community;
acquired one seal (6 x 4.5 cm)depicting a lion on the
coinage of early Andhra.
upper portion besides three metal objects comprising

On the occasion of birthday celebration of Salar copper harpoon (21.5 x 4.5 cm) and axes (18 x 13
x
Jung three memorial lectures were arranged on 15 and 17.3 7 cm). The Museum also enriched its
February, 1998. collection by acquiring twenty-two coins. Of these,
seven are lead coins of Satavahana dynasty; two in
Children's Week was celebrated from 14 to 20 silver of Sassanian type; six copper coins of Gadhaiya
November, 1997 and children upto the age of twelve type; six copper coins of Malava Varma Deva and
years were allowed free entry into the Museum. In all one of Nahapana in silver. In addition to these, the
three thousand nine hundred and thirty-one childerns museum has also acquired three objects for its
with one hundred and ninety-three teachers from eighty Decorative Section which comprise one historical
seven educational institutions visited the Museum. Essay watch besides two brass bakkals.
writing and elocution competitions in four languages
(i.e. Hindi, English, Telugu and Urdu) among school The museum also acquired a Rajasthani
students upto IX class, were conducted. pichhwayee of late nineteenth century (121.92 x
93.52 cm) with floral borders depicting some Rajput
Museum Formation Day was celebrated on 16 Royals enjoying music and dance inside the fort
December, 1997, by arranging a National Seminar on besides a palace, surrounded by a lake in the bottom.
"Select Art Treasures and Illustrated Manuscripts in
the Salar Jung Museum". 10. GOVERNMENT MUSEUM, MATHURA

During the year under review, seven hundred and

During the period, the manuscripts were
six objects have been acquired which comprise
physically verified, fumigated and preserved. The
twenty-three stone sculptures; six hundred and sixty-
Museum also treated twelve hundred eighty-eight
two coins of copper; eight coins of lead; five miniature
objects including paintings and manuscripts in its
paintings and eight terracottas.
 MUSEUMS

Among the noteworthy antiquities, mention may and Landscape galleries. Proper arrangements have
be made of an inscribed pillar base (dia 173 cm) been made for the lamination and binding of the old
carved with two lines of Brahmi inscription mentioning manuscripts and books.
the year and the name of reigning Kushan King
Huvishka (AD 111). The inscription reads as under: 12. ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM, OLD GOA

Two new wooden pedestals were prepared to

Maharajas Devaputrasya Huvishkasya Sam
display wooden statues of Bishops. The entire interior
30+3 = 33 he ekadivasa do etasya purvaya
wall of the ground floor was given a coat of OBD
Buddha rakshita dhamma rakshitan bhratana
painting. The old damaged iron grill-gate of the rear
somaputrana brahman an upavaya sagotranam
entrance of the Museum was replaced with a new
takhisilakanam danam kubhakam svake vihare
one for security measures. The shutters to windows
toiyam Samghachaturdishe acharyanaim
on the upper storey were replaced with louvre-type
sarvastivadina parigrahe. Atmanasya aroga
windows. Eight exhaust fans were fitted at required
dakshinaya mata-pitranam pujartha sarvasyava
points so as to keep the Reserve collection humidity-
parovarasya dirgha ayukataya Sarvasatuanain
free. For adequate air circulation in the galleries, fifteen
hita sukhartha.
air circulators were acquired. Six more benches have
The inscription was collected from Raman Lai been prepared in teakwood and kept in the lobby
Sorawala Public School, Maholi Road, Mathura. and the galleries for the visitors. The names of
Governors and Viceroys of Portugal in Goa have been
11. HAZARDUARI PALACE MUSEUM, MURSHIDABAD
printed in vinyl.
Steel racks and almirahs have been provided in
13. ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM, RATNAGIRI
the record room with electrical outfit for preservation
of old records, farmans, deeds and various other During the year under review, iron grills were
documents. The Toshakhana which preserves the fixed on the skylight of Galleries 3 and 4. In Gallery
most valuable silver and gold objects has been 4, a false wall in wood, ply and sunmica was provided
provided with proper security arrangements and apart from laying venyl flooring. The interior of the
electrical fittings. Wooden showcases have been Museum was painted and iron grill fencing was
prepared for display of minor objects in the western provided to the upper steps of both sides of the
drawing room. To promote the sale of Departmental museum building.
publications the showcases have been specially
14. BHARAT KALA BHAVAN, VARANASI
prepared and fitted with glass coverings. Steel cabinet
and almirahs have been provided to augment proper During the year under review, the Museum

left luggage facility to the visitors. Labels and charts acquired through donation coins of copper and silver

have been prepared for the Nawab, Diwan, Prince besides lead and potin coins.
 VIII. ARCHITECTURAL SURVEY

TEMPLE SURVEY (NORTHERN REGION)

The Temple Survey Project (Northern Region) is entered through a high ornate torana of hindolaka
under P.K. Trivedi, assisted by Lakhan Kumar type, erected near a large Baghela lake. The larger
Bhagchandani and Alhad Vyas continued the Sas Temple roofed by brick-work, is surrounded
architectural survey of the temples of southeastern by ten subsidiary shrines. It consists of a
Rajasthan. Vishnu Temple, Ekalingaji, District pancharatha garbhagriha, antarala, ranga-
Udaipur, which faces the west, is locally known as mandapa provided with latticed screens and
Takshakesvara or Kundesvara Mahadeva Mandira mukha-mandapa. The door-frame of the sanctum
being situated near a kunda. The beautiful but small entered through udumbara is of panchasakha
nirandhara fane has preserved pancharatha variety while ranga-mandapa is provided with a
garbhagriha and antarala, the portico and door-frame of saptasakha class. The ceiling of
superstructure being the later addition. Raised on ranga-mandapa is divided into nine bays including
kharasila it shows a low pitha, vedibandha and the central karotaka composed of receding rings
jangha showing three cardinal bhadra-nichzs resting on four central pillars of misraka order
harbouring the figures of Brahma (N), carrying makara toranas. The other compartments
Yoganarayana-Vishnu (E) and Siva (S) while of the ceiling are provided with samatala or kshipta
projections of antarala bear rathikas of the same vitanas of nabhichchhanda order resting on faceted
size containing figures of Lakshminarayana (N) and pillars and pilasters surmounted by ribbed bharanis
Uma-Mahesvara (S). The jangha provided with topped by kumara-brackets sharing the load of
jalantaras is further decorated with vyalas, decorated architraves (pattas). The ceilings also
apsarases and two-armed dikpalas (pl. 158). The reveal epic scenes viz., churning of ocean, Bali and
shrine, attributable to Guhilas, may be dated Sugriva combat (pls. 159-160), framed by pattikas,
stylistically to third quarter of circa tenth century. carved with stencilled vegetal dormer. The
The Vaishnava Sas-Bahu Temple group, Nagada, architraves of eastern, western, southern, northern
District Udaipur, is raised on a moulded jagati' and and central bays bear small sunken niches, alternating
 ARCHITECTURAL SURVEY

with projected ones and containing different deities surmounted respectively by Rama, Balarama and
and human figurines. The northeastern pillar of Parasurama. The smaller Bahu Temple is surrounded
r an ga - ma nd ap a is car ved wit h s cenes of by four karnaprasadas. The temple proper
Ramayana viz., agnipariksha of Sita, Lakshmana (mulaprasada) consists of a pancharatha
lying unconscious, Hanuman bringing Himalaya garbhagriha, antarala, sabha-mandapa with
mountain containing sanjivani-buti, etc. The pillars lateral transepts (parsvalindas) open on both the
and pilasters of ranga-mandapa rest on kumbhis sides and mukha-mandapa. The edifice raised on
addorsed with a small niche on cardinal faces kharasila shows a pitha overlain by vedibandha
containing figurine of a deity or dancer, the shaft (pl. 161). The jangha divided into two registers is
(stambha) harbours apsarases or deities in large decorated with seated images of four-armed Siva
rathikas, flanked by triratha Latina sikharikas (S) Vishnu (W) and three-headed Brahma as
placed on vikarnas, other traditional mouldings and bhadra-devatas surmounted respectively by
decorative motifs, ribbed bharani and four-armed Parasurama, Balarama and Rama. The pratirathas
kumara brackets. The mukha-mandapa supported and karnas are represented by faceted pilasters. The
by a pair of dwarf pillars and pilasters shows a exterior of mukha-mandapa and sabha-mandapa
circular ceiling of sabhamarga order encircling a is profusely carved with figurines of ascetics, erotic
hanging padmakesara. The moulded doorsill scenes, dance and music scenes, couple, royal
(udumbara) of ranga-mandapa exhibits a slightly persons, warriors, apsarases, different forms of
projected semicircular mandaraka bedecked with Vishnu, Indra, Agni, Nirriti, Varuna, Vayu, Kubera,
spiral lotus scrolls encircling kinnaras, flanking an Isana etc. The doorway of the sanctum shows the
emerging lotus-stalk in the middle. Whereas, the innermost patrasakha carved with (1) convoluted
northern extremity depicts a four-armed seated lotus creepers encircling hamsa-yugma, bird,
Lakshmi, the southern extremity reveals a figurine tortoise, monkey, musician etc. (2) padma
of four-armed seated Nidhiputra. Above the patrasakha bedecked with stencilled lotus creepers
saptasakha doorway of the ranga-mandapa is and (3) the outermost patrasakha. Below are
portrayed Vishnu, flanked by a female flywhisk- portrayed the river goddesses, naga figures in
bearer. The upper architrave (uttaranga) shows adoration and Vaishnava door-keepers. Another
nine planets in pedimented niches interspersed with small shrine with intact stone sikhara on plan
male dancers. The rajasenaka, vedika, asanapatta includes a triratha sanctum, antarala, praggriva
and kakshasana are profusely carved with figurines and faces the south. The exterior of the sanctum is
of couple, birds, dikpalas and other deities whereas decorated with four-armed images of Vishnu (W),
the jangha, divided into two registers by a Siva (N) and Brahma (E) as bhadra-devas. The
horizontal band of grasamukhas is stark plain mulamanjari of the spire shows parsvalatas
but for the seated images of Brahma, Siva marked with seven compressed bhumi-amalakas.

and Vishnu
 ARCHITECTURAL SURVEY

The sikhara is coped by a large amalaka, kalasa mandapa, composed of concentric rings, shows
and bijapuraka. These temples may be assigned to depiction of the scene of churning ocean on its
the late tenth century. narapattika, relieved with sixteen vidyadhara-
brackets. The superstructure is of brick-work. As per
Bhumij a temple, sacred to Siva at Panaheda in the record affixed in sabha-mandapa the edifice was
District Banswara (fig. 40), was built by King built in AD 1080 by King Chamundaraja in honour of
Mandanadeva of the Paramara branch of Vagada in his illustrious father Mandanadeva.
AD 1059. Facing the east, the temple proper consists
of pancharatha garbhagriha, antarala, sabha- Siva Temple No. 3, Arthuna, is a west-facing
mandapa and ardha-mandapa (pl. 162). The large temple. Raised on a partly buried high jagati,
jangha composed of decorated pilasters is relieved the temple proper was presumably surrounded by
with the pedimented cardinal niches containing ten- subsidiary shrines. On plan it includes a
armed images of Andhakantaka-Siva (S), Natesa (W) pancharatha sanctum, vestibule assembly - hall and
and Chamunda (N). portico. The jangha is embellished with beautiful
imagery including four-armed dikpalas, damsels and
Arthuna, the capital city of the Paramaras of ten-armed Chamunda, Natesa and Andhakantaka-
Vagada in District Banswara is well-known for its Siva as bhadra-devas in pedimented rathikas. The
temples and sculptural art. Mandalesvara Temple, crowning members of pancharatha mulamanjari
Arthuna, was presumably a saptayatana-comp\ex. surrounded by angasikharas are missing. The
The mulaprasada consists of a nirandhara sabha-mandapa and mukha-mandapa are roofed
panchanga garbhagriha showing bhadra, by samvarna. Hanuman Gadhi group of shrines
pratiratha karna and nandikas between originally enclosed by brick-wall is named after a
pratirathas and bhadras, antarala, sabha- colossal image of Hanuman dated VS 1165 (AD
mandapa with lateral transepts and mukha- 1107) built during the time of Vijayaraja of the
mandapa (pl. 163). In the same axis exists a ruined Paramara branch. The complex is entered through a
nandi-mandapa. The bhadra khattakas harbour double-storeyed pavilion (valanaka) of the
ten-armed images of Andhakantaka - Siva, Natesa southeastern side. Nilakantha Mahadeva temple is
and Chamunda. It is worth mentioning here that the loftiest edifice in this group. Facing the east, it
Chamunda holds a bowl carved with fish. The 'fish' consists of a saptaratha garbhagriha, constricted
motif is associated with tantricism and is also found in antarala and sabha-mandapa open on three sides.
case of other Saivite images of Arthuna. The sanctum The rathas composed of pilasters exhibit
is provided with a ceiling of nabhichchhanda order salilantaras. The pedimented bhadra-nichcs of the
and its doorway shows five sakhas, river goddesses sanctum except the southern one harbouring a seated
and Saiva-Pratiharis. The ceiling of sabha- Lakulisa figure are vacant, whereas a ten-armed

143
ARCHITECTURAL SURVEY

image of Nirriti is retained in a niche of antarala eight-armed figures of Chamunda (N), Natesa (E)
(N). The pancharatha mulamanjari surmounted and two-armed Lakulisa (S) as bhadra devatas.
by a fluted amalaka, decorated with a plain median Stylistically, both the shrines may be dated to the
strip, chandrika, amalasarika and kalasa is last quarter of the tenth century (pl. 164). The east-
addorsed by three successive rows of urahsringas facing Shrine No. 4 on plan consists of a triratha
and is surrounded by angasikharas. Dhvaja sanctum, constricted antarala and praggriva. It
Purusha with a stone ring above to insert flag staff is raised on a iowpitha constituted by plain bhitta
has been provided to the southwestern portion of jadyakumbha carved with plain chaitya-arches,
mulamanjari. Whereas only the lower portion of knife-edged kani, plain antarapatra and
the sukanasika over vestibule is intact, the sabha- kapotika. The vedibandha is followed by jangha,
mandapa is roofed by samvarna. The construction plain bharana, chhadya, varandika, plain recess,
may be assigned to the eleventh century. In this pattika with hanging gagarakas over which rests
complex, Shrine Nos. 8 and 9 are the most pyramidal superstructure, composed of receding
beautiful, identical on plan and westerly oriented. horizontal tiers {bhumis) bedecked with plain
Each consists of a pancharatha garbhagriha, chandrasalikas. The square sanctum houses a
antarala and praggriva. The superstructure over moulded pithika carved on its top with three sacred
the sanctum of both the shrines is of phamsana animal figurines—Hamsa, Vrishabha and
variety. While the jangha of Shrine No. 8 is devoid Garuda. A panel showing Brahma, Siva and Vishnu
of imagery, Shrine No 9 is studded with excellent was installed here. The pithika bears a record dated
images of four-armed dikpalas, apsarases and VS 1154 (AD 1097).

TEMPLE SURVEY (SOUTHERN REGION)

The Temple Survey Project, Southern Region, The Siva temple at Kaliyuru, though does not contain
Madras, under the direction of Superintending a foundation inscription, it bears all the architectural
Archaeologist, discovered a few temples in District traits common to the Chola temples found in District
Mysore, assignable to the Chola period, during the Mysore, such as adhishthana mouldings, pillar
course of finalisation of the preliminary report on the details, prastara motifs etc. In addition to these
survey of Chola temples in Karnataka. The temples architectural features, the Siva-linga enshrined in the
are: Siva Temple at Kaliyuru; Siva Temple at Agara; temple bears a striking similarity to that of the Chola
Vishnu Temple at Maddur; Siva Temple at Royal Temple at Tadimalingi. Detailed documentation
Chamarajanagar; Siva Temple at Edathore. ' of these temples has also been taken up.

Most of the above temples contain Tamil In the course of field survey, some loose
inscriptions assignable to the Chola period and after. sculptures viz., a standing Vishnu image and icons of
 ARCHITECTURAL SURVEY

matrikas from the sapta-matrika group, assignable District Vellore and Brahmadesam also in the same
to the Chola period, have been found at Agara in district in Tamil Nadu.
Yalandur taluk of District Mysore; three Siva-lingas
An inscription from Cholapuram records that a
and nandi images have been collected from a coconut
Chief named Rajaditya built a temple of Siva at the
grove at Kudlur on the way to Hale Alure in
burial site of his deceased father, Prithvi Gangarayar.
Chamarajanagar taluk; uninscribed hero-stones and
This temple is completely ruined now.
saft'-stones assignable to the Chola period have been
discovered at Nandigunda, Kaliyur, Chikkati and At B.N. Jallihala, there is a cluster of about
Kolagala; the Chola Royal Crest namely, the tiger eleven temples of varying dimensions which appear
carved on the northern wall of the central shrine of like a mass cemetery. The main temple is dedicated
the Mahalingesvara Temple at Tadimalingj in to the memory of the Chalukyan King Vikramaditya-
prancing posture as depicted in the Chola coins of the II (AD 733-44), as attested to by an inscription
Sangam period, has also been discovered. It appears engraved in the temple.
that the Chola King Rajaraja I after getting this
temple constructed, caused the carving of the The sepulchral temples of the Chola King
Royal Crest probably to herald the Chola Rajendra-I and that of his queen, Veeramadevi, who
victory over the Kamataka land. Just above the committed sati in the same tomb of her husband, have
tiger, an attempt has been made to carve a parasol, been discovered on the basis of circumstantial
but it is left incomplete. evidence at Brahmadesam. While the former is in a
fairly good state of preservation, the latter which stands
The Temple Survey (Southern Region) also on the bank of a pond is in ruins. The subject is under
conducted the survey of sepulchral temples at B.N. further study.
Jallihala, District Bijapur, Kamataka; Cholapuram,

BUILDING SURVEY PROJECT (NORTH)

Under the survey of Colonial Buildings in Insurance Building, Old Silver Mint, Treasury
Calcutta, Shubhra Pramanik of the Building Survey Building, Turf Club, Bourne & Sheperhed and a few
Project (North), New Delhi, assisted by Sudhir Residential Complexes like those of Madhusudan
Kumar, Jatinder Kumar and Shakeel Ahmed, Dutta and Kamalalay Stores.
identified buildings on the basis of inscriptional
evidence in certain wards. Those include Pusta Raj- The architectural remains documented include
Bari, Girish Chandra Ghosh House, Royal Insurance Government House situated on the Northern side
Building, Darbangha House, General Post Office of the Esplanade Row. The plan modelled on
(pl. 165), Esplanade Mansion (pl. 166), Keshav Kidlestan Hall of Derbyshire built like most of the
Singh House, Hasting's House (pl. 167), Royal Calcutta mansions of brick-covered white plaster,

249
ARCHITECTURAL SURVEY

consisting of three-storeyed building, the central to have been rebuilt in 1880 which is presently being
part of which is having a domed and apsidal front used as the West Bengal Secretariat.
topped by a large figure of Britannia, overlooking
the garden and also facing north with large state Among other architectural buildings surveyed, the
apartments. It is connected with four passages Residence of Michael Madhusudan Dutta (pl. 171),
meeting with four symmetrical wings at the located at 20 B Karlmarx Sarai in Calcutta, is marked
corners and is entered through an arched iron by a simple two-storeyed brick building with angular
gateway. The roofs having balustrated terraces are arches and simple round columns datable to the
shaped like elongated urns with cement-plaster nineteenth century. The entrance is from the western
probably. The central block with huge apartment side, that leads to a small open courtyard surrounded
known as a Throne-room for Tipu Sultan's throne, by residential quarters on all sides.
known to be a precious object. It is a Doric-
The residential-complex of Maharaja of
columned marble room, having a drawing room,
Darbangha entered through a boundary wall located
breakfast room and a supper room measuring 100
at 42, Chowringhee Road stands now in a dilapidated
feet long. Apart from this it contains a steam
condition facing the Maidan. It's a three-storeyed
operated lift which was perhaps installed in the
building built around AD 1884 (pl. 172), having two
country for the first time.
minarets on the side bays and are completely
dismantled. Most part of the building have been
Writers Building at Dalhousie Square (north
demolished leaving some specimen windows, broken
Calcutta), built in AD 1780 is another building of
facades and a part of the balcony of the first two floors
great architectural importance. The building was
viz., first and second floor.
erected at a large tank to accommodate the civil
servants of East India Company (pl. 168-169). This During the year under review, a total of twenty
building has nineteen apartments and some rooms five buildings were surveyed and documented by the
in the centre which were from the very beginning Department of Archaeology, Government of Gujarat,
used as classrooms for the college of Fort William, at Mahesana, Bharuch, Vadodara, Surat,
designed by the architect Thomas Ryan. The external Ahmedabad, Patan and Panchmahals. Of these, three
as well as the internal sides of the building show a buildings are noteworthy: Swaminarayana Temple,
symmetrical composition and windows succeeding Kalupur, District Ahmedabad (eighteenth century);
one another (pl. 170). In all there are fifty-seven Seth Nagichand Kapurchand Haveli, Gopipura,
sets distributed over two projections articulated by District Surat (nineteenth-twentieth century) and
Ionic columns. The later period addition could be Bhadra building, Zarukha, Bhadra, District Vadodara
seen like the facade with a low pediment. It appears (seventeenth century).
 IX. PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS

AGRA CIRCLE At the Jahangiri Mahal, the restoration of

decayed flooring was carried out with 65 mm finely
UTTAR PRADESH
dressed red sandstone flooring (pls. 173-174). The
1. AGRA FORT, AGRA, DISTRICT AGRA plaster was restored by 25 mm to 40 mm thick plaster
in 1 cement: 1 lime:4 coarse sand-mortar mixed with
At the southern verandah of Anguri Bagh, the
red oxide to match the original surface. The decayed,
restoration of bulged and broken chhajja stone
carved and moulded stones of the ceiling and veneering
was carried out with new stones. The restoration
were also restored. The stained cement pointing to
work included the replacement of carved brackets
the stone structures including underpinning of the
and dab stones below the chhajja and farandah
lakhauri brick masonry wall was also carried out.
stone at the top. The carved and moulded plaster
work was carried out with 1 cement: 1 lime:4 coarse 2. CHINI-KA-RAUZA, AGRA, DISTRICT AGRA
sand mixture, mixed with colour pigment. The The parapet wall and the dome were repaired
restoration work also included stained cement by underpinning with brick tile and lakhauri brick.
pointing to the stone structures; 150 mm thick, The plastering work was carried out at missing places
highly carved and moulded plaster on brackets and of the dome, ground floor of north-east corner rooms,
colour washing to render the surface an even shade. first floor at south-west comer room, wherever missing
and decayed.
The pathway of the Diwan-i-Am quadrangle
which leads to the verandah on the west side M.S. gate has been provided to the opening of
(south-west, west and north-west) was provided the main cell and passage leading to the top floor.
with an apron of finely-dressed red sandstone, 65
3. ITMAD-UD-DAULA'S TOMB, AGRA, DISTRICT AGRA
mm thick. The apron was provided over the freshly
laid out lime-cement-concrete. A brick-tile wall was At the baradari located on the river front, the
also provided on both the sides of the pathway. missing white marble inlaid work of the panels of plinth
PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS

located on east and south faces has been restored Department. The excavated desilted area
(pls. 175-176) with fresh ones. The missing and approximately measures to 70,000 sq m and the
decayed red sandstone pinnacle and chhajja of the average silt removed is 1.05 m. The total volume of
burj at the north-east corner was also restored. The silt removed amounts to 73,800 m2.
replastering work on the inner and outer sides of the
During the course of resetting, the base
same burj was also carried out.
remains of northeastern burj came into light. Traces
The restoration work of the geometerically of northern and eastern area of the boundary-wall
designed missing black and white marble inlaid stone were also discovered, albeit robbed and badly
in red sandstone panels on all the four sides of the damaged.
main gate were also carried out.
6. RAM BAGH, AGRA, DISTRICT AGRA
4. KHAN-E-ALAM BAGH, AGRA, DISTRICT AGRA The red sandstone paved pathways and
The western and southern enclosure-wall were platforms on the higher terrace located along the river
found collapsed at certain places and partly bulged. bank were found to be missing and dislodged at many
These walls were underpinned with lakhauri bricks places (pls. 177-178). The pathways at the south-
wherever necessary matching the original work. The west coiner have been repaired by resetting the
open joints of the walls were watertightened using dislodged flooring and provided with newly dressed
recessed pointing with lime. The seepage at the red sandstone flag-stones after laying out a base of
overhead water tank due to decayed plaster was lime-concrete wherever required.
prevented by replastering the tank with lime mixed
The missing dwarf wall of the kachcha pathway
with water-proofing compound.
leading from main gate to central grass plot has been
The water channels which feed the overhead tank constructed with brick tiles and lakhauri bricks.
was also replastered after cleaning it by removing the
The missing red sandstone jali railing with
growth of vegetation and rendering the surface
muttaka, base railing and red sandstone dasa at the
watertight.
boundary-wall along the river bank have been
The path leading to the Bagh from west gate of restored.
Taj was provided with M.S. grill in brick and concrete
7. TAJ MAHAL, AGRA, DISTRICT AGRA
base. Painting and varnishing has also been rendered.
The red and yellow sandstone flooring of the
5. MEHTAB BAGH, AGRA, DISTRICT AGRA inner courtyard to east and west of the main entrance
As per the order of the Hon'ble Supreme gate were decayed and sunken at some places. The
Court, the garden-complex was fully desilted and decayed stones were removed and replaced with
made ready for plantation by the Horticulture new ones in the original pattern. Restoration work

259
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

with new stones was also carried out at sunken match the original pattern. The badly decayed red
facade stones with sunken and embossed mouldings sandstone chaukhat and lintel stones were replaced
dab and quaid or string courses, dasa stones with in original pattern, decayed lime-plaster of ceiling
pan leaves and floral designs (pls. 179-180) and with moulding was also restored and replastering
moulded galta of the dado. carried out at the same burj.

The missing black and white inlay bars and The wooden gate of the eastern entrance of Taj
pieces of various designs and patterns have been courtyard was badly decayed and broken at many
provided with new ones. The inlay pieces wherever places which caused considerable difficulty while
found loose, were taken out and resetting has been opening and closing it. The decayed planks were
done with special lime-mortar at the same place. removed and the new ones provided after dismantling
The roof of the entrance gate was found to be leaky and lowering down the gate. The original pattern was
and hence the old and decayed lime-concrete roofing maintained by using the original nails wherever they
was scraped and new one laid out, thus preventing were found in good condition.
the water seepage.
The dallans and cells located near the west gate
On the inner side of the marble terrace railing from which emporium stalls were evicted, were
of the Taj, the missing black and white inlay bars repaired partly.
were provided with new ones as per the original
8. GROUP OF M ONUMENTS, F ATEHPUR S IKRI,
pattern.
DISTRICT AGRA

On the marble screen of the cenotaph and at At the west wall of Buland Darwaza the
the dado panels, the missing semiprecious inlay restoration of missing white marble inlaid bars and
pieces of various floral patterns were provided with stones in red sandstone panels were carried out.
new ones and fixed with araldite, and special lime Some of the shapes of restored stones include star,
mortar. Some of the semiprecious stones used were flowers, half flower octagon and haft star.
carnelian, bloodstone, green jade, mother of pearl,
garnet, lapiz lazuli apart from black marble. At the dargah-complex, stained cement
pointing with cement-sand-mortar mixed with
At the northeastern burj of the Taj-complex, colouring pigment was carried out on the ceiling of
the open joints of white marble chhatri was the north-east and south-east dallans. The old and
watertightened with recessed pointing. The same decayed lime-concrete of Janana rauze, the northern
work was also carried out at red sandstone veneering roof of Badshahi Gate and the roof adjoining it on
walls, chhajja stones and facade with combination the north were replaced with lime-cement-mortar
mortar mixed with red oxide as colouring agent to combined 25 mm sized brick ballast.
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

The restoration of old and decayed red west and replacement of a 10 cm thick red
sandstone flooring around the diving well to the west sandstone slab richly carved over the bracket on
of Buland Darwaza has been carried out with lime- the south-east of the Mahal.
cement-mortar. The drain was also repaired and
At the Stone Cutter's Mosque, the old and
restored. Stained cement pointing with cement-sand
decayed red sandstone flooring of the front
mortar mixed with colouring pigment was carried
courtyard and on the south was restored with lime-
out at the flooring around the baoli, drain and
cement-mortar. The stained cement pointing with
southern steps of Buland Darwaza.
cement and sand-mortar mixed with colouring
At the Rang Mahal, the decayed flooring of pigment was carried out on the red sandstone
the chamber located at north-east, south-east and flooring at the above mentioned places for
on the west were replaced with finely-dressed red strengthening the joints. The restoration of a portion
sandstone, 65 mm thick after laying out base of a dwarf wall around a tree in front of the mosque
concrete and rubbed flooring with lime-cement- was carried out with course rubble stone masonry
mortar. Stained cement pointing with cement-sand with lime-cement-mortar. A dwarf wall on the east
mortar mixed with colouring pigment has been and south of the mosque was also constructed
carried out on the main floor of the courtyard, east (pls. 181-182) and M.S. grill railing was provided
and west sides of the rooms of ground floor to above. The recessed pointing of the coursed rubble
strengthen the joints. The decayed plaster has been stone masonry at the above mentioned dwarf walls
restored with lime, cement, surkhi and cement was also carried out.
sand-mortar at the walls of main entrance room of
ground floor, rooms on the east and west of ground 9. JAGNER FORT, JAGNER, DISTRICT AGRA
floor and rooms at the north-east of first floor of The old and decayed roof concrete of the
the same complex. The restoration of southern wall second chhatri located on the stairs leading from
with coursed rubble stone masonry in lime-cement- the base to the top was removed and the relaying
mortar was also carried out. The recessed pointing work of roof with lime-concrete was carried out.
on the coursed rubble stone masonry on the The restoration work also included the resetting of
southern wall facing north, eastern wall facing east red sandstone roof slabs, red sandstone lintels,
and west side of parapet-wall was carried out with brackets, chhajja, dasa and pillars.
lime-cement-mortar in the ratio 1 : 1 : 2 : 2 . The
roof at the north-west was watertightened to 10. GROUP OF TEMPLES, DANDESHWAR, DISTRICT
prevent leakage of the rain-water. The outer ALMORA
restoration work include the provision of 15 mm The canopy of the sikhara and sukanasika in
thick red sandstone pandar dasa on the south, wooden frame and covered with tin sheet was very
restoration of red sandstone bracket on the north- much damaged and unable to prevent water seepage
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

and snowfall. The same was replaced with new 14. SHAH PIR'S TOMB, MEERUT, DISTRICT MEERUT
wooden frame and M.S. sheet. They were painted The damaged boundary-wall was repaired with
with grey enamel paint to match the original stone tile-bricks, cement, lime and rendered with original
colour. red colour powder. The underpinning work was
carried out at the defective places in the boundary
11. GROUP OF T EMPLES, JAGESHWAR, DISTRICT
wall with tiles along with pointing. The flooring of the
ALMORA
stone was repaired and plaster work carried out.
The stone masonry wall from the Bhogashala
The entrance gate pillar was made and an iron gate
to the main gate was found to be badly damaged,
was fixed. A kharanja pathway was laid out for the
bulged and dilapidated at certain places. The
path leading to the entrance gateway.
damaged portion was dismantled and reset as per
the original pattern. 15. S HAH ABDUL RAZZAK TOMB AND MOSQUE,
JHINJHANA, DISTRICT MUZAFFARNAGAR
12. GROUP OF T EMPLES, BAIJNATH, D ISTRICT
The damaged and decayed flooring of the
BAGESHVVAR
mosque and tomb was removed and flooring laid
The wall provided on the riverside was damaged
out with bricks, cement-concrete-sand mixture. The
due to rains and the same was repaired and
plastering of the walls was also carried out at the
strengthened.
damaged places, both on the inner and outer wall
surfaces.
13. RUDRANATH TEMPLE, GOPESHWAR, DISTRICT
CHAMOLI
16. ALIBAG FORT, ALIBAG , D ISTRICT ALIBAG
The stone flooring in front of the temple was
The old, decayed and fallen veneering stones
found sunken and damaged at some places. The
of the fort wall were replaced by providing fresh
sunken floor was fully removed and dug up to relay
veneering stones as per original and neatly pointed
the floor. A packing with boulder and rubble stone
with lime-mortar.
pitch was laid, over which a layer of R.C.C. slabs
was constructed. Then the dressed stone slabs were AURANGABAD ClRCLE
fixed as per the original pattern. Similarly, the bulged
stones were fixed with new ones wherever found MAHARASHTRA
bulged. The temple was rendered with original
17. AJANTA CAVES, AJANTA, DISTRICT AURANGABAD
pattern colour wash which also included painting of
Widening the pathway for convenience to visitors
the canopy, doors etc.
in front of Caves 1 to 4 (pls. 183-184) was completed
The work of fixing the door of deodar wood by constructing retaining wall towards the riverside,
and fixing notice boards was also carried out. by using uncoursed rubble masonry matched with
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

surrounding by plastering, chiselling etc. The top original. The work of watertightening of the roof was
surface of the widened pathway was also matched also attended to stop leakage and further deterioration.
with original stone surface.
23. MALIKAMBER TOMB, KHULTABAD, DISTRICT
18. AURANGABAD CAVES, AlJRANGABAD, DISTRICT AURANGABAD
AURANGABAD The bulged-out and fallen compound wall was
The RCC canopy was provided to the image of restored in UCR masonry in cement-mortar as per
Buddha in front of Cave 5, plastered and chiselled to original.
match with original.
24. PLTALKHORA CAVES, PLTALKHORA, DISTRICT
19. T HATTE N AHAR, AURANGABAD, D ISTRICT AURANGABAD
AURANGABAD The steps from top of the hill to the caves were
Damaged and broken terracotta water pipe line conserved by resetting with available stones. Rise and
was removed and provided with hume pipes. tread of the steps were also modified suitably.

20. DAULATABAD FORT, DAULATABAD, DISTRICT 25. GONDRAJA'S TOMB, CHANDRAPUR, DISTRICT
AURANGABAD CHANDRAPUR
The undulated and damaged stone flooring in the The damaged concrete at the rooftop of the tomb
open courtyard at the Booking Office was relaid with was removed and watertightened using fresh lime
old and new stones. concrete finished with lime-plaster.

21. ELLORA CAVES, ELLORA, DISTRICT AURANGABAD 26. CHANGDEV TEMPLE, CHANGDEV, DISTRICT JALGAON
Barbed-wire fencing was provided to the The out-of-plumb prakara wall of the temple
archaeological area around the monument. Cattle trap on the riverside was dismantled and reconstructed in
was also provided at main gate. The decayed and stone masonry with proper foundation, to stop the
damaged uneven surface of the flooring inside the heavy thrust of backwater of river Treewar Sangam.
Caves 7,8 and 10 were removed wherever necessary
and attended properly by concreting as per the 27. PANHALA FORT, PANHALA, DISTRICT KOLHAPUR
original. Desilting of the tank near Cave 16 was also The dense vegetation was removed including
carried out for storage of water during rainy season. derooting the trees. The dead mortar was removed
from the roof of the Teen Darwaja and provided with
22. CHHATRI NEAR GHRISHNESHVARA TEMPLE, cement-lime plaster and watertightened. Structural
ELLORA, DISTRICT AURANGABAD repairs were also carried out with C.R. masonry at
The broken and missing chhatri, chhajja and fallen portions of the parapet-wall behind Teen
minarets of the chhatri were replaced with RCC as per Darwaja and Andhar Bav.
PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS

28. KONDIVATE CAVES, KONDIVATE, DISTRICT to the protected area to avoid encroachment. The
MUMBAI (SUB-URBAN) leaking sikhara of the main temple and sub-shrine
Rubble masonry flooring was laid in front of Caves have been watertightened by doing liquid lime
1 to 10 and matched with surrounding after PCC. cement mortar grouting and the exposed surface
Highly weathered stone pillars were restored to their properly finished by using suitable colour oxides.
original shape and design by providing cement-
33. BHAJA CAVES, BHAJA, DISTRICT PUNE
concrete with non-corrosive steel reinforcement.
Parapet-wall in rubble stone masonry was
29. ANCIENT S ITE, MANSAR, DISTRICT NAGPUR constructed along the approach road. The dislodged
steps leading to the caves from the foothill were reset
Barbed-wire fencing was provided around the
and repaired.
area to avoid encroachment and gates were provided
at suitable intervals. 34. SHIVANERI FORT, JUNNAR, DISTRICT PI NF
The fallen parapet on the inner side of the pathway
30. FOOT WALL AND GATE, PAUNI, DISTRICT NAGPUR
was restored and huge vegetation from the fort was
The fallen veneering portion of the fort wall removed.
was replaced by providing fresh stone veneering
following the original pattern including pointing to 35. PATALESHVARA CAVES, PUNE, DISTRICT PUNE
the open joints. The roof of the ancient gate was The roof of the Nandi-mandapa was properly
properly watertightened with fresh lime-concrete. watertightened after removing the dead concrete and
Iron grills and doors are provided to the main gate laying fresh cement-lime-concrete. Concrete was
of the fort wall. provided to the approach pathway and chiselled to
match the surrounding.
31. PANDAVLENA CAVES, NASIK, DISTRICT NASIK
36. SHANIWARWADA, PUNE, DISTRICT PINE
Dislodged flight of steps from foothill to the caves
were reset to its original position with cement mortar The work executed including the roof terrace of
and provided recess pointing to the joints. The the naqqarkhana was replastered with lime-cement
courtyard in front of caves (on either side of Cave 9) mortar after removing the dead concrete and
was set right by levelling the area and laying cement watertightened by using lime-cement-concrete and top

concrete over a bed of rubble soling. finished. PCC was provided around the quadrangle
structure known as Godubai laying lime-cement plaster
32. GONDESHVARA MAHADEVA TEMPLE, SINNAR, to the floors of various structures. Dislodged and bulging
DISTRICT NASIK portion of Hazari Karanja (Fountain) was dismantled
Heavy growth of vegetation around the temple and reset as per original. The new steels gate was fixed
was cleared and barbed-wire fencing was provided at the main entrance. Wooden barricades were
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

provided by applying wooden preservatives and laying 42. AMBARNATH TEMPLE, AMBARNATH, DISTRICT THANE
PCC to the damaged flooring around the Pushkarini. The recess pointing was provided to the cracks
Pointing was done to the underground water tank. and the gaps on the roof of the temple to stop the
seepage of water. The damaged, broken and uneven
37. ELEPHANTA CAVES, GHARAPURI, DISTRICT RAIGAD
stone flooring around the temple was attended to by
Retaining wall was constructed in UCR masonry
providing stone pavement as per original.
for providing terraces to develop garden.
BANGALORE CIRCLE
38. RAIGAD FORT, RAIGAD, DISTRICT RAIGAD
KARNATAKA
The work of restoration of fallen structure of
Bazar - peth in mud mortar, providing pointing and 43. FORT AND GATEWAYS, BANGALORE, DISTRICT
watertightening as per original was undertaken. BANGALORE
Watertightening the leaky roof of Jagadeshvara The fallen portion of fort wall on the eastern side
Temple and naqqarkhana was attended to by laying has been restored as per original. The joints have been
fresh lime-cement-concrete and top finished. pointed in lime-mortar. A stone pavement has been
provided over the western fort wall and the joints have
39. SlNDHLDlRG FORT, MALVAN, DISTRICT
been pointed to avoid water percolation to the fort wall.
SlNDHLDURG

Removal of thick vegetation from inside and 44. TIPU SULTAN'S PALACE, BANGALORE, DISTRICT
outside the fort wall along with their roots was carried BANGALORE
out. Laying of approach road was completed. Desilting A bore-well has been drilled for providing
of unwanted debris of the water tank was completed. continuous water to the lawns of the Palace.

40. ViJAYADiRG FORT, VIJAVADURG, DISTRICT 45. ANANTASAYANA TEMPLE, ANANTASAYANAGUDI,

SlNDHl Dl'RG DISTRICT BELLARY
The thick vegetation was removed from the main The disturbed and out-of-plumb Kalyana
gate and the pathway. The clearance of debris and mandapa of the complex was carefully dismantled
restoration of fallen portion of the fort wall were and reconstructed after providing a strong foundation
carried out. in cement-concrete over the natural boulders. The roof
was watertightened.
41. S OLAPIR F ORT, S OLAPIR, DISTRICT S OLAPIR
The old, decayed, fallen veneering stone of outer 46. M INOR R OCK E DICT OF ASOKA, D ISTRICT
fort wall was replaced by providing new stones BELLARY
following the original pattern. The top of wall was A pillared mandapa has been constructed to
watertightened. provide shelter to the Edict and the roof has been
PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS

covered with granite slabs and the joints pointed. A provided with granite slabs and the joints have been
stone paved floor has been provided around the Edict. pointed.

47. CHANDRASEKHARA TEMPLE, KAMALAPUR, 52. AMRUTESHVARA TEMPLE, AMRITAPURA, DISTRICT

DISTRICT BELLARY CHIKMAGALUR
Coping stone was provided to the enclosure The disturbed outer wall of the navaranga has
walls as per the original. been dismantled and reconstructed as per original after

48. MAHANAVAMI DIBBA, KAMALAPUR, DISTRICT mending the damaged architectural members.
BELLARY 53. VLRANARAYANA TEMPLE, BELAWADI, DISTRICT
The fallen and the out-of-plumb enclosure-wall CHIKMAGALUR
on the northern side of the Mahanavami Dibba has Crimped mesh fencing over a dwarf wall around
been reconstructed by providing corefilling in rubble the temple was provided.
and gravel.
54. PRE-HISTORIC SITE, CHANDRAVALLI, DISTRICT
49. UNDERGROUND SIVA TEMPLE, KAMALAPUR,
CHITRADURGA
DISTRICT BELLARY
The site has been fenced with barbed-wire by
The debris accumulated inside the temple has
providing RCC Pillars. A gate was provided to the
been removed without disturbing the original layout.
entrance.
The choked-up drainage has been made functional
by removing the debris. The leaky roof of the temple 55. FORT AND TEMPLES, CHITRADURGA, DISTRICT
has been watertightened by laying fresh lime-plaster CHITRADURGA
after removing the old and decayed one. The damaged portion of the fort wall near the
50. ACHUTARAYA TEMPLE, VENKATAPURA, DISTRICT Kamanabagilu was restored. The retaining wall
BELLARY between the third and fourth entrance was
reconstructed. Flooring was provided to the
The masonry props provided to the inner
Murugarajendra Muth in combination mortar and
prakara wall on the eastern side was carefully
a collapsible gate has been provided. The roof of
removed. The bulged-out and fallen portion of the
the Gopalakrishna Temple was watertightened.
prakara-wall was reconstructed after providing a
foundation in stone masonry over a cement- 56. RAJA'S S EAT, MERCARA, DISTRICT COORG
concrete bed.
The damaged roof members like wooden
51. MINOR ROCK EDICT OF ASOKA, UDEGOLAM, rafters, creepers and Mangalore tiles were replaced
DISTRICT BELLARY with new ones. The structure was given a coating of
A pillared mandapa has been constructed to water-proof cement paint.
provide shelter to the inscription; the roof has been
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

57. KALLESHVARA TEMPLE, AMBALI, DISTRICT construction of a size stone masonry wall to a height
DAVANAGERE of 1.5 m. M.S. grill gate has been provided to the

The roof of the temple was watertightened after ornamental mandapa.

removing the dead lime-plaster and providing a fresh 63. S REEKANTESHVARA T EMPLE, NANJANGUD,
surkhi and lime-plaster water-proof course. DISTRICT MYSORE
58. JAINA BASADI, HALEBID, DISTRICT HASSAN The damaged stucco figures of the vasanta
The dislodged outer veneering wall on the eastern mandapa has been mended as per original in
side of the Shantinatha Basadi has been reconstructed combination mortar. The joints of the stone pavement
as per original by utilising the original members. was pointed in cement-mortar.

59. SOMESHVARA TEMPLE, KOLAR, DISTRICT KOLAR 64. KEERTINARAYANA TEMPLE, TALKAD, DISTRICT
MYSORE
The main entrance tower of the temple has been
watertightened by filleting the joints in combination Two small sub-shrines located on the north and
mortar. north-east of the temple-complex, a wall and the
kitchen of the temple which were buried under sand
60. MALLIKARJUNA TEMPLE, BASRAL, DISTRICT dunes were carefully exposed (pls. 185-186).
MANDYA
65. GAURISHVARA TEMPLE, YELANDUR, DISTRICT
The leaky roof was watertightened after raking
MYSORE
the old, dead water-proof course. The missing portion
of the parapet has been reconstructed. The wide gaps The size stone masonry wall was watertightened
of the Vimana were filled with stone chips and lime- and the joints were pointed in cement-mortar. M.S.
mortar to avoid water percolation. gate was fixed at the eastern entrance.

61. GUMBAZ, SRIRANGAPATNA, DISTRICT MANDYA 66. NARAYANASVAMY TEMPLE, YELANDUR, DISTRICT
MYSORE
A leaky wooden railing has been provided
around the tombs to restrict movement of the tourists. The surface of the entrance gopura parapets,
superstructure over the shrines and niches were cleaned.
62. VLJAYANARAYANA TEMPLE, GLJNDLUPED, DISTRICT
A fresh coat of snowcem in matching colour was applied.
MYSORE

The damaged plaster over the brick masonry wall 67. T RIPURANTESHVARA T EMPLE, BALLIGAVI,
DISTRICT SHIMOGA
of the mukha-mandapa has been removed and
replastered in combination mortar. The joints of the The adhishthana of the eastern portion of the
stone pavement is pointed in cement-mortar. The open temple which is out-of-plumb has been dismantled
area on the western side of the temple is enclosed by and reconstructed as per original.
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98~A REVIEW

68. REM KAMBA TEMPLE, CHANDRAGUTTI, DISTRICT been completed. Underpinning and restoration of the
SHI.MOGA damaged walls and recess pointing have been
The missing prakara wall on the eastern side completed. Necessary repairs have also been taken
has been reconstructed by using available stone up in the Dewan-e-Khas and desilting of ancient well.
blocks. A portion of the missing stone flooring at the
74. C HAUSATH YOGINI T EMPLE, K HAJURAHO ,
entrance has been provided.
DISTRICT CHHATARPUR
69 . AGHORESHVARA TEMPLE, IkKERI,DISTRICTSHIMOGA
,
Debris clearance of fallen platform Jagati wall
by sorting out useful stones and stacking at proper
The leaky roof of the temple has been
watertightened. Missing portions of the prakara wall place and reuse in restoration of the damaged wall

has been reconstructed. Plinth protection course has and throwing of rubbish outside the temple area are
been laid around the temple. in progress.

70. F ORT, KAVALEDURGA, D ISTRICT S HIMOGA 75. D LLADEO T EMPLE, K HAJURAHO, D ISTRICT
CHHATARPUR
The thick rank vegetation grown on the fort walls
Replacement of the old damaged and worn-out
and pathways has been removed.
G.I. barbed-wire fencing on angle iron post with stone
71. J UMMA M ASJID , S IRA, D ISTRICT T UMKUR masonry dwarf wall mounted with M.S. grill for safety
The whitewash over the minarets and the dome of the valuable sculptures is in progress.
has been carefully removed. The stucco figures of the
76. EASTERN AND SOUTHERN GROUP OF TEMPLES,
minarets have been mended as per original and water-
KHAJURAHO, DISTRICT CHHATARPUR
proof cement-paint-coating has been applied. The roof
of the Masjid has been watertightened in combination In continuation of the last year's work (1996-

mortar. 97, p. 253), watertightening of the open joints of the

temples under these groups is in progress to check
72. HILL, FORT AND RUINED PALACE, UCCHANGIDURGA leakage of water during rainy season. Excavation has
The debris accumulated over the ancient also been taken up around Parsvanatha Temple to
structures inside the fort near the king's palace has expose the original jagati of the platform which
been carefully removed. The work is in progress. revealed original platform and remains of ancient
temple structure belonging to eight-ninth century AD.
BHOPAL CIRCLE
The work has been completed.
MADHYA PRADESH
77. KANDARIA MAHADEVA TEMPLE, KHAJURAHO,
73. FORT, ATER, DISTRICT BHIND
DISTRICT CHHATARPUR
In continuation of the last year's work (1996- In continuation of the last year's work (1996-97,
97, p. 251), repairs at the first and main gate have p. 253), watertightening of the temple by sealing open
PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS

vertical joints to check the ingress of rain-water is in construction of RCC slab and beams in place of the
progress. Treatment of approach road from Kandaria missing slab and beams.
Mahadeva Temple to Chausath Yogini Temple gate with
81. DARVA KHAN'S MOSQUE, MANDU, DISTRICT
lime-concrete for easy movement of visitors is also in
DHAR
progress. An apron around the jagati has also been
provided to check percolation of water into the In continuation of the last year's work (/ 996-97,
foundation. The work has been completed. p. 253), extraction of limestone slabs departmentally from
leased quarry at Zeerabad and transportation of the same
78. LAKSHMANA TEMPLE, KHAJURAHO, DISTRICT
to Mandu for use in flooring has been completed.
CHHATARPUR
Replacement of old, decayed, damaged and sunken stone
In continuation of the last year's work (1996- flooring with fresh fine chisel-dressed limestone flooring
97, p. 253), watertightening of Lakshmana Temple has been completed. Providing and fixing fresh fine chisel-
by sealing the open joints to check the ingress of rain dressed limestone chhajjas in place of the damaged and
water has been completed. Trial-trenches have been missing ones has also been completed.
laid on the south of the temple to ascertain the depth
82. JAHAZ MAHAL, MANDI, DISTRICT DH\R
of foundation of the temple and platform. Tubular
scaffolding has been erected for lowering down tilted In continuation of the last year's work (1996-97,
S.E. sub-shrine stone-by-stone. The work is in p. 253), restoration of damaged and missing rear arches
progress for re-erection of the same in plumb and of Jahaz Mahal in R.R. stone masonry in lime-surkhi
alignment after strengthening the foundation. and sand-mortar has been completed. Restoration of
damaged and missing chhajjas with fresh fine chisel-
79. VAMANA T EMPLE, K HAJURAHO, D ISTRICT dressed limestone chhajjas as per original is in
CHHATARPUR progress. Plastering of domes is also in progress.
Replacement of old damaged and worn-out G.I.
83. KAPOOR TANK, MANDI, DISTRICT DHAR
barbed-wire fencing on angle iron post with stone
Repairs to the enclosure wall and terrace around
masonry dwarf wall mounted with M.S. grill for safety
the tank has been completed. A repair to Taveli Mahal
of valuable sculptures is in progress.
and closing the arch opening with M.S. grill/wiremesh
80. BUDDHIST CAVES, BAGH, DISTRICT DHAR has been completed. Restoration of arches of pavilion
In continuation of the last year's work (1996- with fine chisel-dressed limestone is in progress.
97, p. 253), the dismantling of decayed and damaged
84. REWA KI NO, MANDI , DISTRICT DHAR
rock-cut cells and pillars of Cave No. 2 and their
reconstruction matching the original has been Debris removal of fallen structures and repairs
completed. Erection of scaffolding, centering and to structures and tank have been completed.
shuttering in Cave No. 7 are also in progress for Extraction of limestone slabs from Zeerabed quarry
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

and its transportation to Mandu, fine chisel dressing 89. GROUP OF TEMPLES, KADWAHA, DISTRICT GUNA
and fixing in tank are in progress. In continuation of the last year's work (1996-
97, p. 254), enclosing the area of Temple Nos. 9,
85. ROOPMATI PAVILION, MANDU, DISTRICT DHAR
10,11 and 12 with G.I. barbed-wire fencing on angle
In continuation of the last year's work (1996-
iron posts for safety of the temples and to check the
97, p. 254), extraction of limestone slabs from leased
encroachment has been completed. Enclosing the
Government quarry at Zeerabad departmentally and
area of other group of temples with G.I. barbed-
dressing of the stone slabs as per requirement for
wire fencing on angle iron post and repairs to dry
undertaking restoration of the damaged dome is in
stone masonry wall of Garhi in plumb and alignment
progress. Lowering down of the half dome to restore
have been completed. The damaged Garhi Walls
it in plumb and alignment has been completed. The
have been conserved.
dismantled wall after strengthening the foundation has
been restored in plumb and alignment in R.R. stone 90. MANSINGH PALACE FORT, GWALIOR, DISTRICT
masonry. Restoration of pillars to reconstruct the dome GWALIOR
has been taken up and completed. Plastering of dome The lime-concrete of the roof terrace of
is in progress. Manmandir complex which had considerable decay and
was allowing leakage of rain-water, is being dismantled
86. JAMA MASJID, CHANDERI, DISTRICT GUNA
to relay the same to arrest the seepage of water. The
Restoration of damaged and bulged rear wall in
work is in progress. The top of the parapet-wall has
ashlar stone masonry in lime-mortar, in plumb and
been provided with stone masonry coping finished with
alignment is in progress.
lime-plaster to check the ingress of rain-water.
87. KOSHAK MAHAL, CHANDERI, DISTRICT GUNA 91. TELI-KA-MANDIR, GWALIOR FORT, DISTRICT
Collection of cut stone blocks and fine chisel GWALIOR
dressing of the same for use in restoration of Dismantling of flag-stone flooring and C.R. stone
damaged and missing wall and balconies are in masonry enclosure wall of the platform has been
progress. The roof terrace has been watertightened completed. Excavation around the platform to find
by laying of fresh lime-concrete in place of the
out the foundation details is in progress. M.S. grills
damaged and decayed one.
have been procured to fix on the compound-wall in
88. NAVKHANDA PALACE, HILL FORT, CHANDERI, the south to check trespassing.
DISTRICT GUNA 92. TOMBS OF MOHAMMAD GHAUS AND TANSEN,
Removal of debris of fallen structures, sorting GWALIOR, DISTRICT GWALIOR
out useful stones and stacking of the same for reuse In continuation of the last year's (1996-97,
in conservation and disposal of waste is in progress. p. 254) work, relating to development of garden
PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS

on the front and rear side of the complex is in 96. GROUP OF TEMPLES, BATESHVARA, DISTRICT
progress. New Chinese grass carpet and hedge MORENA
are being laid in front lawns. The replastering work
In continuation of the last year's work (1996-
of the main dome has been taken up and the same
97, p. 254), the removal of fallen debris of temples
has been completed after erection of scaffolding
and sorting of architectural members for resetting and
with steel tubes and covering the grave with M.S.
restoration of the Mandapika shrines with available
sheet cover to avoid any damage to the grave and
members are in progress. Enclosing the area with G.I.
injuries to the visitors. Providing and fixing stone
barbed-wire fencing on angle iron posts to check
edging around the flower bed and plantation of
encroachments has almost been completed.
plants are in progress.
97. EKOTTARSO M AHADEO T EMPLE, MITAULI,
93. IDGAH, ASIRGARH, DISTRICT KHANDWA
DISTRICT MORENA
Dismantling of damaged and missing wall of the
Excavation of the flooring and throwing of debris
platform for restoration of the same in plumb and
outside the temple to find out the original stone flooring
alignment with original size stones is in progress.
for relaying of the same with fresh chisel-dressed stone
flooring is in progress.
94. AHUKHANA, BURHANPUR, DISTRICT KHANDWA

Debris clearance of fallen structures and 98. GARHI, PADAWALI, DISTRICT MORENA
opening of closed water channels have been In continuation of the last year's work (1996-
completed. Replacement of old, decayed and 97, p. 254), jungle clearance around the Garhi
damaged flooring of the pavilion with fresh lime- excavation of settled debris, sorting and stacking of
concrete has been completed. The tank in front of useful stones and, reuse in conservation of Garhi wall
the pavilion had been taken up for repairs and the and bastion, throwing of rubbish away from the
work was completed. monument and levelling of the area are in progress.
Dismantling of bulged and out-of-plumb wall for
95. COMPOUND WALL AT SCULPTURE SHED, UN,
conservation of the same in plumb and alignment with
DISTRICT KHARGONE
original moulded stones is also in progress.
In continuation of the last year's work (1996-
99. KAKANMATH TEMPLE , S U' HANIA,
97, p. 254), excavation of foundation and laying of
DISTRICT MORENA
foundation concrete has been completed. The work
of construction of stone masonry dwarf wall mounted Dismantling of bulged and out-of-plumb jagati
with M.S. grill is in progress. The work of boring a platform in the north has been completed.
tube well for water supply in the complex and Excavation for providing proper foundation and
construction of sculpture sheds is in progress. retaining wall to avoid settlement has also been
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

completed. Cement concrete in foundation has 102. BUDDHIST S ITE, S ANCHI, DISTRICT RAISEN
been laid and restoration of jagati in plumb and hi continuation of the last year's work (1996-97,
alignment has also been taken up and work is in p. 255), the base of ancient Tank No. 2 has been
progress. packed with stone soling and laid with cement concrete.
Laying of a layer of stone pitching over the base
100. ROCK-SHELTERS, BHIMBETKA, DISTRICT RAISEN
concrete has also been completed. Laying of layer of
Extension of the G.I. barbed-wire fencing on ferro cement-concrete has also been completed.
RCC posts to avoid unauthorised entry of visitors Reconstruction of original stone steps has been taken
from the far end and treatment to approach up and is in progress. Laying of pipe line from colony
pathways leading to rock-shelters with flat stones to stupa is in progress. Replacement of G.I. barbed-
laid in concrete for easy movement of visitors are wire fencing on angle iron posts with stone masonry
in progress. dwarf wall mounted with M.S. grill from entrance to
Public Health Engineering Department water tank to
101. SIVA TEMPLE, BHOJPUR, DISTRICT RAISEN
check trespassing is in progress. Excavation of pits and
In continuation of the last year's work (1996- plantation around Sanchi to bring back the greenery
97, p. 255), excavation of sandstone blocks from are also in progress. The remaining work of revival to
Government leased quarry departmentally and Tank No. 1 and watertightening of walls of ancient
transportation of the same to the site for restoration remains are also in progress.
of balcony in the north and ceiling are in progress.
Chiselling of the stone slabs of required size for the 103. BUDDHIST MONUMENTS, SATDHARA, DISTRICT
restoration of missing pieces and pranala of gauri- RAISEN
patta and the northern balcony is also in progress. In continuation of the last year’s work (1996-
Refixing of comer base stones of ringed ceiling at their 97, p. 255), restoration of damaged and missing walls
original place and clamping with copper clamps fixed of platform of Stupa No. 1 in plumb and alignment is
in lead is also in progress. All the missing iron clamp in progress. Restoration of Monastery No. 1 in plumb
of roof members was replaced with copper clamps. and alignment has been completed. The restoration
Efforts are also made on to cover the ceiling gap work of Stupa Nos. 3, 4, 6 and 7 in plumb and
between inner edge of the wall and the beams with alignment as per originals has also been taken up and
original architectural members scattered on the is in progress.
ground. The work of carving of lower piece of the
missing northern pilaster facing west of the dvara- 104. SIVA TEMPLE, MANDI BAMORA, DISTRICT SAGAR
sakha and fixing the same at original place has been Replacement of old worn-out G.I. barbed-wire
completed. Dressing and carving of middle bell piece
fencing on angle iron posts with stone masonry dwarf
of northern pilaster is in progress.
wall surmounted with M.S. grill and conservation of
PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS

the porch of the temple by providing the missing stone work of restoration of damaged and missing layers
beams is in progress. of jagati of temple in ashlar stone masonry
reproducing original mouldings upto available height
105. RUINED PALACE, FORT, RAHATGARH, DISTRICT
has been completed.
SAGAR
109. NEELKANTHESVARA TEMPLE, UDAIPUR, DISTRICT
In continuation of the last year's work (1996-
VIDISHA
97, p. 256), the restoration of damage and missing
chhajjas with fresh fine chisel-dressed stone Scientific debris clearance and exposition of
chhajjas is in progress. Restoration of missing pillars, covered jagati of the temple in the south has been
brackets, beams and slabs with fresh fine chisel- completed.
dressed stone pillars, brackets, beams and slabs is
110. BlJAMANDAL, VlDISHA, DISTRICT VlDISHA
in progress. The repairs to the main gateway and
the pathway have also been taken up and are in In continuation of the last year's work (1996-
progress. 97, p. 256), excavation of settled debris and throwing
and filling the surplus material in the depression on the
106. BUDDHIST M ONUMENTS , P ANGURARIA,
rear side and replacement of G.I. barbed-wire fencing
DISTRICT SEHORE on angle iron posts with stone masonry dwarf wall
In continuation of the last year's work (1996- mounted with G.I. barbed-wire fencing on angle iron
97, p. 256), the restoration of damaged, missing and posts is in progress.
out-of-plumb platform wall was undertaken. The
BHUBANESWAR CIRCLE
work has been completed. Restoration of stupa in
plumb and alignment is in progress. The ruined stupa MADHYA PRADESH
opposite the main stupa has been traced after
111. PATALESVARA TEMPLE, MALHAR, DISTRICT
removing the fallen and dislodged stones.
BILASPUR
107. GADARMAL TEMPLE, BADOH PATHARI, DISTRICT
Cordoning of one acre of newly acquired site
VIDISHA
for the proposed museum building is provided by M.S.
Dismantling of bulged jagati platform for angle barbed-wire. The work is in progress.
resetting in plumb and alignment after providing proper
112. LAXMAN T EMPLE, S RIPUR, DISTRICT
foundation is in progress.
MAHASAMUND

,
108. HlNDOLA TORAN GyARASPUR, DISTRICT Dilapidated southern wall of the Laxman Temple
VlDISHA complex was dismantled and re-erected as per
Scientific debris clearance and exposition of original.
ancient remains of the temple is in progress. The
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW I

ORISSA then conserved in the original pattern. Besides, another

113. BARABATI FORT, CUTTACK, DISTRICT CUTTACK small sub-shrine in the temple-complex was also
Restoration of citadel wall of Barabati Fort has dismantled and re-erected as per original. Watertightening
been taken up and the work is in progress. Water- of three small sub-shrines on the south-west corner has
tightening of the pyramidal structure of the excavated been taken up and the work is in progress.
fort area is successfully attended to. The work of pointing and grouting the sikhara of

114. KEDARESVARA TEMPLE, KEDARESVARA MOUZA, Parvati Temple on north-west corner of the complex

CHOUDVAR FORT REMAINS, CHOUDVAR, DISTRICT has been taken up with simultaneous chemical treatment.

CUTTACK The work is in progress.

Restoration work of the missing upper Pointing work of the well inside the temple-complex
jangha part of the temple is in progress. (the water of which is used for bhoga-prasada and the
construction of a drain within the temple have been
115. GROUP OF TEMPLES, KOTAKOLA, DISTRICT GANJAM
completed)
The group of temples was taken up for
conservation in the form of face-lifting, rectification 119. MUKTESVARA TEMPLE , BHUBANESWAR ,
of structural defects of the sikhara, watertightening, DISTRICT KHURDA
relaying of the undulated surface of the courtyard, etc. The work of rectification of disturbed and sunken
floor of the complex was done by replacing newly
116. MAHAKALA TEMPLE, EXCAVATED BUDDHIST SITE,
dressed stone blocks. Pointing and grouting work of
RATNAGIRI, DISTRICT JAIPUR
the small shrines in-between Siddhesvara and
The dilapidated Mahakala Temple was subjected
Muktesvara Temples has also been attended to.
to dismantling. Accordingly, G.I. tubular scaffolding
around the temple was provided. Pointing work to the wide joints of laterite dwarf
wall and sub-shrines in the temple-complex was also
117. BAKRESVARA TEMPLE, BHUBANESWAR, DISTRICT
attended to.
KHURDA
Pointing, edging, filleting work was attended to 120. RAMESVARA TEMPLE, BHUBANESWAR, DISTRICT
the boundary-wall. The undulated and damaged floor/ KHURDA
pavement has been reset as per original. Dwarf boundary-wall of laterite stones has been
erected on the west and northern side of the complex.
118. LINGARAJA TEMPLE, BHUBANESWAR, DISTRICT
KHURDA 121. YAMESVARA TEMPLE, BHUBANESWAR, DISTRICT
KHURDA
Smaller sub-shrines which were leaning in the
The undulated floor of Yamesvara Temple was
temple-complex were dismantled for construction and
re-laid with dressed uniform stone blocks as per
i PRESER VA TION OF MONUMENTS

original after the removal of the worn-out/damaged (inner enclosure wall) was attended to. The battlement
stones of the floor. stones of kurmibeda were reset in their original
position following archaeological norms.
122. UDAYAGIRI-KHANDAGIRI CAVES, BHUBANESWAR,
DISTRICT KHURDA Construction of new dwarf wall on the outside
Construction of dwarf and laterite boundary of the Meghanad Prachir (outer enclosure wall) of
wall around the monument on the front portion of the Jagannatha Temple was done.
Udayagiri hill, parallel to public road has been 125. DAKSHAPRAJAPATI TEMPLE, BANAPUR, DISTRICT
completed. PURI

123. RASIKA RAYA TEMPLE, HARIPURGARH FORT, In continuation of the previous year's work
DISTRICT MAYURBHANJ (1996-97, p. 258), the damaged, bulged-out
rahapaga of the western side of the temple was
In continuation of the previous year's work
rectified and reset.
(1996-97, pp. 258-259), missing front portion of
terracotta temple has been restored as per original. Conservation of north-west corner of
Reconstruction of superstructure over the pillars to kanikapaga and anurahapaga of the sikhara of the
relay the missing western roof of the temple is in main temple was done in the form of pointing, grouting,
progress. Work upto the roof level has been completed. underpinning etc.

124. JAGANNATHA TEMPLE, DISTRICT PURI Much dilapidated eastern rahapaga of the
In continuation of the previous year's work sikhara of the main temple was thoroughly dismantled
(1996-97, p. 259), the damaged amalaka stones of and restored as per original.
the main temple were replaced in original position. The
Pointing and grouting of the inner side of
conservation of southern portion of vimana is in
garbhagriha including the replacement of missing and
progress. All the broken and dilapidated stones of
broken stones has been done.
rahapaga were replaced.
Besides, resetting of the remaining out-of-plumb
The damaged roof of dadhivamana shrine inside
eastern rahapaga upto beki level was done.
the Jagannatha Temple-complex was re-laid with
reinforced cement-concrete. 126. SUN TEMPLE, KONARAK, DISTRICT PLRI
Paved laterite rampart has been constructed in
The restoration of the Sarasvati Shrine inside the
the northern side of the temple connecting the
temple premises was completed.
monolithic elephant duo on pedestal. Widening of the
Restoration and resetting of loose and missing laterite pathway in south-west side of jagamohana
battlement stones of the southern side of kurmibeda is in progress.
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

CALCUTTA CIRCLE of water. Barbed-wire fencing around the monument

WEST BENGAL and its retaining wall were repaired as per the
original.
127. SIDDHESVARA TEMPLE, BAHULARA, DISTRICT
BANKURA 130. R ADHAMADHABA T EMPLE , B ISHNUPUR ,
DISTRICT BANKURA
Restoration of ornamental brickwork on the temple
facade and mukha-mandapa with special-sized bricks The broken compound-wall of the temple along
was completed. The angle iron posts of the barbed-wire with its coping was repaired. The missing and broken
fencing around the temple were repainted. Deep rooted barbed-wire fencing around the monument was
trees on the temples were cut off and removed. replaced by a new one. The weak foundation of the
temple was strengthened in stone masonry.
128. GROUP OF TEMPLES, BISHNUPUR, DISTRICT
BANKURA 131. S TONE G ATEWAY, BISHNUPUR, D ISTRICT
BANKURA
Lightening conductors were provided to
Kalachand, Radha Madhaba, Madanagopala, In continuation of the previous year's work
Mallesvara, Nandalal, Lalji, Radhashyam, (1996-97, p. 260), stone masonry of the plinth of the
Madanamohana and Muralimohana Temples. Square retaining wall was completed and the plinth of the stone
nets were fixed on the barbed-wire fencing around gateway was stabilised. The roof of the gateway was
Kalachand, Nandalal and Radhagovinda Temples to watertightened with the lime-surkhi and its inner walls
prevent the entry of animals to save the nursery bed were plastered with lime.
and gardens developed by the Horticulture Branch
of the Survey. Wherever necessary, the damaged 132. G OKULCHAND T EMPLE , G OKULNAGAR ,
barbed-wire fencing around these monuments was DISTRICT BANKURA
repaired and synthetic enamel painting was provided Deep rooted trees from the monument were
on the angle iron. Lime-concrete on the platform of removed and the vegetational growth in the temple
the Radhagobinda Temple was provided along with premises was cleared. In order to protect the
the 1 m wide brick apron around the temple. The foundation of the boundaries as well as the bulged
ceiling of the portico was replastered after removing out stone masonry, the southeastern corner of the
the old and dead lime-plaster. boundary-wall was repaired by resetting the laterite

129. RADHAGOBINDA TEMPLE, BISHNUPUR, DISTRICT stone members after carefully numbering and
dismantling the stone members of the bulged-out
BANKURA
walls. The masonry wall was brought to plumb
The undulated area of the temple premises was by resetting the stone members with dry core
filled up with the loose earth to check the stagnation masonry.
PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS

133. SHYAMSUNDAR TEMPLE, MADANPUR, DISTRICT necessary repairing and pointing were done on outer
BANKURA facade of the temples. Caused by decayed mortar, it
The barbed-wire fencing around the monument was filled by the recess pointing method. Lightening
was repaired and the angle iron posts were painted. conductor was provided to one of these temples.
Approach road to the monument was repaired and
139. ANCIENT MOUND, BHARATPUR, DISTRICT
the growth of vegetation in the premises was removed.
BARDHAMAN
134. ROCK INSCRIPTION OF CHANDRAVARMAN, The damaged and missing portion of the exposed
SUSUNIA, DISTRICT BANKURA stupa was brought to its original form. Recess pointing
Vegetational growth around the inscription was work, wherever necessary, was done on the remaining
cleaned. The approach road to the site was provided. portions of the structures.

135. TEMPLE OF RADHABINOD COMMONLY KNOWN 140. TOMB OF SHER AFGHAN, NAWAB QUTBUDDIN
AS JAYADEVA-KENDULI, DISTRICT BIRBHUM AND BAHARAM SAKKA, BARDHAMAN, DISTRICT
BARDHAMAN
Clearance of vegetation was done and angle iron
posts of the barbed-wire fencing were cleaned and In continuation of the previous year's work
painted. (1996-97, p. 260), lime-concrete floor was relaid at
the entrance gate. The front facade of the entrance
136. DAMODAR TEMPLE, SURI, DISTRICT BIRBHUM gate and the retaining wall near the tank were
Conservation of the plinth of the temple and replastered after raking out the dead plaster.

laying of approach road to the temple were completed.

141. JAINA BRICK TEMPLE KNOWN AS SATDEUL,

137. Two ANCIENT TEMPLES, BAIDYAPUR, DISTRICT DEULIA, DISTRICT BARDHAMAN

BARDHAMAN The damaged and missing portions of the

After removing the roots of the deep rooted trees, facades of the temple were repaired. Recess
the damaged portion of the temple was brought to its pointing work was done on the outer facades of

original position. The damaged portions of the the temple.

sikharas and the outer facades of the temples were

142. GOPALJI TEMPLE-COMPLEX, KALNA, DISTRICT
attended to.
BARDHAMAN
138. GROUP OF FOUR ANCIENT TEMPLES, BEGUNIA, Bricks of the salt-affected damaged portion
DISTRICT BARDHAMAN of the temple and its boundary-wall were removed
In continuation of the previous year's work (/996- and reset. Damaged pillars and arches of the temple
97, p. 260), after removing the deep roots of the trees, were repaired. Ornamental terracotta panels

283
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

covered under thick plaster were exposed and mandapa, tiers and wall surface of the miniature
restored. Necessary grouting and pointing have sikharas of the temple were reset and the basement
been done to strengthen the structure on the rear of the pillars of nata-mandapa were replastered
side and left side of the main temple. The boundary- by removing the dead and old plasters. The
wall of the temple was plastered and the stitching damaged lime-concrete floor of the nata-mandapa
of vertical crack on the left side wall of the main and one of the rooms inside the complex were
entrance was attended to. Lightning conductor was relaid. Lightning conductor was fixed at this
provided to this temple. temple.

143. J ALESVARA T EMPLE , K ALNA , D ISTRICT 146. SIVA TEMPLES, KALNA, DISTRICT BARDHAMAN
BARDHAMAN
After removing and cleaning of mud and
Twisted wire fencing was tightened and wherever vegetational growth from the inner courtyard of
found necessary, the lost and damaged angle iron posts temple-complex, the lime-concrete floor was relaid.
were replaced. Old, damaged doors were repaired and refixed and
were given a fresh coat of painting. The work of
144. KRISHNACHANDRAJI TEMPLE, KALNA, DISTRICT
retouching of the decorative designs of the interior
BARDHAMAN
walls of the temples was taken up. The work is under
The outer facades of the Rama-Sita Temple, progress.
Narayana Temple and Radhaballavjew Temple in
the complex were replastered. To prevent the water 147. METCALFE H ALL , C ALCUTTA
leakage, roofs of the Narayana Temple and Rama- In continuation of the previous year's work
Sita Temple were watertightened. Doors, windows (1996-97, p. 263), repairing and restoration of the
and M.S. grill gates were provided to these capitals of pillars on the western side of the
monuments. Lightning conductor was fixed at
monument were done wherever found necessary.
Krishnachandraji Temple.
Beams, brick works were replaced and ornamental
plastering work was retouched. Lime-concrete was
145. LALJI TEMPLE-COMPLEX, KALNA, DISTRICT
laid over a layer of burnt clay tiles by replacing
BARDHAMAN
damaged ones. Walls were replastered after
In continuation of the previous year's work repairing the doors and windows by changing/
{1996-97, p. 260), underpinning and replastering replacing damaged components. The same were
were done on the frontal and eastern boundary- repainted as per the original. Old water supply
walls of the complex and the left side room of the system of the monument was revived and necessary
entrance gate of the Girigobardhana Temple. The arrangement for electric connection and wiring in
damaged portions of the pillars of the nata- different parts of the building were made.

284
■ PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS

148. VICTORIA MEMORIAL HALL, CALCUTTA (UNDER ceilings of a few rooms were replaced by providing
CIVIL DEPOSIT WORK) new ones to match the original. Lime washing was done
The dome at northwestern corner of the roof inside the Durbar Hall, adjoining rooms, the walls and
was repaired by sealing of cracks and resurfacing arches of the verandah. Distempering work in some
with traditional Mme-surkhi mortar, after removing rooms of the palace was done after replastering of walls
the layers of rotten tarphelt, over the layer of ferro- by plaster of paris. Repairing and painting of doors of
concrete. Replastering work was carried out on some rooms were done and the glasses were fixed at
the parapet-walls in composite mortar. The the door and window panels. Face lifting of the frontal
colonnades were repaired by taking out the facade of the palace has been started and the work is
damaged parts and resetting them in appropriate in progress.
manner. Pointing in composite lime-mortar was
150. DUPLEIX PALACE, CHANDANNAGAR, DISTRICT
done on the marble joints of exterior walls after
HOOGHLY (UNDER CIVIL DEPOSIT WORK)
raking out the dead mortar. The damaged marble
floor of the western courtyard was repaired by The parapet-wall of the auditorium building
replacing the damaged slabs with new ones by was restored. Anti-corrosive painting was done at
providing lime-concrete cushion. Barbed-wire the R.S. Joist of the roof. To protect the plinth the
fencing around the compound was repaired. auditorium building was provided with a protective
Chequered tiles were laid on the footpath inside brick apron around it and terrazo flooring work was
the enclosed area of the complex along with the carried out.
spreading of gravels on the pathways. Rain-water
151. DITCH MEMORIAL MONUMENT OF SUSANNA
pipes of the building were cleaned to facilitate easy
ANNA MARIA, CHINSURAH, DISTRICT HOOGHLY
flushing of water.
Plastering work was done on the required places
149. C OOCH BEHAR P ALACE , C OOCH BEHAR ,
of the monument. M.S. grill was provided at the
DISTRICT COOCH BEHAR
entrance of the newly constructed boundary-wall.
Exterior and interior walls of the palace was made
152. MINAR, PANDIJA, DISTRICT HOOGHLY
moss and lichen free. Vegetational growth from the
monument was removed. The open drains outside the After scraping out the worn, pulverised plaster
palace were cleaned by flushing out accumulated water. of the outer wall and damaged worn-out concrete
Fixing of barbed-wire fencing around the protected area from the first stepped-projected roof of the minar
of the monuments was completed. Durbar Hall of the decorative replastering was done on the former and
palace was partly repaired by replastering of the walls lime-concrete was relaid on the latter. Lightning
at various heights after scraping the thick layer of lime conductor was fixed on the monument to prevent it
coating and decayed plaster. Damaged and missing from lightning strikes.

285
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

153. BRINDABAN CHANDRA THAKUR'S MATHA, 157. ADINA MOSQUE, PANDUA, DISTRICT MALDA
GUPTIPARA, DlSTRICT HOOGHLY
For the beautification of the premises, scattered
The damaged frontal pillars of Gaur-Netai architectural stone members were collected and
Temple of the complex were restored as per the stacked in one place. Lime-concrete pathway
original. The out-of-plumb wall on the northern side extending from the main gate to the staff-quarters was
of the temple was brought to its original position relaid. Fresh layer of murum was given on the existing
by dismantling and resetting the bricks. The apron along the outer periphery of the walls. Above
damaged portions of the roof were dismantled and the wooden door, broken portion of the wall was
additional support was removed to carry out the restored. Petty patches were repaired by underpinning,
necessary repair work. The work is in progress. pointing, etc. The monument and its premises were
Lightning conductor was fixed in the Krishna made free of vegetational growth. Repairing of missing
Chandra Temple (pls. 187-188). barbed-wire fencing was attended to (pls. 189-190).

154. T OMB AND MOSQUE, S ATGAON, DISTRICT 158. EKALAKHI MAUSOLEUM, PANDUA, DISTRICT
HOOGHLY MALDA
In continuation of the previous year's work Clearance of vegetation was done from the
(1996-97, p. 264), underpinning brickwork on the monument and its adjoining premises. Fresh murum
damaged portion of the mosque was undertaken and was spread over the approach road to the monument.
completed. Pathway within the complex was laid.
Straining and stretching of twisted wire and barbed 159. QUTBSAHI
wire on the boundary-wall, after fixing angle iron posts MASJID, PANDUA, DISTRICT MALDA
were taken up and completed.
Clearance of vegetation was done in the
155. DANISH CEMETERY, SERAMPORE, DISTRICT monument and its adjoining premises.
HOOGHLY
160. JOHN PIERCE'S TOMB, MIDNAPORE, DISTRICT
Repairing and replastering work on the damaged
MIDNAPORE
tombs of the cemetery was completed.
Vegetational growth in the monument and its
156. DARGAH OF ZAFAR KHAN GAZI, T RIBEM, premises was removed.
DISTRICT HOOGHLY
161. C HARBANGLA G ROUP OF T EMPLES AND
To prevent thoroughfare inside the complex,
BHABANISVARA TEMPLE, BARANAGAR, DISTRICT
boundary-wall on the three sides of the protected area
MURSHIDABAD
(except on the southern side) was taken up for
construction. The work is in its preliminary stage. Lightning conductors were fixed on the temples
to avoid damage by lightning. Clearance of vegetation
from the monument and its premises was attended to.
PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS

Interior walls of Bhabanisvara Temple were decayed pathway. After raking out the old pulverised
whitewashed. plaster from the walls of the Medina and Clock Tower,
replastering was done. Colour washing was done on
162. MOSQUE, KHERAUL, DISTRICT MURSHIDABAD
the exterior and interior walls of the Medina and Clock
Clearance of vegetation from the monument and Tower. Lightning conductor was fixed on the Clock
its premises was attended to. Barbed-wire fencing Tower. On the side of the pathway around the Medina,
around the monument was repaired and strengthened. brick edging has been carried out. The old, damaged
Wherever found necessary, the missing angle iron posts burgahs of the Medina were replaced by the new
were provided in cement-concrete base. Angle iron ones. The doors, windows, grill-gate etc. of this
posts were painted to give protection against portion were repainted.
corrosion. The damaged portion of the mosque was
165. IMAMBARA, MURSHIDABAD, DISTRICT
repaired and wherever found necessary; underpinning
MURSHIDABAD
was done in appropriate combination mortar.
After removing the old damaged lime-concrete
163. TOMB AND MOSQUE OF ALIVARDI KHAN AND from the northern part of the roof, fresh lime-concrete
SIRAJUDDAULLAH, KHOSBAG, DISTRICT MURSHIDABAD was provided. Replastering was done with composite
Lightning conductor has been fixed on the mortar after raking out the old damaged plaster of the
mosque in the complex. parapet-walls. The damaged coping of the parapet
wall was thoroughly repaired. Old damaged wooden
164. HAZARDUARI PALACE-COMPLEX, MURSHIDABAD, burgahs were replaced by the new ones.
DISTRICT MURSHIDABAD
166. KATRA MOSQUE, S ABJIKATRA, DISTRICT
The old and worn-out pathway was relaid after MURSHIDABAD
dismantling the old one. New barbed-wire fencing
Vegetational growth was cleared from the
was provided at places where it was found missing.
monument-complex. Fresh lime-concrete pathway
The loose barbed-wire was refixed after proper
was provided after removing the old and damaged
stretching. The angle iron posts were repainted
pathway. Old and damaged lime-concrete of the dome
wherever found necessary. Square iron nets were
was removed and relaid by fresh lime-concrete.
fixed along the fencing for developing garden in the
Lightning conductor was fixed on the monument as a
complex.
safety measure.
The old, damaged and worn-out lime-concrete
167. PALPARA TEMPLE, CHAKDAH, DISTRICT NADIA
over the dome of Medina and turret of Clock Tower
was removed and new cement-concrete pathway was Underpinning brickwork on the damaged outer
provided around the Medina after dismantling the old facades of the wall, recess pointing on the outer and
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

inner facades of the temple and pointing work on the 171. ANCIENT SITE AT BANAWALI, DISTRICT
HISSAR
entrance gate of the temple were undertaken.
Digging out of filled trenches with extreme care
168. EXCAVATED REMAINS OF BANGARH,
has been completed bit by bit. The work of scientific
GANGARAMPUR, DISTRICT SOUTH DINAJPUR
conservation of ancient excavated structures, mud-
Clearance of vegetation from the exposed tile brick masonry, providing and fixing of translucent
structures and its adjoining area was done. sheet very carefully on R.S. Joists and angle iron
channel over excavated trench has been completed.
SIKKIM
172. ANCIENT BRICK TEMPLE, KALAYAT, DISTRICT
169. DUBDI MONASTERY, KHEOCHAD P HALRI
KAITHAL
(YOKSUM), DISTRICT WEST SIKKIM
The decayed brick masonry of the foundation was
In continuation of the previous year's work
taken up and after laying cement-concrete, lead sheets
(7996-97, p. 269), bulged-out walls and the
were inserted to check the capillary rise of water.
damaged floor of the monastery were repaired as
Foundation was stabilised after digging 4.20 m deep and
per the original by dismantling and resetting the
1.50 m wide by lakhauri brick masonry around the
architectural members. The plaster containing
temple. The temple was brought to the original level and
murals on the inner walls of the monastery were
flooring around the temple was restored with tiles/
carefully preserved. With necessary plinth
lakhauri bricks giving proper slope to drain the rain-
protection, the foundation of the monastery was
water.
strengthened and stabilised and apron on all the
four sides of the monastic building was provided. 173. KABULI BAGH MOSQUE, PANIPATH, DISTRICT
The roof of the monastery was repaired by replacing PANIPATH
damaged sheets and the same was repainted to
Decayed and peeled portion of heavy and
match the original. The chhajjas and string courses
engraved red sandstones was replaced with new ones
all along the outer walls were repaired and restored.
as per the original. Underpinning and watertightening
CHANDIGARH CIRCLE of the fortification wall including pointing work of

HARYANA brick masonry was completed. The repair work of

dome was taken up by removing decayed plaster from
170. ANCIENT STUPA AT AGROHA, DISTRICT inside and outside and replastering work attended
HISSAR
to by reproducing geometrical designs and
Restoration of ancient excavated stupa with mouldings in plaster as per original. The laying of
Kushan bricks as per original and flooring with red sandstone flooring of the courtyard has been
Kushan bricks was completed including pointing completed. The restoration of the cells and inner
the same. courtyard has also been taken up and completed.
I PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS

174. S HAHJAHAN K I BAOLI, MEHAM, D ISTRICT 178. MIRKULA DEVI TEMPLE, UDAIPUR, DISTRICT
ROHTAK LAHAUL AND SPITI
The side walls of the baoli, which had collapsed Temporary measures have been taken to prevent
due to floods in the area were taken up for restoration. the water from percolating through the roof. Further
The work of giving support by gunny bags filled with work is under progress.
sand to prevent falling of the structure was completed.
PUNJAB
Further work is in progress.
179. TAKHT-I-AKBARI, KALANAUR, DISTRICT
HIMACHAL PRADESH BATALA

175. LAXMI NARAYANA TEMPLE, CHAMBA, DISTRICT Dismantling of sunken and decayed loose
CHAMBA masonry and restoration of the same has been
undertaken. Concreting, pointing, dismantling of
Decayed and damaged flag-stone flooring in the
pulverised plaster has been taken up and is in progress.
temple-complex was removed and new flag-stone
matching in colour and texture were laid as per original 180. BHATINDA FORT, BHATINDA, DISTRICT BHATINDA
pattern maintaining archaeological norms and
The work of dismantling loose, decayed and
principle.
fallen portion of the bastion and restoration of the
176. FORT, NURPUR, DISTRICT KANGRA core including attending to the mud brick masonry
work and laying concrete in layers, undermatching
Restoration and reproduction of coursed rubble
with lakhauri/tile masonry and watertightening of
stone masonry in composite mortar and pointing the
terrace has been completed as per original.
same in lime-surkhi mortar including flag-stone
flooring was done as per original pattern and design. 181. DAKHNI SARAI, DAKHNI, DISTRICT JALANDHAR

177. BUDDHIST MONASTERIES, TABO, DISTRICT The damaged portion of the cells of the sarai
LAHAUL AND SPITI was taken up for restoration. The missing portions
were reproduced. The sunken and pulverised flooring
The work of restoration ofchokhtins with R.R.
of the cells were repaired by relaying lime-cement-
stone masonry in lime-cement mortar and mud brick
concrete.
masonry in mud mortar was undertaken. Removal of
the damaged and decayed mud plaster, 60 mm thick 182. M UGHAL BRIDGE , J AHANGIR , D ISTRICT
as per original and insertion of lead sheet in a small JALANDHAR
patch in the perimeter wall of Longchibo was also
The cracks that had developed on the side walls
done. Restoration of R.R. stone masonry of the
of bridge were filled up and pulverised portion of the
retaining wall of Phoo Gumpha near pathway with
masonry was removed and repaired. The work on
lime-cement mortar as per original was completed.
the remaining portion is in progress.
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

183. NOORMAHAL SARAI, NOORMAHAL, DISTRICT sunshades were removed and replaced with new
JALANDHAR ones wherever necessary.

The work of laying of concrete, restoration 1 8 6. NlTISVARASVAMY TEMPLE, SRIMUSHNAM,

and reproduction of lakhauri/tile brick masonry DISTRICT CUDDALORE
including pointing and watertightening the roof of
The weathered portions of the main Vimana were
the mosque has been completed as per original
strengthened by underpinning after the removal of dead
pattern.
mortar, filleting the joints and finally plastering of
184. ANCIENT SITE AND NALAGARH KOTHI, specially prepared lime-mortar. The broken and
ROPAR, DISTRICT RUPNAGAR weathered stucco figures were mended as per the
clues available.
The excavated ancient Harappan and Kushan
structures were conserved as per original by using 187. SUGRISVARA TEMPLE, SIRCAR PERIYAPALAYAM,
similar material. The structure over mound called DISTRICT ERODE
Nalagarh Kothi was restored by underpinning in
lakhauri brick masonry and watertightening and The old and weathered course of the leaky

brick flooring was completed. Restoration and terraces of the sub-shrines were carefully removed

reproduction of lakhauri/tile brick masonry, and properly watertightened by laying a fresh

pointing, concreting tile brick flooring has been taken course of brick jelly with combination lime-mortar.
up. The work of providing barbed-wire fencing Earth work excavation around the main and sub-
around the mound was also completed. shrines was carried out to expose adhishthana
mouldings. The protected area was fenced with
CHENNAI CIRCLE
barbed-wire.

TAMILNADU
188. VAIKUNTHAPERUMAL TEMPLE, KANCHIPURAM,
185. OFFICERS' MESS (BLOCK N O. XXXVI/2), DISTRICT KANCHIPURAM
FORT ST. GEORGE, DISTRICT CHENNAI The leaky Vimana of the main shrine and Amman
The old and weathered plastering of the leaky shrine were properly watertightened by applying
terrace of this building (now housing the Fort specially prepared lime-mortar after removal of old
Museum) was removed and it was properly and dead mortar. The broken stucco figures of the
watertightened by using combination mortar with Vimana were mended as per original. The damaged
waterproofing compounds. The decayed wooden plastering on the inner walls of garbhagriha of
joists in Gallery Nos. 8 and 9 were carefully removed the main shrine was removed and replastered.
and replaced with new ones. The damaged wooden The damaged flooring of the functional talas of
frames, shutters of the windows and doors and main Vimana was raked out and newly laid

292
PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS

189. RUINED DUTCH FORT AND CEMETERY, SADRAS, remodelled as per the old clues. The missing stucco
DISTRICT KANCHIPURAM portions were carefully mended using hand ground
The ruined fortification wall on the southern side lime-mortar. A thin coat of plastering with fine lime-
was reconstructed with the use of special bricks mortar was applied after strengthening the base to

(matching the original) with combination lime-mortar match with the original. The accumulated earth on the

as per the clues available. The cracks on the ceiling southern side of the mahadvara and all along the
southern Tirumadil (prakara) was removed to restore
of the granary were properly grouted to match with
the original ground level, so as to avoid water
the original. The damaged bell tower was conserved
stagnation during rain.
properly (pis. 191-192) after removal of additional
terrace. The original archway was also restored.
193. SIVA TEMPLE, ARIYUR, DISTRICT PUDUKKOTTAI

190. APATSAHAYESVARA TEMPLE, TENNERI, The dilapidated Amman shrine, pillared mukha-
DISTRICT mandapa of the main shrine and prakara wall were
KANCHIPURAM completely dismantled and reconstructed with the use
The moss and lichen which had covered the of surkhi-concrete and pressed tiles. The missing
Vimana were cleaned chemically. The leaky Vimana chhajja portions of madapalli have also been
was watertightened properly after removal of old provided with new ones. The work of reconstruction
and weathered plastering. The undulated stone of the structures is in progress.
flooring in the garbhagriha was relaid. The damaged
194. SIVA TEMPLE AND LION PILLARS, IRUMBANADU,
false ceiling in the garbhagriha was removed and
DISTRICT PUDUKKOTTAI
replaced by a new one using wooden planks and
joints. The encrustation such as oil, lamp black, etc., The apsidal temple which was in a dilapidated
found in garbhagriha was removed by applying condition and completely settled due to water seepage
diluted liquid chemicals. was completely dismantled after proper
documentation. It was reconstructed as per original
191. TIRUPULISVARA TEMPLE, VAYALUR, DISTRICT after laying a suitable foundation.
KANCHIPURAM
195. SIKHANATHASVAMY TEMPLE, KUDIMIYANMALAI,
The dilapidated madapalli, built with brick was
DISTRICT PUDUKKOTTAI
completely dismantled and reconstructed as per
original after laying suitable foundation. The leaky raja gopura was watertightened after
removal of weathered plastering. The tiers were
192. BRIHADISVARA T EMPLE, G ANGAIKONDA strengthened by underpinning and filleting the joints.
CHOLAPURAM, DISTRICT PERAMBALUR The damaged architectural members in the tiers were
The weathered stucco ornamentation over the mended as per the clues available. The weathered
colossal stucco nandi was completely removed and
PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS

plastering over the stucco figures was removed and courtyard on both the sides of the main shrine, were
replastered with fine lime-mortar to match the original. removed and relaid with special bricks over the base
of two layers of brick jelly concrete and lime-mortar.
196. VALARMADISVARA T EMPLE, N IRPALANI,
The accumulated earth in the area between
DISTRICT PUDUKKOTTAI
Keralantaka gopura and Rajaraja gopura was
The dilapidated maha-mandapa and pillared removed and a thin layer of gravel has been laid. The
mukha-mandapa of the main shrine, Amman shrine, sub-shrines were provided with ceilings of1luppai
Bhairava shrine and madapalli were completely wood to avoid nuisance of bats.
dismantled and reconstructed as per the original after
laying proper foundation. The work of relaying 200. ERUMBESVARA T EMPLE,

undulated stone floorings, restoration of original level T IRUVERUMBUR, DISTRICT TIRICHCHIRAPPALLI

to the front gopura by earth work excavation and The old and weathered plastering of the leaky
construction of retaining wall were also carried out. Vimana and gopura were removed and properly
watertightened by underpinning and filletting the joints
197. NARASIMHASVAMY T EMPLE, NAMAKKAL,
and finally plastering by specially prepared lime-mortar.
DISTRICT SALEM
The broken stucco figures of the Vimana and gopura
The undulated stone flooring in the maha- were mended with the clues available. Similarly the
mandapa of this temple was relaid over concrete by broken stucco figures of nandi over the coping of
using new stones wherever necessary. tirumadil (prakara) were also mended and
strengthened after removal of thick vegetation. The old,
1 9 8 . AlRAVATESVARA TEMPLE, DARASURAM, out-of-plumb nandi-mandapa was completely
DISTRICT THANJAVUR
dismantled and reconstructed as per the original, using
To develop garden around the monument the new pillars wherever necessary. The pradakshinapatha
entire temple-complex was fenced with RCC posts. and area near the entrance gopura have been laid with
stone flooring over concrete base. The accumulated earth
199. BRIHADISVARA TEMPLE, THANJAVUR, DISTRICT
and debris around the temple was removed and the
THANJAVUR
original drainage outlet was exposed.
The old and weathered plastering on the walls
of the garbhagriha, main shrine, Karuvurar shrine, 201. KAILASANATHA TEMPLE, VELLANUR, DISTRICT
madapalli and the Maratha arch were completely PUDIKKOTTAI
removed and replastered with combination mortar. The dilapidated temple was completely
The weathered stucco figures were strengthened by dismantled and reconstructed as per original. The
applying hand ground lime-mortar. The damaged brick entire temple-complex was fenced with barbed-wire
flooring in front of main shrine, Amman shrine and (pls. 193-194).
PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS

202. FORT, VELLORE, DISTRICT VELLORE around the royal harem was removed carefully and
The breached and out-of-plumb moat wall to original flooring, drains, etc., were exposed.
a length of 230 m on northwestern side was
206. S AAD- AT- ULLAH KHAN 'S MOSQUE, F ORT
completely dismantled and reconstructed with
GINGEE, DISTRICT VILLUPURAM
available stones as per the original after providing
proper foundation. The rear side of the moat wall A wide crack at the centre of the roof of the
was consolidated with small boulders. mosque to a length of 18 m was grouted after
underpinning the cracked portion with special bricks.
203. JALAKANTESVARA TEMPLE, VELLORE, DISTRICT The weathered plastering of the roof was completely
VELLORE removed and relaid with two layers of flat tiles. The
The moss and lichen covering the outer and inner weathered arch typed ceilings of the mosque were
gopuras were chemically cleaned. The outer surfaces also removed and replastered with specially prepared
of the gopuras were toned up with lime-paste. The lime-mortar to match with the original.
nandi over the inner tirumadil were mended properly 207. PATTABHIRAMA TEMPLE, NARASINGARAYANPETTAI,
and colour washed. DISTRICT VILLUPURAM
204. P ATALESVARA T EMPLE, BRAHMADESAM, The weathered plastering of the gopura was
DISTRICT VILLUPURAM removed and strengthened by underpinning and
filletting the joints. The broken stucco figures were
The fallen and disintegrated outer veneer of the
mended using specially prepared lime-mortar. The
pada portions on the northern side of the recently
missing stucco figures were reconstructed as per the
protected temple was completely dismantled and
clues available. The moss and lichen covering the
rebuilt after removing thick vegetation and filling up
damaged gopura was removed by chemical cleaning.
the core with fresh cement-mortar. Reconstruction
The missing kalasas of the gopura were replaced by
work is in progress.
new ones. Colour washing was carried out to the
205. F ORT , G INGEE , D ISTRICT V ILLUPURAM Vimanas of main shrine and sub-shrine and gopura
to match with the original.
The fallen fort wall and out-of-plumb bastions
on north-east and south-west corners were dismantled PONDICHERRY
and rebuilt as per original feature. The buttress-wall
208. SRI VARADARAJA P ERUMAL TEMPLE
supporting the arches and pillars were removed to
TRIBHUVANAI, DISTRICT PONDICHERRY
restore originality to the monument. The weathered
plastering on the ceiling of the cells and corridors was The dilapidated vahana-mandapa of this
removed and replastered with specially prepared lime temple was complet ely dis mantled and
mortar. The accumulated earth and debris in and reconstructed. The terrace was provided with RCC

297
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

roof and laying of fresh brick jelly concrete with 214. HUMAYUN'S TOMB-COMPLEX, NEW DELHI
lime concealed by two courses of flat tiles and The damaged red sandstone jalis were replaced
plastered in combination mortar. The undulated with the new ones, as per the original. Pointing of the
stone flooring was completely dismantled and relaid joints was carried out to strengthen the enclosure walls.
over the concrete base. Lime-concrete flooring and red sandstone paved
DELHI CIRCLE flooring was provided on the main pathway from
western gateway to booking office at the outer
DELHI entrance gateway.

209. ADHAM KHAN'S TOMB, NEW DELHI 215. JAMALI-KAMALI TOMB AND MOSQUE, NEW
Structural repairs by way of underpinning, DELHI
pointing of joints and lime-concrete flooring were Concrete floor was laid as per the original.
attended to. Pointing of joints and underpinning in random rubble
masonry were also carried out to strengthen the
210. ASOKAN ROCK EDICT , NEW DELHI
monuments.
The area around the monument was fenced with
random rubble masonry wall and MS railing to stop 216. KHAIRUL-MANAZIL MOSQUE, NEW DELHI
misuse and encroachment. Underpinning with random rubble masonry,
pointing of the open joints and plastering in composite
211. BEGUMPURI MASJID, NEW DELHI
mortar were completed.
Structural repairs by way of pointing, stitching
of cracks in composite mortar and plastering were 217. PURANA QILA, NEW DELHI
undertaken.
Lime-concrete floor was laid in the cells of
the fortification wall besides underpinning the voids,
212. BIJAY MANDAL, NEW DELHI
pointing of the joints and plastering.
The cracks in random rubble masonry were
grouted. The works of underpinning and pointing of 218. QUTB MINAR, NEW DELHI
the joints were also completed.
The decayed sandstone veneering stones, and

213. DELHI GATE. DELHI rubble stones of the core were replaced with new
red and buff sandstone blocks in conformity with the
The structural repairs comprising pointing of
original. The core masonry was strengthened by
open joints and plastering was carried out apart from
grouting the cracks.
providing concrete flooring and mild steel railing all
around the monument. The Qutb Archaeological Area including parking
space was properly fenced by providing and fixing
PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS

MS railing over low random rubble wall to check underpinning, pointing of joints and plastering with
encroachments. composite mortar, were also undertaken.

219. RAJON-KI- BAIN, NEW DELHI 224. TUGHLAQABAD FORT, DELHI

The stepped-well was partly desilted besides The repairs to the damaged portion of the
providing ashlar stone masonry in appropriate mortar. fortification wall and bastions of the Tughluqabad fort
The damaged walls were repaired by underpinning were undertaken by restoring the fallen ashlar and
in random rubble masonry and pointing of the open RR stone masonry, as per the original, besides
joints. stitching and pointing of the joints. The core masonry
was also strengthened by grouting the cracks.
220. RED FORT, DELHI
225. ZAFAR MAHAL, NEW DELHI
The work of laying lime-concrete floor at
Hammam was completed. Besides, lime-plastering The structure was strengthened by way of
and providing terrace concrete at Diwan-i-Am, the random rubble and brick masonry along with pointing
damaged and missing red sandstone jalis were of the joints. Lime-concrete was laid at the terrace.
restored as per the original.
226. ZAUQ-KI-MAZAR, DELHI
221. SAFDARJUNG TOMB, NEW DELHI The construction of the compound-wall in
Lime-concrete floor was laid at Jangli Mahal. random rubble masonry is in progress.
Pointing of the joints and underpinning were the GUWAHATI CIRCLE
other items of work attended to at the cells of the
enclosure-wall. The terrace of the southern building ASSAM
was re-laid with lime-concrete floor to stop water
227. CACHARI RUINS, KHASPUR, DISTRICT CACHAR
seepage.
Decorative works have been restored. Missing
222. SHER SHAH GATE, NEW DELHI
bricks were underpinned. Compound-wall has been
Underpinning with random rubble masonry, repaired. Pointing has been attended to. Approach
pointing of the open joints and patch plastering in pathway has been provided.
composite mortar were carried out.
228. IDGAH, RANGAMATI HILL, DISTRICT
DHUBRI
223. SHEESH MAHAL, NEW DELHI
Barbed-wire fencing has been provided.
The damaged and missing portions of red
Repairing works have been undertaken. A low height
sandstone pillars were replaced, as per the original.
retaining wall has been provided to the prayer ground
Besides, strengthening of the walls by way of
and earth filling work has been done in low areas.

299
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

229. PANBARI MOSQUE, RANGAMATI HILL, DISTRICT 235. GHANASHYAM HOUSE, JOYSAGAR, DISTRICT
DHUBRI SIBSAGAR

The decayed lime-concrete in the dome No. 3 has Earth filling has been done in low areas of the
been replaced Cornices have been restored. Iron shutters compound. Drain pipes have been provided to drain
have been provided. Brick pathway has been made and out the surface water from the monuments.
other necessary repairing works have been attended to.
236. G ROUP OF F OUR M AIDAMS , C HARAIDEO ,
230. SRI SURYAPAHAR RUINS, DISTRICT GOALPARA DISTRICT SIBSAGAR
Stone paving around the stupas and sculpture Brick pathway has been provided for access to
has been provided. Approach pathway has been the maidams. Repairing work of the brick structure
improved. Fencing has been repaired. over the maidams has been attended to. Missing bricks
have been underpinned. Pointing and fence repairings
231. SIVA TEMPLE, NEGHERITING, DISTRICT GOLAGHAT
have been undertaken.
In continuation of the previous year's work
(1996-97, p. 279), plastering and lime-concrete work 237. KARENGGHAR PALACE, JOYSAGAR, DISTRICT
in the temple has been undertaken. Bricks on the edge SIBSAGAR
pathway have been provided. In continuation of the previous year's work
(1996-97, p. 279), lime-concrete has been done in
232. GA.NESA TEMPLE, KAMAKHYA, DISTRICT KAMRUP
the open terrace. Pointing, plastering, brick works and
Repairing work of the stone gateway has been plinth protection measures have been taken.
attended to. Earth cutting has been done wherever
necessary. The Narakasur sculpture has been restored 238. RANGHAR PAVILLION, JOYSAGAR, DISTRICT
to its original position. The stone-paved pathway has SIBSAGAR
been improved. In continuation of the previous year's work (1996-
97, p. 279), renewal of lime-concrete has been
233. DEVIDOL, GAURISAGAR, DISTRICT SIBSAGAR
undertaken. Decorative works and plastering of the
Repairing work of the compound-wall was damaged portions have been attended to. Fence repairing
undertaken. and grill fixing etc. on the first floor has been done.

234. GAURISAGAR TANK, DISTRICT SIBSAGAR 239. SIBDOL, SIBSAGAR, DISTRICT SIBSAGAR
Outlets to the tank have been provided in order In continuation of the previous year's work
to prevent breach of embankment due to overflow of (1996-97, p. 280), decayed lime-plaster of the
water in the rainy season. Repairing work of the existing mukha-mandapa has been removed and repaired.
embankment was also attended to. Damaged brick pavements have been repaired.
PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS

240. VlSHNUDOL, JOYSAGAR, DISTRICT SlBSAGAR 245. FORT, DlMAPUR, DISTRICT KOHIMA

Pathway has been laid with bricks. Turn style The exposed brick wall adjacent to the main gate
gate has been provided. Patch plastering and pointing has been restored. Pathway has been repaired. Stone
works have been attended to. paving around the monoliths, within the fort, has been
provided.
241. VlSHNUDOL, SlBSAGAR, DISTRICT SlBSAGAR
TRIPURA
In continuation of the previous year's work
246. BHUBANESVARI TEMPLE, UDAIPLR, DISTRICT
(1996-97, p. 280), lime-concrete of the mukha-
SOUTH TRIPURA
mandapa has been removed and repaired. Patch
plastering of the main temple have been attended to. The work of patch plastering and lime-concreting
has been attended to. Iron door and brick on the edge
242. BORDOL TEMPLE, BISHVANATHGHAT, DISTRICT pathway have been provided.
TEZPUR
247. CHATURDASA DEVATA TEMPLE, UDAIPUR,
In continuation of the previous year's work DISTRICT SOUTH TRIPURA
(1996-97, p. 280), clearance of vegetation over the
Compound-wall has been repaired. Plastering,
temple was undertaken. Plastering work on the outer
lime-concreting and brick paving in the apron have
side has been done. Pointing and lime-concreting have been undertaken. Repairs to the entry gate have
been attended to. been done.

243. MOUND AND RUINS OF THE STONE TEMPLE, 248. GROUP OF TEMPLES, GUNAVATI, UDAIPUR,
DAH PARBATIYA, DISTRICT TEZPUR DISTRICT SOUTH TRIPURA

Missing bricks of the temple walls have been Patch plastering work, missing brick work,
replaced. Lime-concreting, pointing and earth filling pointing, lime-concreting and plinth protection
have been undertaken. measures have been undertaken.
HYDERABAD CIRCLE
MEGHALAYA
ANDHRA PRADESH

244. DAVID SCOTT'S, CHERRAPUNJI, DISTRICT EAST 249. SHRI VEERABHADRASVAMY TEMPLE, LEPAKSHI,
KHASI HILLS DISTRICT ANANTPUR

Besides providing barbed-wire fencing, resetting The old, decayed lime-concrete of the leaky roof
of stone pathway has been done and other necessary of the cloister mandapa on the eastern side was
repairing works have been attended to. removed and its borken and disturbed roof slabs and
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

beams were dismantled. The reconstruction of the dressed slabs. The damaged doors, windows and
mandapa with the available original stone members other wooden members in the ground floor of the
and also by providing new beams and slabs wherever Rangin Mahal were repaired and also replaced with
necessary is in progress. new ones wherever necessary. The dead lime-plaster
in certain areas over the walls of Rangin Mahal was
250. RAYADURG F ORT, R AYADURG, D ISTRICT
removed and replastered as per the original including
ANANTAPUR
the damaged flooring.
The reconsruction work of the collapsed portions
of the fort walls at the second and third entrances has 254. S TRUCTURES I NSIDE G ANDIKOTA F ORT,
been taken up. The collapsed portions of the fort wall GANDIKOTA, DISTRICT CUDDAPAH
were rebuilt as per the original by using the same
The sunken and cracked portion of the arched
cyclopean stones available in the debris. The collapsed
inner cloister cells of the sarai inside the mosque was
mandapa adjancent to the gateways has also been
dismantled and the same was reconstructed after
reset.
strengthening the foundation. The work of relaying the
251. EASTERN GOPURA OF SHRI CHINTALARAYASVAMY lime-concrete over the roof is in progress.
TEMPLE, TADIPATRI, DISTRICT GUNTUR
256. SRI SAUMYANATHASVAMY TEMPLE, NANDALUR,
Major structural repairs to the damaged brick
DISTRICT CUDDAPAH
gopura—like consolidating the hanging brick
masonry, replacement of decayed wooden members After proper documentation, the collapsed
with new ones treated with anti-termite paint and portions of the prakara wall at its northeastern
plastering the interiors have been completed. corner was dismantled and the same was rebuilt as
per the existing pattern by using available stones
252. FALLEN BREACHES OF INNER FORT NEAR RAJA and stones of similar granite texture wherever
MAHAL, CHANDRAGIRI, DISTRICT CHITTOOR missing. Also the brick core of the wall was
The works of reconstruction of remaining fallen strengthened.
breaches of inner fort wall with available stones as per
257. FORT, SIDDAVATTAM, DISTRICT CUDDAPAH
the original and the top of the inner fort wall including
the reconstructed portions was watertightened and the A bore well was dug inside the fort to provide
work was completed in all respects. drinking water to the public as also augmentation of
a garden.
253.STRUCTURES INSIDE GURRAMKONDA F ORT,
GLRRAMKONDA, DISTRICT CHITTOOR 258. EASTERN GOPURA OF SRI KODANDARAMASVAMY
The damaged members of the flight of steps at TEMPLE, VO.NTIMITTA, DISTRICT CUDDAPAH
Rangin Mahal were removed and replaced with newly
The decayed and dead lime-plaster over the
entire brick gopura was removed carefully. The loose

302
PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS

and hanging brick masonry of the top talas of gopura 263. AFRICAN BODY GUARD ROOMS, GOLKONDA
was strengthened by underpinning and pointing. The FORT, DISTRICT HYDERABAD
work of replastering and mending of stucco figures,
The decayed lime-plaster on the exterior of the
kudus, plasters and ornamental designs of the gopura
northern and southern African body guard rooms were
by using specially moulded bricks is in progress.
removed and replastered with fresh lime-plaster. The
259. SRI BHIMESVARASVAMY TEMPLE, DRAKSHARAMA, works of pointing the stone masonry joints and
DISTRICT EAST GODAVARI plastering of the flooring of the northern and southern
body guard rooms, restoration of stucco work in the
The decayed lime-plaster over the stone masonry
ceilings and the work of fixing M.S. iron grill gates to
and brick sikhara of the western gopura was
the arched opening were completed.
removed and the work of underpinning, pointing and
applying base coat of plastering to the brick gopura 264. DARBAR HALL, GOLKONDA FORT, DISTRICT
is in progress. HYDERABAD

The works of replastering the damaged floor in

260. MAHASTUPA, AMARAVATI, DISTRICT GUNTUR
the upper terrace of the Darbar hall; removal of
For improving the environs and security of decayed lime-plaster and replastering the wall in the
the monument, the area around the Mahastupa was first floor and at the ground floor of Darbar hall;
provided with fencing by constructing a low level repointing of the external side of stone masonry walls
(dwarf) C.R.masonry wall supporting 'L' angle of Darbar hall; plastering of staircases, grouting of deep
iron posts with barbed-wire and diamond mesh holes, removal and reconstruction of leaning and
frames. cracked west side arch in the first floor etc., have
been completed.
261. SRI BHAVANARAYANASVAMY TEMPLE, BAPTALA,
DISTRICT GUNTUR 265. FORT, GOLKONDA, DISTRICT HYDERABAD

The decayed lime-plaster over the brick sikhara Water tanks are being provided at different levels
was removed and replastered as per the original. from the bottom to the summit inside Golkonda Fort
to provide drinking water to the visiting tourists.
262. BUDDHIST STUPA, BHATTIPROLU, DISTRICT
GUNTUR 266. FORT, GOLKONDA, DISTRICT HYDERABAD

The existing damaged barbed-wire fencing was The damaged iron fencing in the open area in front
removed and a new fencing was provided around of the main gate of Balahissar was removed and new
the protected area by constructing a dwarf stone stone masonry wall is being built to fix newly designed
masonry wall fixed with 'L' angle iron posts and iron grill over it, to stop illegal entry of the people and
barbed-wire. also to improve the environs. The work is in progress.
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

267. RANI MAHAL-COMPLEX, GOLKONDA FORT, 271. AKKANNA MADANA CAVES, VIJAYAWADA,
GOLKONDA, DISTRICT HYDERABAD DISTRICT KRISHNA
The missing portions of stone masonry wall The work of watertightening the top of the caves
on the eastern side of Rani Mahal were rebuilt and by filling the cleaned services with cement-concrete
the walls on the roof were strengthened by followed by plastering over it, providing pathways by
under pinning, gr outing, pointing and laying cement-concrete and fixing of diamond mesh
watertightening. The collapsed portion of inner fencing over the existing boundary-wall on the ghat
enclosure-wall adjacent to the Rani Mahal-complex road to stop people throwing garbage in the protected
was rebuilt as per the existing pattern using available area, was completed.
material recovered while clearing the debris here
and finally its top was watertightened. 272.KONDAREDDY BURZ, KURNOOL, DISTRICT
KURNOOL
268. FORT AND GATEWAYS, GOLKONDA F ORT,
The damaged M.S. grill fencing was removed
GOLKONDA, DISTRICT HYDERABAD
and a low level stone masonry wall was built and the
The rank vegetation and trees grown over the old grills were repaired and refixed over this wall for
structures inside the fort and gateways were removed improving the environs and the security of the
to give facelift to the structures. Further tree killer was monuments.
applied wherever necessary to avoid further growth
of vegetation. 273. TOMB OF SAYED AL-HUDA MA SAHEBA BIBI IN
THE COMPLEX OF ABDUL WAHAB KHAN'S TOMB,
269. BANDAR FORT, MACHILIPATNAM, DISTRICT KURNOOL, DISTRICT KURNOOL
KRISHNA
Under deposit work, the decayed lime-
The debris of the medieval brick walls which have concrete roof of the tomb was removed and relaid
collapsed was cleared and bricks were sorted out with brick jelly concrete. The partly collapsed taki-
for reuse. The vegetation in the area has been cleared stone parapet-wall of the tomb was reconstructed
and top of the other walls damaged due to rain-water by using available stones and a few new stones.
have been provided with a layer of concrete. The work New chhajja stones are fixed wherever original
is in progress. ones were missing.

270. ANCIENT S ITE, MUNAGACHERLA, DISTRICT 274. SRI UMAMAHESVARASVAMY TEMPLE, YAGANTI,
KRISHNA DISTRICT KURNOOL
The work of providing fencing around the ancient
The decayed lime-concrete over the roof of
site using pre-cast cement-concrete posts and barbed
cloister mandapa around the pushkarini was
wire was completed.
removed and relayed with fresh lime-concrete and

304
PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS

then plastered for watertightening the leaky roof. temple, the available stones are being dressed
Restoration of damaged brick structures like miniature properly for laying them over a sand bed. This work
sikharas, parapet-wall, brick coping and other fallen is in progress.
walls and stucco work over the prakara of
pushkarini has been attended to by reconstructing 278. BUDDHIST REMAINS, KOTTURU, DISTRICT
VlSAKHAPATNAM
the prakara of pushkarini, replastering and
underpinning. The work of fencing around the protected
area was completed by using pre-cast R.C.C. posts
275. GROUP OF T EMPLES, ALAMPUR, DISTRICT
and barbed-wire besides fixing of a welded iron
MEHBOOBNAGAR
gate.
The decayed roof concrete over the Garuda
279. MAHASTUPA AND ADJOINING BRICK
Brahma and Kumara Brahma Temples was
S TRUCTURES ON BOJJANAKONDA,
removed and the damaged roof slabs were replaced
S ANKARAM,DISTRICT VISAKHAPATNAM
with new ones wherever necessary. Then fresh
weatherproof baby jelly concrete was laid followed The work of strengthening the brick platform
by plastering over it to stop ingress of rain-water. around the Mahastupa, by using newly made bricks
The construction of parapet-wall around the roof of ancient size wherever necessary, is in progress.
was also completed.
280. PRADAKSHANAPATHA OF TRIKUTESVARA SHRINE,
276. GROUP OF TEMPLES, SATYAVOLU, DISTRICT THOUSAND P ILLARED TEMPLE, HANUMAKONDA,
PRAKASAM DISTRICT WARANGAL

The damaged stone masonry enclosure-wall The ongoing work of resetting of the dismantled
was removed and the construction of a new low architectural members of the moulded platform
level stone masonry wall is in progress to provide (pradakshinapatha) over newly laid foundation
diamond mesh frames over it for fencing the around the Trikutesvara Shrine was taken up and
protected area. completetd.

277. GROUP OF TEMPLES, MUKHALINGAM, DISTRICT 281. LEANING PRAKARA WALL IN SOUTH-WEST
SRIKAKULAM CORNER OF RAMAPPA TEMPLE, PALAMPF.T, DISTRICT
WARANGAL
The encroachment in the southern and western
sides of the Bhimeswaraswamy Temple was cleared The ongoing work of reconstruction of the
and the area was fenced by constructing a low level dismantled prakara wall to its plumb over the newly
stone masonry wall fixed with 'L' angle iron posts laid foundation was taken up. The work of fixing the
and barbed-wire over it. For flooring inside this stone kanguras which were recovered while
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW I

excavating the earth to expose the basal mouldings of 286. ARCHED GATEWAY AND FORT-WALL NEAR
stone prakara wall was completed. GOPINATH TEMPLE, BHANGARH, DISTRICT ALWAR

282. GATEWAY OF MUD FORTIFICATION, WARANGAL The portions of buried structures of the Fort-
FORT, DISTRICT WARANGAL wall and Gopinath Gate were exposed by removing
fallen derbris. Fort-wall and arched gateway near
The wall of the mandapas, arches in the western
Gopinath Temple have been restored to the original
gateway of the mud fortification have been
position with R.R. stone masonry.
strengthened by recess pointing and then
watertightened by providing fresh concrete over the 287. MODON-KI-HAVELI, BHANGARH, DISTRICT
walls. The stone members of the basement were reset ALWAR
to their original position/alignment. The damaged
Modon-ki-Haveli has also been exposed and
portions of the plastered walls were replastered. The
repair ed by r eplacing decayed plaster ing,
dismantling of the bulged-out portion of the outer
underpinning/restoring the collapsed portion of the
veneering of the mud fortification to rebuild it to plumb
wall (pls. 195-196).
after strengthening its mud core, is in progress.

KARNATAKA 288. N ORTHERN S IDE F ORTIFICATION W ALL

NEAR H ANUMAN G ATE, BHANGARH , D ISTRICT
283. RANGEEN MAHAL, BIDAR F ORT, DISTRICT ALWAR
BIDAR
The work of reconstructing of the fallen portion
The debris were cleared inside the Rangeen of fortification wall in the northern side near
Mahal to expose the buried cisterns, channels and Hanuman Gate has been taken up and work is in
foundation. Also the lime deposits over the intricate
progress.
cut-plaster work were removed.
289. SOMESHVARA TEMPLE, BHANGARH, DISTRICT
JAIPUR CIRCLE
ALWAR
RAJASTHAN
Pathway in R.R. stone masonry from Gopinath
284. BADSHAHI HAVELI, AJMER, DISTRICT AJMER Gate to Someshvara Temple has been provided.
Decayed flooring of the Haveli has been
290. SOUTHERN SIDE FORTIFICATION WALL NEAR
dismantled and re-laid.
HANUMAN GATE, BHANGARH, DISTRICT ALWAR
285. G ATEWAY OF T ARAGARH H ILL, AJMER ,
The work of reconstructing of the fallen portion
DISTRICT AJMER
of fortification wall on the southern side from IVth
Collection of materials for taking up special repair bastion to Ajmeri Gate has been taken up and work
to the monument is in progress. is in progress.
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

291. KOTAN-KI-DEVRI NOS. 2 AND 3 AT 295. G HEE - KI-B AORI, C HITTAURGARH F ORT ,
NEELAKANTHA, DISTRICT ALWAR DISTRICT CHITTAURGARH
Repairs to Kotan-Ki-Devri No.2 have been Clearance of the earth at the steps/base and
carried out by removing R.R. stone masonry plinth vegetation on all the sides of the baori was taken up.
platform and reconstructing the same.
296. G OMUKH K UND , C HITTAURGARH F ORT ,
Exposing the buried structures of the platform DISTRICT CHITTAURGARH
of Kotan-ki-Devri No. 3 and similar items of The pathways have been provided with paved
work as in Kotan-ki-Devri No.2 has been carried
stone flooring from Sati Gate to Gomukh Kund and
out.
from Samidheshvara Temple to Gomukh.
292. FORT-WALL, BHARATPUR, DISTRICT BHARATPUR 297. VIJAYA S TAMBHA, CHITTAURGARH F ORT,
The work of underpinning of R.R. masonry wall DISTRICT CHITTAURGARH
in patch and pointing of fortification wall from R.R. stone masonry wall around the parking area
Chowburja Gate to Ashtadhatu Gate has been near Vijaya Stambha was restored and M.S.grill railing
completed. over dwarf wall along the road adjoining to Vijaya
Stambha was provided.
293. PALACES, DIG, DISTRICT BHARATPUR
Repairs to the structures on the west of Singh 298. M AHANAL T EMPLE AND M ATH , M ENAL,
Pol Gate has been carried out by replastering the DISTRICT CHITTAURGARH
walls, r eplacement of floor concr ete and M.S. grill railing was provided to the waterfall
underpinning of walls. The work of painting of for safety of visitors. The work of providing dry
doors and windows of the Palaces has also been masonry wall along the pathway leading to the main
carried out. Giving support to the cracked and gate is in progress.
broken stone beams of Keshav Bhawan is in
progress. Material for restoration of compound 299. BAORI, ABANERI, DISTRICT DAUSA
wall of Nursery and Kachcha Bagh is being Outer wall of the baori-complex has been
collected. underpinned and replastered. Relaying of lime-
cement-concrete in roof terracing after dismantling
294. FORT, BAYANA, DISTRICT BHARATPUR
of decayed concrete is in progress.
st nd
Restoration of pathway from I Gate to II Gate
and collection of material for the same is in progress. 300. BABUR'S GARDEN, JHOR, DISTRICT DHOLPUR
Restoration of lower fortification wall, dismantling of Random rubble stone masonry work in
the dislodged masonry and reconstruction of the wall underpinning and providing flooring has been
in R.R. masonry is in progress. carried out.
PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS

301. FORT, BHATNER, DISTRICT HANUMANGARH LUCKNOW CIRCLE

Bastion No. 10 has been r epaired by UTTAR PRADESH

underpinning with old brick masonry matching 306. T OMB OF KHUSHRO 'S MOTHER, D ISTRICT
the or iginal. Wor k f or r epair ing Bastion ALLAHABAD
Nos. 46 to 48 in a similar manner is in progress.
Plastering work on the concrete floor, resetting

302. PUNDRIK-JI-KI-HAVELI, BRAHMPURI, JAIPUR, of stone, pointing work of the tomb with combination

DISTRICT JAIPUR mortar has been completed as per the original.

Reconstructed R.R.stone masonry wall and steps 307. T OMB OF K HUSHRO ' S S ISTER , D ISTRICT
at the entrance to control entry of rain-water. ALLAHABAD
Replastering and colour washing of the walls have Resetting and pointing of the stone masonry wall
been carried out. of the tomb has been completed as also the re-setting
of stone slabs has been completed.
303. FORT, JAISALMER, DISTRICT JAISALMER
308. VISHNU TEMPLE, GARHWA FORT, DISTRICT
A portion of the decayed lower fortification wall
ALLAHABAD
with ashlar stone masonry facing has been
Resetting of stone slabs in the wall of mandapa
reconstructed. The work on the remaining portion is
is in progress.
in progress.
309. JAMA MASJID, DISTRICT BANDA
304. FORT, KUMBHALGARH, DISTRICT RAJSAMAND
Construction of boundary-wall around the
Parking area was developed near Vedi Temple mosque is in progress.
by providing R.R.stone flooring. A pathway of
R.R.stone masonry has been provided between 310. KALINJAR FORT, DISTRICT BANDA
Nimbhu Pol to Tara Burj and Badal Mahal going The repairing of the fortification wall of the fort
downwards. Work is in progress. near Neelakantha Temple is in progress with the help
of new and old stones in combination mortar. The
305. H ARSHNATH T EMPLE , H ARSH , D ISTRICT
restoration work of verandah, opposite the main
SIKAR
temple has been done.
An approach road from the road to the Harsh
311. EXCAVATED TANK (SAHET), SRAVASTI, DISTRICT
Nath Temple has been maintained and filling of
BEHRAICH
R.R.stone with earth by proper compaction and
watering in the depression and R.R. masonry in L.C.M Pointing, underpinning, watertightening and
has been provided. resetting of second retaining wall of the north-east

389
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

corner of the excavated tank has been done. The silt in combination mortar. The repair work of a 220 m
deposits of the tank have been removed to confirm long pathway inside the monument has been
its base. completed.

312. BAHU BEGUM'S TOMB, DISTRICT FAIZABAD 318. E XCAVATED S ITE , K AUSAMBI, D ISTRICT

Lime-plaster work along with moulding gateway KAUSAMBI

has been completed after filling gaps. The plaster work Resetting, pointing, underpinning work of the
of the western side facade is in progress. burnt brick structures near Asokan pillar area has been
completed.
313. BANI KHANAM'S TOMB, DISTRICT FAIZABAD

Repairing work of the pathway and structural 319. JAINA TEMPLE, CHANDPUR, DISTRICT LALITPUR
repairs to the dome of the tomb are in progress. Construction of boundary-wall around the

314. GULAB BARI, DISTRICT FAIZABAD temple has been completed.

Lime-plaster work of the interior of baradari 320. SAHASRA LINGA TEMPLE, CHANDPUR, DISTRICT
has been completed matching with the original. LALITPUR
Moulded and richly-carved plaster in the vaulted
Construction of boundary-wall around the
ceiling and laying of fresh lime-concrete on the ground
temple has been completed.
floor have been done.
321. VISHNU-LAXMI-NARAYAN TEMPLE, CHANDPUR,
315. PANCH MAHAL, JHANSI FORT, DISTRICT JHANSI
DISTRICT LALITPUR
Laying of concrete and plastering work has been
Construction of boundary-wall around the
completed and removal of debris from the lowest cells
temple is in progress.
of Panch Mahal has been done. Lime-plastering work
is in progress wherever required. On the roof of the 322. GUPTA TEMPLE, DEOGARH, DISTRICT LALITPUR
Panch Mahal, asbestos sheet has been provided.
Construction of a pathway running along the
316. RAM MAHAL, DISTRICT JHANSI boundary-wall with the help of flag-stone has been
Reproduction of geometrical and floral designs completed.
in lime-mortar has been completed near the main
323. N EELAKANTHA T EMPLE , P ALI, D ISTRICT
entrance of the Mahal.
LALITPUR
317. KATCHERI CEMETERY, DISTRICT K ANPUR
Construction of a retaining wall with C.R.
Fourteen graves and memorial pillars were stone masonry, lime-concrete flooring and pointing
restored by underpinning, patch plastering and pointing work have been done in the temple. Relaying of

310
PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS

lime-cement-concrete of roof terrace of the main Stiching of cracks and lime-plastering have been
temple has also been completed. completed in the vaulted ceiling of the southeastern
side hall, matching with the original.
324. ASAF- UD -D AULA'S IMAMBARA, D ISTRICT
LUCKNOW 328. RESIDENCY BUILDINGS, LUCKNOW, DISTRICT
LUCKNOW
Moulded and richly-carved plastering of the
eastern wing along with simple lime-plastering has Construction of boundary-wall on the eastern
been done thoroughly after removing the dead and western sides has been completed. Lime-
and decayed plaster and matching with the original. concrete flooring has been provided to the Fayrer's
house. The pathway in front of the same building has
325. AMJAD ALI S HAH MAUSOLEUM, DISTRICT also been completed.
LUCKNOW
In the Banquett hall, watertightening, underpinning,
Simple moulded lime-plastering of the graves has
pointing, edging and also the work of pathway in front of
been completed. The work of richly-carved plaster
the hall has been done matching with the original. The
of the facade of mausoleum has been done. Lime-
work of concrete flooring has been completed.
concrete flooring has been provided to the main hall.
329. S ADAAT A LI K HAN ' S T OMB , D ISTRICT
326. D ILKUSHA P ALACE, LUCKNOW, D ISTRICT
LUCKNOW
LUCKNOW
The eastern facade including chhajjas, parapet
The work of underpinning, crack filling, wall and miniature domes were underpinned and the
watertightening with combination mortar has been rich mouldings were reproduced and lime-plastered,
provided to the north-east building of the Dilkusha matching with the original.
Palace. Boring/drilling work in the south-east corner
of the palace has been completed. The missing and badly damaged stones of the
pathway from the corner of Sadaat Ali Khan to
Construction of ornamented compound-wall facing Musheer Zadi Tomb have been replaced with the new
the southwestern side of the Dilkusha has been started. ones and the existing stones have been reset. The base
has been repaired with lime-concrete and pointing has
327. NASEER-UD-DIN-HAIDER'S KARBALA, DISTRICT
been done in combination mortar wherever required.
LUCKNOW
330. S IKANDAR B AGH B UILDING , D ISTRICT
Work like underpinning with the help of lakhauri
LUCKNOW
bricks along with simple and moulded lime-plaster
has been provided to the eastern side of the north- The work on the inner pathway around the ancient
east building. wall has been going on and a new compound-wall
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW,

has been provided to facilitate the visitors who can 334. SIVA TEMPLE, URVARA, DISTRICT MAHOBA
take a full round of the monument. A boundary-wall of 1.50 m height with C.R.
stone masonry around the temple has been raised.
Removal of debris on the northeastern side
An apron with flag-stone around the foundation of
cells has been done and small structures of lakhauri
the temple has been provided.
bricks like pillar, partition wall, arches have been
exposed. 335. E XCAVATED S ITE , P IPRAHWA, D ISTRICT
SlDDHARTH N A GAR
331. MAKARBAI TEMPLE, DISTRICT MAHOBA
The underpinning, watertightening, resetting of
A boundary-wall of 1.50 m height with C.R.
ancient bricks, filling of joints of northern and eastern
stone masonry around the temple has been raised.
monasteries have been completed with combination
An apron with flag-stone around the foundation of
mortar matching with the original.
the temple has been provided.
MINI CIRCLE
332. S ENAPATI M AHAL, K ULPAHAR, D ISTRICT
MAHOBA
Underpinning, plastering and pointing were
336. BASILICA OF BOM JESUS, OLD GOA, DISTRICT
done wherever necessary to the top floor of the
NORTH GOA
Mahal. Simple lime-plaster work towards the west
side floor and north side pillars, gallery, side walls The wooden planks in the ceiling of the
(east and west) and top floor of middle courtyard quadrangle portion decayed due to aging and humidity,
has been provided. have been removed and replaced with fresh ones to
avoid further damage. Besides the damaged wooden
333. TEMPLE AT MOHARI, DISTRICT MAHOBA entrance doors, have been restored by fresh ones.
The reconstruction of the temple has been
337. MAUSOLEUM OF ST.FRANCIS XAVTER, OLD
completed with the help of new and old stones in
GOA, DISTRICT NORTH GOA
combination mortar after strengthening the
foundation. The Mausoleum has been restored by "Opificio
delle Pietre Dure, Florence, Italy" in collaboration
Construction of 1.5 m high boundary-wall with the Survey. The rectangular Mausoleum was
around the temple with C.R. stone masonry with built in 1598 to keep the body relics of St. Francis
cement-sand mortar (1:6) was provided. An iron gate Xavier. It has two tiers with a short railing on top,
with lock system was added to the compound-wall received by the reliquary. Both the tiers were
for security purpose. An apron of flag-stone has also decorated with marble casing slabs of different hues
been provided around the temple. and texture brought from Italy, France and Turkey.
 PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS

The second tier is decorated with bronze plaques during the Portuguese time. These encasing moulded
on all the four sides. The centre portion depicting stones were not in alignment and some of the
the episodes of St. Francis Xavier during his life time. reintegrated material had lost their strength. Hence
The four corners of the longer axis are decorated the northern side has been taken during this phase.
with rectangular Lilly foliage vertical panels with The misaligned portions of the moulding at base and
marble inlay work. cornice have been removed by raking off the dead
binding material and mended with polyester resin
The present restoration work aims to restore mixed with hardener. After mending the broken parts,
the part of already reintegrated ones during the same has been refixed in alignment. The gap filling
Portuguese times by the same marble components for correct alignment has been done by sand + lime
and to realign some of the misaligned casing slabs in distilled water. Some portions of these muldings
and the adhishthana mouldings. Besides, it also aims were missing here and there, for which moulds have
at repairing to the white alabaster cherubs adorning been made so as to fabricate in original stone.
the cornice and mechanical cleaning of the entire
Mausoleum. Pair of Cherub made of alabaster on the four
sides of the upper tier was cleaned from dust and
In the first phase of restoration the four foliage dirt and moulds of the missing portions like wings,
panels have been taken up besides resetting of the hands and fingers have been taken in silicon resin.
misaligned moulded encasement slabs. Some
damaged parts like lilly flowers, buds, leaves, stem It has been observed that the iron dowels and
etc. were already reintegrated during Portuguese time clamps used while fitting the marble casing slabs and
by using some lime based material which had already also to the slabs used in the core of the Mausoleum,
lost their strength. These portions have been removed had got rusted and were causing damage not only to
mechanically during the present restoration so as to the inner core but also to the veneering slabs due to
take the moulds in silicon resin. These moulds were expansion and contraction. While undertaking
carried to Italy to fabricate the missing portions of the restoration, some of the rusted iron dowels were
foliage in same stone. There was reserve marble stone replaced by stainless steel ones.
in the above institute which was originally used during
1598; the same institute is now restoring the In the ceiling wooden planks of the quadrangle
mausoleum after four hundred years. portion had decayed due to aging and humidity. The
damaged wooden planks have been removed and
The moulded base and cornice built of mottled replaced with fresh ones to avoid further damage to
yellow marble from Sienna had developed several the ceiling. Besides, the damaged wooden entrance
cracks and were reset by using lime based binding door has been restored by fresh pieces of wooden
material often reinforced with iron clamps and dowels planks.
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

During the second phase of work, the freshly photographs have really solved the problem of the above
carved missing components with the help of moulds mentioned damage to the ceiling depicting the original
were brought and refixed to the four foliage panels. conical tiled roof over this Blessed Sacrament. In fact,
the dampness increased due to the flat roof which was
The mausoleum had bronze banner frames on done by mistake. However, recently the Mini Circle, Goa
all the four sides decorating the upper tier with carved has provided the Mangalore conical high tiled roof over
alabaster eyes fitted at the centre, depicting scenes of the wooden rafters as per the original design and M.S
sunrise and animal motifs. One of these frames that trusses in order to divert the load over the walls.
had dislodged long ago was refixed by using threaded
steel bars now. These eyes were restored in full by The approach iron staircase of the bell tower which
filling the missing portions with artificial material and was completely rusted was removed and repaired by
applying suitable colours. All the frames were refixed. providing new M.S. angles, wooden steps etc.

The damaged parts of baby angles and some PATNA CIRCLE

carvings of the lower tier have been restored in lime
+ marble + acrylic resin + water with plaster of pans. BIHAR
The major misaligned and dislodged moulded casing 339. ANCIENT SITE OF VIKRAMSHILA MONASTERY,
slabs have been dismantled and refixed in alignment. ANTICHAK, DISTRICT BHAGALPUR
Polishing was carried out with electrical shaft, grinder The damaged portions of the Jaina temple-
and manually with waterproof abrasive paper/stick complex, Hindu temple-complex, Postern gate and
and pumice stone. votive stupas have been restored and consolidated
by way of pointing, underpinning and watertightening
The general cleaning was done with spirit,
of the top three courses.
acetone and finally with distilled water. The polishing
was done with microcrystallin wax polish (Amber). 340. ANCIENT SITE, KOLHUA, DISTRICT MUZAFFARPUR
The main stupa and recently exposed votive
338. SE' CATHEDRAL CHURCH, OLD GOA, DISTRICT
stupas have been consolidated by way of dismantling
NORTH GOA
and resetting of bricks, pointing and watertightening.
The original conical tiled roof of the Blessed Boundary-wall consisting of dwarf wall grill fencing
Sacrament was removed and replaced by the flat has been constructed partly.
concrete/tile roof, long ago which allowed water
percolation through the joints of the flat tiles resulting in 341. EXCAVATED REMAINS, NALANDA, DISTRICT
deterioration of the beautiful paintings of the ceiling of NALANDA
Blessed Sacrament. It also affected the pure gold panel A portion of the wall that had fallen due to heavy
paintings embedded in the wall. Published old rains has been restored with the same bricks as per
PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS

the original. Dwarf wall with grill fencing has been Damaged doors and windows have been repaired and
partly constructed to check trespassing and repainted. A beautiful garden has been laid in front
encroachments. portion of the house and a pathway has been provided
for easy movement of visitors.
342. EXCAVATED REMAINS, KUMRAHAR, DISTRICT
PATNA UTTAR PRADESH
A high boundary-wall of bricks with cement 346. OLD FORT, JAUNPUR, DISTRICT JAUNPUR
mortar and barbed-wire fencing over it, has been
In continuation of the previous year's work
constructed on the southern side of the excavated
(1996-97, p.291), restoration work of the western
remains to prevent trespassing.
fortification wall has been done with ashlar stone facing
343. H ASAN S HAH S URI' S T OMB , S ASARAM , matching with the original. The core has been filled
DISTRICT ROHTAS with rubbles and bricks laid in courses.

Decayed doors and windows have been 347. EXCAVATED REMAINS AT KUSHINAGAR, DISTRICT
replaced by new ones matching with the original. The KUSHINAGAR
pathway leading to the mosque has been repaired.
In continuation of the previous year's work,
344. SHER SHAH SURI'S TOMB, SASARAM, DISTRICT (1996-97, p.291), the roof of the Nirvana Temple
ROHTAS has been repaired by removing the decayed chunks
Decayed plaster from the roof of burjis and of plaster and laying a fresh layer of cement-concrete
chhatris has been removed and replastered with lime- mortar. The cracks have been grouted to avoid
surkhi mortar as per the original. Apron around the seepage of rain-water. The dead plaster of the
wall of the upper floor has been repaired by way of facade of the temple has been removed and
pavement of stone slabs over a rammed floor of lime- replastered with cement-sand mortar. Other
surkhi and brick-jelly in order to check seepage of structures around the temple has been consolidated
rain-water into the foundation of the wall. The wall of by underpinning, pointing and watertightening of top
Qanati Mosque in front of the entrance has also been two courses. Surrounding area has been dressed to
repaired by resetting of stones and recess pointing. avoid stagnation of rain-water.

345. RESIDENTIAL COMPLEX OF DR. RAJENDRA 348. ALAMGIR MOSQUE, DHARAHRA, DISTRICT
PRASAD, JIRADEI, DISTRICT SIWAN VARANASI

The damaged roof of baithak portion has been The cracks on the roof and the wall have been
recasted after replacing rotten wooden beams and filled up by grouting. Thorough pointing of the paved
batterns. Walls have been replastered with cement- stone slabs in the courtyard has been done to check
sand mortar after removing the decayed ones. the seepage of rain-water.
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

349. CHOUKHANDI S TUPA, S ARNATH, DISTRICT wall of the roof of the palace was repaired and
VARANASI watertightened.
In continuation of the last year's work (1996-
353. ANCIENT SITE, AMBARAN, DISTRICT JAMMU
97, p. 292), the scientific clearance has been done to
expose the southern side of the stupa and restored Part of the area was acquired for protection of
with special size bricks with lime-surkhi mortar as the site and was enclosed by proper fencing to prevent
per original. The lower terrace on the north-east has encroachments.
been consolidated by watertightening on top and
354. HARI-HARA TEMPLE, BILLAWAR, DISTRICT
recess pointing on the face.
KATHUA
SRINAGAR CIRCLE
Partially fallen compound-wall lying to the

JAMMU AND KASHMIR southern side of the platform was restored as per the
original. Retaining walls to the west and east sides of
350. SHANKARAGAURISVARA TEMPLE, PATTAN, the temple were provided. A boulder stone masonry
DISTRICT BARAMULLA apron around the platform was also provided.
The damaged fencing was repaired by providing
355. BUDDHIST MONASTERY, ALCHI, DISTRICT LEH
dwarf wall on one side of the temple. In order to
prevent flow of water from outside into the premises, The leaking roof of the Lha Khang Soma was
the height of the dwarf wall was also raised. watertightened and plastered after removing the earth
packing. The damaged compound-wall on the back
351. SuGANDHESHA TEMPLE, PATTAN, DISTRICT side of the Lha Khang Soma was also repaired in
BARAMULLA accordance with the original pattern.
A portion of the damaged fence was repaired
356. PHYANG MONASTERY, PHYANG, DISTRICT LEH
by providing barbed-wire fencing over the dwarf wall.
In continuation of the previous year's work
352. AKHNOOR FORT, AKHNOOR, DISTRICT JAMMU (1996-97, p. 293), part of the leaking roof of the
To prevent further erosion of the embankment main Dukhang and its Sky lights was watertightened
and to strengthen the wall of the palace on the river after removing the earth packing to minimise the
side, a retaining wall was constructed to safeguard load.
the monument from being damaged. Cracks in the
buttress wall lying adjacent to this wall were also 357. SHEY PALACE, SHEY, DISTRICT LEH
stitched. The base of the small bastion which had fallen In continuation of the previous year's work
was also restored. Vertical cracks on the northern (1996-97, p. 293), the restoration and reconstruction
gateway were also stitched. The damaged parapet of the central portion of the palace (pis. 197-198)

31*
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW ■

THRISSUR CIRCLE 370. SIVA TEMPLE, CHEMMANAMTHITTA, DISTRICT

KERALA THRISSUR

The laterite prakara wall of the temple on the

365. ST. FRANCIS CHURCH, FORT KOCHI, DISTRICT
eastern and western sides had collapsed. The eastern
ERNAKULAM
and western sides of the wall was restored by
The leakage in the roof was arrested by replacing underpinning wherever necessary and also giving the
the tiles. The railings of the upper gallery were repaired original shape at the top level. The coping of the wall
as per the original pattern with timber members. which is semicircular in section was restored.

366. FORT ST.ANGELO, KANNUR, DISTRICT KANNUR 371. SrvA TEMPLE, PALLIMANAH, DISTRICT THRISSUR
The fallen outer moat wall of the fort was The wooden superstructure of the Srikoil
reconstructed by carrying out underpinning wherever (sanctum) was found completely worn-out due to
necessary with laterite stone masonry. termite attack. The roof was removed and after
providing damp-proof bedding below the wall plate,
367. B EKAL F ORT , P ALLIKKARE , D ISTRICT
it was reset by replacing the affected beams etc.
KASARGOD
with new teak wood beams.
The fallen eastern side wall of the outer
fortification was reconstructed by underpinning and 372. SIVA TEMPLE, PERUVANAM, DISTRICT THRISSUR
reconstructing as per the original wherever necessary. The wooden ceiling of the roof of
chuttrambalam was completely affected by termites.
368. TELLICHERY F ORT, TELLICHERY, DISTRICT
The entire roof was removed and damp-proof
KOZHIKODE
bedding was given over the laterite wall, and just
The old office building inside the fort was repaired below the wooden wall plate, the roof was rebuilt by
by replacing the broken tiles and strengthening the replacing the worn-out beam members with that of
laterite wall by plastering. The underground sub-way the new teak wood.
in southeastern corner was completely exposed and
conserved with lime-plaster to prevent further fall of 373. MAHADEVA TEMPLE, THIRUVANCHIKULAM,
laterite blocks. DISTRICT THRISSUR

The accretionary structures over the eastern

369. F ORT ANJENGO, A. NCHTHENGU, DISTRICT
gopura were removed and the original Kerala type
THIRUVANANTHAPURAM
padipura was restored. The wooden roof of the
The collapsed north side inner wall of the fort chuttrambalam was dismantled and reerected as per
was reconstructed with the laterite blocks and the original. The leaking and corroded copper plates
plastered with combination mortar. of the Srikoli (sanctum) were replaced with the new
 PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS

plates of the same pattern and the leakage of the sized bricks of the original size matching in colour
sanctum was completely arrested. and texture, with moulding work by skilled masons
from Rajasthan matching with the original existing
VADODARA CIRCLE
specimen in lime-cement mortar. Work is in
GUJARAT progress.

374. ASTODIA G ATE , AHMEDABAD , D ISTRICT 376. KALUPUR G ATE, AHMEDABAD, D ISTRICT

AHMEDABAD AHMEDABAD

In continuation of the last year's work (1996- The decayed and deteriorated veneering stones
97, p. 294), the deteriorated, damaged and out-of- (east side) and out-of-plumb stone masonry of the
plumb ashlar stone masonry of gateway arch has been gate has been photo-documented properly after
photo documented properly after numbering the numbering the stones and preparation of drawing
stones before dismantling and lowering down the before dismantling masonry including hearting. The
stones of the gateway arch. The gateway arch has ashlar masonry with moulding work reconstructed with
been reconstructed with new fine chisel-dressed fine chisel-dressed plain ashlar stone masonry in lime-
Dhangandhra stones as per original in plumb and cement mortar with recessed pointing matching the
alignment. Deteriorated and damaged architectural original. The work is in progress.
members, such as kumbhis, pilasters and brackets
have also been replaced with new fine chisel-dressed 377. PREMABHAI GATE, AHMEDABAD, DISTRICT

Dhangandhra stone, matching the original. Broken AHMEDABAD

masonry effect has been given on the side walls of the The decayed and damaged lime-concrete of the
arched gateway in brick masonry in lime mortar to roof terrace of the gate has been removed. After
give an impression of missing fortification wall. The removal of the roof concrete, the old, decayed and
roof terrace of the gateway has also been made damaged wooden beams and rafters have been
watertight by laying a layer of fresh lime-cement removed and replaced with fresh teak wood beams
concrete mixed with water-proofing compound. Work and rafters. The wood work has been applied with
has been completed. coal tar and wood preservative and a layer of fresh
lime-cement-concrete mixed with water-proofing
375. BRICK MINARS, RAILWAY P LATFORM No.l,
compound has been laid on the roof of the gate to
AHMEDABAD, DISTRICT AHMEDABAD
arrest leakage. The decayed and damaged veneering
The weather ed, damaged and missing stones, pillar bases and pilasters have also been
intricately and artistically carved different sizes of replaced with fresh fine chisel-dressed Dhangandhra
ancient bricks of lower parts of the minars have stone matching the original with moulding. The work
been replaced with specially manufactured special remained in progress.
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

378. RANI SIPRI MOSQUE, AHMEDABAD, DISTRICT 381. VENI MADHAVA TEMPLE IN THE COMPLEX OF
AHMEDABAD DWARAKADHISH TEMPLE, DWARKA, DISTRICT
JAMNAGAR
The decayed and damaged stones of the
flight of steps leading to the mosque and courtyard The stone architectural members like lintels,
flooring have been removed after proper photo beam, brackets and kumbhi, etc. of sabha-
documentation and replaced with new matching fine mandapa of Veni Madhava Temple had decayed,
chisel-dressed Dhangandhra stone laid over a layer damaged, cracked and worn-out due to action of
of bed concrete maintaining original pattern. The work saline winds. Therefore, stone masonry pillars were
was completed. provided to support the superstructure to avoid
any accident. Drawings were prepared and photo
379. CITADEL WALLS, PAVAGADH, DISTRICT GODHRA
documented before dismantling and lowering down
The bulged and out-of-plumb portion of the structure of sabha-mandapa. The sabha-
the citadel wall has been taken out for resetting in mandapa has been reconstructed by replacement
plumb and alignment after proper documentation. The of cracked, decayed, damaged and pulverised stone
fallen and missing portions of the southern-side citadel architectural members with new fine-dressed stone
wall and bastion have been restored with ashlar stone pillar bases, pillars, capitals, lintels, chhajja stone
masonry in lime-cement mortar after retrieving the with original mouldings and carvings and placed
original stones from the fallen debris along with the in their original positions with the help of chain
taken out portion of the wall in plumb and alignment. pulley blocks. The sabha-mandapa has been
The missing kangiiras have also been reconstructed reconstructed upto lintel level. The work is in
as per existing pattern. progress.

380. GATE NO.2 (BLDHIYA GATE), P AVAGADH, 382. GOKESHVARA MAHADEVA TEMPLE, LOWRALI,
DISTRICT GODHRA DISTRICT JAMNAGAR

The damaged and missing kangiiras have been In continuation of the last year's work (1996-
reconstructed in random rubble stone masonry as per 97, p. 294), the entire temple had been dismantled
original kangiiras. Dislodged stone steps have been and lowered down including sabha-mandapa and
taken out and reset in plumb and alignment as per the porches upto the base level after proper drawing and
original pattern. The missing rubble stone pitching of photo-documentation with the help of chain pulley
the fort wall has been provided in lime-cement mortar. blocks and scaffolding. The base has been
The wide joints of rubble stone masonry have been strengthened and levelled with stone masonry. The
underpinned and sealed with lime-cement mortar to temple has been reconstructed with the original
strengthen the fort wall. dismantled stones.

322
I PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS

The missing and decayed stone pillars, capitals, The damaged and missing platform of a small chhatri
lintals, chhajjas, etc. have been replaced with fresh has been restored with the stones available at the site.
fine chisel-dressed stone pillars, capitals, lintels, etc. The fallen and missing pillars, capitals, lintels and other
with original mouldings and carvings and set in their components of the chhatri have been sorted out for
original positions with the help of chain pulley block proper identification and the chhatri was restored to
and scaffolding. A stone-paved apron laid over base support the hanging half dome including
concrete has also been provided around the temple watertightening the top. The work has been
to check the ingress of rain-water into the foundation completed.
of the temple to prevent any settlement in the future.
The work has been completed (pis. 201-202). 386. EXCAVATED S ITE, DHOLAVIRA, D ISTRICT
KACHCHH
383. ASOKAN ROCK EDICTS, JUNAGADH, DISTRICT
The third largest Indus Valley site at Dholavira,
JUNAGADH
with its three main parts (I) Citadel (11) Middle town
Damaged M.S. grills have been repaired for and (III) Lower town, consisting of uncoarsed rubble
safety of the rock edicts. G.I. pipe railing has also stone masonry fortification, covered drains and remains
been provided around the rock edicts to keep visitors of houses. These structures were exposed in partly
away from the inscriptions. Interiors of the structure damaged condition. The loose and sunken base
over the rock edicts have been painted with distemper portions of the eastern gate of the citadel and walls of
and exterior with cement paint. Doors and windows the middle and lower towns have been taken out
have been painted with enamel paint. The work has carefully and the base was consolidated, stabilised
been completed. and levelled with lime-cement-concrete and restored
in lime mortar as per original. The remaining work is
384. BUDDHIST C AVES, J UNAGADH, D ISTRICT in progress.
JUNAGADH

The Buddhist caves at Uperkot have been 387. GATEWAY OF KHAN SAROVAR, PATAN, DISTRICT

provided with M.S. grills and G.I. pipe railing for safety PATAN

and easy movement of the visitors. The fallen southern side fort walls facing the east
have been restored in brick masonry using old bricks
385. R AO L AKHA C HHATRI, B HLJ , D ISTRICT of the fallen portion in lime mortar as per the existing
KACHCHH ones. The work remained in progress.
Decayed and damaged concrete of the roof
388. R AM - KI-V AV , P ATAN , D ISTRICT P ATAN
terrace and dome of the main chhatri has been
replaced with fresh lime-cement-concrete and made In continuation of the last year's work (1996-
the roof terrace and dome of the chhatri watertight. 97, p. 296), the missing portion of northern side wall
PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS

and terrace platform has been restored with fine chisel- been replaced with fresh lime-cement-concrete and
dressed ashlar stone masonry including hearting the tomb has been made watertight. The work has
masonry matching with the original. The work been completed.
remained in progress.
392. OLD ENGLISH TOMB, SURAT, DISTRICT SURAT
389. SAHASRALINGA TALAV (EXCAVATED), PATAN,
In continuation of the last year's work (/ 996-
DISTRICT PATAN
97, p. 296), the wide crack that had developed
The base of the main temple located in the bed in the dome has been grouted and sealed. Cavities
of the tank, covered with silt due to heavy flood has have been underpinned and decayed and damaged
been exposed by desilting the tank. The cutting on plaster of the walls, pillars and ceiling, etc. has
the slopes of the banks which had developed due to been replaced with fresh plaster with minor
floods has been filled up with earth to prevent any mouldings, motifs and decorative design as per
damage and erosion of soil in future. Some stone original. Damaged walls and pinnacles have been
architectural members have also been retrieved during restored. The decayed and damaged concrete of
desilting. The work remained in progress. the roof terrace and floor have been replaced with
fresh lime-cement-concrete and made the roof
390. SHAIKH FARID TOMB, PATAN, DISTRICT PATAN
terrace watertight. M.S. grill gate has also been
The decayed and damaged lime-plaster of the provided and fixed on the entrance of the
plinth has been removed and replastered to check monument premises and apron of the monument.
the ingress of water in plinth and foundation. The work has been completed.
Random rubble stone masonry supports have been
provided to the riverside wall and protect the tomb 393. NAVLAKHA T EMPLE, S EJAKPUR, DISTRICT
SURENDRANAGAR
from any damage due to flood water. Stone apron
has also been provided on the concrete base in In continuation of the previous year's work
front of the platform of the tomb to check the ingress (1996-97, p. 296), the highly decorative plinth has
of water in the foundation. The work has been been rebuilt upto the floor level of the temple after
completed. consolidation, strengthening, levelling and providing
proper foundation. All the useful architectural
391. OLD D UTCH AND ARMENIAN TOMB AND members and stones have been reused in the
CEMETERIES, SURAT, DISTRICT SURAT reconstruction. Decayed, damaged and missing
The cavities have been underpinned. The architectural members have been replaced with
decayed and damaged plaster has been replaced with fresh fine chisel-dressed stones with original
fresh plaster including minor mouldings and motifs as moulding and carving as per original. The work
per original. The decayed and damaged concrete has remained in progress.
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

394. V ADODARA G ATE AND ITS ADJACENT DAMAN AND DIU

CONSTRUCTION, DABHOI, DISTRICT VADODARA
397. C HAPEL OF OUR L ADY R OSARIOS , M OTI
The damaged G.I. barbed-wire fencing on the DAMAN, DAMAN
angle iron post has been replaced with brick
Mater ial r equir ed for r epair s and
masonry dwarf wall mounted with chain link fencing
reconstruction of decayed and damaged roof
for safety and security of the monuments and to
including replacement of damaged and decayed
check encroachment. Drinking water facility has
wooden beams, rafters and planks, etc. have been
been provided at the monument by arranging a new
procured for execution of the work. The work
water tap connection. The work has been
remained in progress.
completed.
398. C HURCH OF OUR L ADY REMEDIOS , M OTI
395. ANCIENT SITE (EXCAVATED), KAYAVAROHAN,
DAMAN, DAMAN
DISTRICT VADODARA
In continuation of the last year's work (1996-
The protected area around the ancient 97, p. 294), the damaged and decayed wooden
excavated site has been enclosed with masonry members of the roof and Manglore tiles have been
dwarf wall mounted with chain link fencing for replaced with fresh wooden members and roof tiles
safety of the excavated structures and avoid any to arrest the leakage of rain-water and make the roof
encroachment. The work has been completed. watertight. The old, dead, decayed and damaged floor
concrete of the open verandah has been replaced with
396. FRESCO ROOMS IN BHAU TAMBEKARWADA,
fresh lime-cement-concrete. The dead, decayed and
VADODARA, DISTRICT VADODARA
damaged plaster of the steps has also been replaced
T he decayed, damaged and cracked with fresh plaster matching with the original. The
teakwood planks and beams have been replaced interior has been painted with distemper and exterior
with fresh teakwood planks and beams. To avoid with colour wash. The doors and windows have also
moisture effect on murals, the roof terrace has been been repainted with enamel paint.
made watertight by laying tar felt after filling up the
pot holes with lime, cement and sand mortar. All 399. RUINED CHURCH, M OTI D AMAN, D AMAN
the exposed wooden members have been painted Protected area around the Church has been
with enamel paint to prevent from further enclosed with brick masonry dwarf wall mounted with
deterioration. Lightning conductor has also been chain link fencing for safety of the monument, to
provided for the safety of the monument. The work prevent encroachment and to develop a garden
has been completed. around the church.
I PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS

400. FORT AND INSIDE BUILDINGS, DIU The stones of flooring and walls of the jetty,
decayed and damaged due to salty water and winds
In continuation of the last year's work (1996-
have been replaced with fresh, fine-dressed ashlar bela
97, p. 294), the damaged and decayed plaster of
stones matching the original to strengthen the jetty.
the interior and exterior of the buildings inside the
fort known as Officer's mess has been replaced with The decayed and damaged flooring stone of the
fresh plaster. The damaged and decayed doors and gates near the jetty which had weathered due to sea
windows have been replaced with fresh doors and water and winds have been taken out and replaced
windows. Interior and exterior of the structures inside with fresh chisel-dressed bela stones and laid over
the fort have been washed and doors and windows lime-cement-concrete base as per the original. The
have been painted with enamel paint. work remained in progress.

329
 X. ARCHAEOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY1

ANDHRA PRADESH vegetational growth and lime-wash coats at some

1. SRI VIRABHADRASVAMY TEMPLE, LEPAKSHI, places. A solution of aqueous ammonia and teepol

DISTRICT ANANTAPUR (3:1) was used for the removal of moss and lichen
and 5% acetic acid was used for lime-wash
In continuation of the last year's (1996-97,
removal.
p. 300) work, the paintings of Sri Virabhadrasvamy
Temple (main temple) was subjected to chemical 3. SRI GOLINGESVARASVAMY TEMPLE, BICCAVOLU,
treatment for the removal of oily and tarry matter. DISTRICT EAST GODAVARI
5% aqueous mixture of ammonium carbonate and
A total area of 965 sq m of this temple has
ammonium bicarbonate was used with the help of
been taken up for chemical treatment and
tissue paper. Weak plaster was also consolidated
preservation work during the year under review. The
using appropriate method and materials. The treated
beautifully carved and decorated stone structure was
surface was preserved with 1 % polyvinyl acetate in
covered with micro-vegetational growth of moss
toluene. An area of 30.0 sq.m. has been chemically
and lichen. A mixture of 3% solution of ammonia
cleaned and preserved during the period under
and 1% non-ionic detergent was used for the
review.
eradication of vegetational growth. At some places,
2. SRI BHIMESVARASVAMY TEMPLE, SAMALKOTA, a solution of 1-2% oxalic acid was also used to
DISTRICT EAST GODAVARI remove patches of lichen growth. The cleaned
surface was given fungicidal treatment with 3%
An area of about 125 sq m has been treated
sodium pentachlorophenate and preserved with 2-
during the period under review. The stone
3% polymethyl methacrylate in toluene. The work
sculptures of this temple were covered with micro-
has been completed.
'Information from: The Director, Science Branch of the Survey, Dehradun.
3Z»
I ARCHAEOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

4. CHARMINAR, HYDERABAD, DISTRICT HYDERABAD northern and southern walls and the sikhara of the
The plaster of Charminar which was affected at main temple using ammonia, teepol and acetic acid in
some places due to thick growth of moss and heavy dilute concentration. The sculptures were thoroughly
accumulation of dust and dirt, after thorough brushing washed and allowed to dry. Fungicidal and
by chemico-mechanical method using aqueous preservative treatment was also given. The work is
ammonia and non-aqueous detergent in 3:1 ratio. The still in progress (pls. 207-208).
fungicidal treatment was given over the chemically BIHAR
cleaned surface with 1% solution of sodium
pentacholorophenate and the preservation was carried 7. MAHABODHI TEMPLE, BODHGAYA, DISTRICT
out using two component systems viz., aqueous GAYA
solution of Repellin super in desired concentration and The pinnacle (made of copper) of the temple
a cost of 2-3% PMMA in toluene on the completely has been cleaned with dilute solution of sodium
dried surface. 41 % of the work has been completed potassium tartrate. Thick growth of moss, lichen,
(pls. 203-204). vegetation, dust and dirt were removed using
ammonia and non-ionic detergent with gentle
5. N AVA BRAHMA M AIN T EMPLE (BALABRA-
scrubbing. Toluene was used for the removal of oil
HMESVARASVAMY), ALAMPUR, DISTRICT
and wax patches. The cleaned surface was given
MAHABOOBNAGAR
fungicidal treatment with 3% solution of sodium
The thick lime-wash coat from the surface of pentacholorophenate in water. Tree killers were
stone sculptures was removed by applying chemico- also used at required places. The treated surface
mechanical methods using 4-5 % acetic acid solution, was finally preserved with repellin super and 2%
followed by treatment with dilute aqueous ammonia solution of polymethyl methacrylate in toluene. The
and finally with water. A dilute solution of caustic soda work has been completed (pls. 209-210).
was used to remove the overlying coats of acrylic
8. MONASTERY COMPLEX (1 A), NALANDA, DISTRICT
paints over the door-jambs followed by thorough
NALANDA
washing with water. The cleaned dried surface was
preserved with 2-3 % polymethyl methacrylate The brick structures of the monastery was
solution in toluene (pls. 205-206). chemically treated for the removal of dust, dirt and
micro-vegetational growth with 3% aqueous
6. S RI MUKHALINGESVARSVAMY T EMPLE, S RI
solution of ammonia and non-ionic detergent
MUKHALINGAM, DISTRICT SRIKAKULAM
followed by thorough washing. The cleaned surface
The stone sculptures were subjected to chemical was given fungicidal treatment with 3% solution of
treatment for the removal of thick growth of moss sodium pentacholrophenate and the cleaned surface
and lichen and also for thick lime-wash coat on the was preserved with repellin super in water followed
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

by 2% solution of polymethyl methacrylate in 11. TOMB OF MOHAMMAD SHAH (EXTERIOR), LODI

toluene on dried surface. The work has been GARDEN, NEW DELHI
completed. The chemical treatment work was taken up for
the removal of dust, dirt, etc., using a solution of
9. TOMB OF SHERSHAH SURI, SASARAM, DISTRICT
ammonia and teepol. The lime-plastered surface was
ROHTAS
subjected to two applications of bleaching powder
The work of chemical treatment was carried (paste) treatment to facilitate easy removal and arrest
out on domes, canopy and enclosing walls for the the growth of spores of microphytes as well as to
removal of moss, lichen, dust and dirt etc. with 3% consolidate the fragile portions. The treated areas
aqueous ammonia and non-ionic detergent. Black were given fungicidal treatment of sodium
patches have been removed by 5% aqueous oxalic pentachlorophenate followed by application of a
acid. The cleaned surface was treated with sodium water repellent viz., Potassium-methyl-siliconate
pentachlorophenate (3%), followed by preservative (Repellin super-pidilite).
coat of repellin super and 2% solution of polymethyl
methacrylate in toluene on dried surface. The work 12. HUMAYUN'S TOMB, NIZAMUDDIN, NEW DELHI
has been completed. Work was resumed for chemical treatment of
lime-plastered surface of the entrance gate as well
DELHI as plastered and sandstone surface for chattris of
the main dome with the solution of ammonia and
10. BADA GUMBAD MOSQUE, LODI GARDEN, NEW
teepol using ultra soft brushes. The surface was again
DELHI
treated with the slurry of bleaching powder which
The exterior sides facing east, north, upper acts as a germicide and disinfectant and facilitates
two domes and interior portions of the two bays, the removal and consolidates the fragile plaster. The
situated on each corner, facing north and south surface was given fungicidal treatment with sodium
were taken up for chemical treatment. The pentachlorophenate followed by application of
superficial layers of dust, dirt and other accretions Repellin super as water repellent. The work has been
were removed with liquid ammonia and teepol completed.
solution using soft bristle brushes. The plastered
surface was subjected to bleaching powder 13. R ED F ORT -C OMPLEX , R ED F ORT , D ELHI
treatment twice for the removal of biological Golden paintings on the wooden ceiling of
growth. The treated surface was given fungicidal Diwan-i-Khas wer e subjected to chemical
treatment with sodium pentachlorophenate followed conservation. After dry brushing, the fragile areas
by application of repellin super as water repellent. of the paintings were consolidated with animal glue
The work is still in progress. followed by application of tissue paper over the
 ARCHAEOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

surface. The painted surface was subjected to (potassium methyl siliconate). The marble surface
chemical treatment using organic solvents including was given clay pack treatment for the removal of
toluene, acetone, ether, etc. The wide gaps and more adherent layers of accretions. The applied
cracks were filled in with filleting materials using paste covered with plastic sheet was allowed to
zinc oxide, kaolin, texture white (camel) in animal dry and removed after one or two days. Thereafter,
glue, mixing them in appropriate combinations. The the marble surface was thoroughly washed. Its main
repaired portions were retouched as per the original entrance gate made up of brass on a wooden frame
tone. Finally, the surface was preserved with was also treated with sodium potassium tartrate.
poly vinyl acetate in toluene. The work has been The work has been completed.
completed.
The sandstone and lime-plastered surface of
The work of exposing the hidden paintings of Naubat Khana was chemically cleaned with a
Hamam was resumed using chemico-mechanical solution of ammonia and teepol for the removal of
method. Acetic acid was used for softening and superficial dust, dirt, layers of microphytes and
removing the lime-wash layers with the help of greasy accretions. The lime-plastered area of the
stainless steel surgical equipment. Paintings and the wall facing north was subjected to bleaching
exposed paintings were subjected to chemical powder treatment, an effective method for the
treatment using solvents like methanol, toluene, removal of vegetational growth with least
turpentine, oil, etc. The cracks and the fragile areas mechanical efforts. The treated area was given
have been consolidated using plaster of pans. fungicidal treatment of sodium pentachlorophenate
followed by a final application of potassium methyl-
The chemical treatment was commenced from
siliconate as water repellent. The paint applied
the upper portions of Moti Masjid having metallic earlier on glasses of the window panes of the five-
pinnacles on the three domes and also on the top arched openings was removed with sodium
of the small minarets on the periphery of the walls hydroxide solution in suitable dilution. The work
enclosing the mosque. The courtyard walls has been completed.
(marble), stairs leading to the top of the structure
(sandstone), wall facing south (lime-plaster) were The work of chemical treatment of three-sided
chemically cleaned with liquid ammonia and teepol rampart wall was taken up under flag mast, facing
solutions. The plastered surface was given Chandni Chowk. Chemical cleaning was done with
bleaching powder treatment for twenty-four hours the solution of ammonia and teepol for the removal
and then thoroughly washed. Total lime-plastered of superficial accretions of dust, dirt, micro-
and sandstone surface was given fungicidal vegetations and pollutants which were deposited
treatment with sodium pentachlorophenate followed on the surface due to vehicular traffic. A solution
by a final coat of water repellent using repellin super of glacial acetic acid was used for the removal of
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

calcareous deposits. Metallic pinnacles were with the solution of ammonia and teepol. Solution
treated to impart the surface a look free from dust, of glacial acetic acid was also used for the removal
dirt, rust, etc. Besides, the two stone elephants of calcareous deposits. The sandstone surface was
situated at Delhi Gate, Red Fort, were also cleaned subjected to fungicidal treatment using 2-3%
for the removal of dust, dirt and stains of bird's sodium pentachlorophenate followed by potassium
excreta etc. The work has been completed. methyl siliconate as water repellent. The work has
been completed.
The lime-plastered surface of both interior and
exterior sides of the three domes and the enclosing
walls of the roof of Shah Burj were taken up for
chemical treatment with a solution of ammonia and 15. ST. F RANSIS ASSISI CHURCH, VELHA, GOA
teepol for the eradication of dust, dirt and micro-
The panel painting on the wall to the left of the
vegetational growth using soft nylon brushes.
main altar and wood carvings to the right of the
Bleaching powder slurry was used on the surface to
altar were subjected to chemical conservation and
facilitate the cleaning and as a disinfectant, biocide
repair for the removal of thick layer, old
and consolidant, the surface was washed with
preservative layer, dirt, dust, bird's excreta besides
distilled water after twenty-four hours. Two or more
filling of gaps between panels due to insect activity.
applications were given on a few patches. The
After dusting, infested portions and gaps between
cleaned surface was given fungicidal treatment with
the panels of paintings were sprayed with pyrethrum
sodium pentachlorophenate followed by the
solution in suitable base and concentration followed
application of repellin super as water repellent. The
by filling with paste of sawdust, fevicol, plaster of
work has been completed.
paris and pyrethrum. Mild organic solvents like
14. SAFADARJUNG TOMB, NEW DELHI diacetone alcohol, Iso-propyl alcohol, methanol,
petroleum spirit and cellosolve were effectively used
The exterior surface of the dome adorned with for removing hard accretions and old preservative
a pinnacle made of marble was subjected to layer from the painted surface. The restored
chemical treatment. The dome had accumulated portions were reintegrated and finally the paintings
thick accretion due to gradual deposition of dust, were preserved with a coat of dilute picture varnish.
dirt, imparting a look of sandstone. The chemical Wood carvings around the panel paintings were
treatment was done with repeated application of subjected to initial dusting and general cleaning with
bentonite clay pack followed by cleaning with a suitable solvents and sprayed with 2% solution of
solution of ammonia and teepol. The treated area sod, pentachlorophenate in methanol followed by
was thoroughly washed with water. The lower preservation with 2% solution of polyvinyl acetate
sandstone structures were also chemically cleaned in toluene. The work is in progress.
I ARCHAEOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

GUJARAT 19. THREE CELLS AND CUSTOM HOUSE, PAVAGADH,

16. MALIK ALAM'S MOSQUE, DISTRICT AHMEDABAD, DISTRICT GODHRA (PANCHMAHALS)
AHMEDABAD The chemical treatment work on these
The work of chemical treatment has been carried monuments has been taken up for the first time to
out for the first time to extirpate vegetative accretions remove thick biological growth, bats and bee-nests,
like moss, lichen as well as deposits of smoke, dirt, pigeon droppings, dirt and dust, using suitable
dust and bird's droppings from the structure using a chemicals and solvents. The cleaned surface was
mixture of dilute ammonia and teepol, weak organic preserved after fungicidal treatment with PMMA in
acid and organic solvents. The cleaned surface was toluene. The work is in progress.
given fungicidal treatment by spraying 3% aqueous
20. ENGLISH, ARMENIAN AND REMAINING
solution of zinc silico fluoride and preserved with
S TRUCTURES OF D UTCH C EMETERIES, S URAT,
polymethyl methacrylate in toluene. The work has been
DISTRICT SURAT
completed.
The stone surface of these monuments was
17. JAMI MASJID, DHOLKA, DISTRICT AHMEDABAD covered with thick biological growth, dirt, dust,
The chemical treatment work was taken up for pigeon's droppings and beehives. The chemical
the first time for the removal of thick biological growth, cleaning has been carried out with a mixture of
remains of lime-wash, dust, dirt, bird's excreta and ammonical water and labolenc. The cleaned surface
smoke, using dilute ammonical water, mixed with non- was given fungicidal treatment by spraying 2%
ionic detergent, 2% weak organic acid and suitable aqueous solution of zinc silico fluoride and finally
organic solvents. The treated surface was given preserved with polymethyl methacrylate in toluene.
fungicidal treatment and preserved with perspex The work is in progress.
dissolved in toluene. The work has been completed.
21. H AZIRA OR Q UTBUDDIN MOHMAD KHAN'S
18. JAMI MASJID, PAVAGADH, DISTRICT GODHRA TOMB, DANTESHVAR, DISTRICT VADODARA
(PANCHMAHAL)
The chemical treatment work has been carried
In continuation of the previous year's (1996- out on the exterior and interior surfaces of this
97, p.304) work, the remaining (70 %) chemical monument for the removal of beehives, bat's excreta,
treatment work on this monument was carried out
dirt, dust, biological growth and deposition of lime-
for eradication of different accretions like biological wash. A mixture of ammonical water and teepol,
growth, dirt, dust, pigeon's excreta and smoke using
weak organic acids and organic solvents were used
suitable chemicals and solvents. Finally, the cleaned for cleaning. Suitable fumigants were used to
stone surface was preserved with 3% solution of
exterminate bats and bees. The cleaned surface was
perspex in toluene after fungicidal treatment. given fungicidal treatment with zinc silico fluoride and

[337
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

preserved with polymethyl methacrylate in toluene. 24. SHRI SITA RAM TEMPLE, BANGOTA, DISTRICT
The work has been completed. CHAMBA
The temple was badly affected due to the
HIMACHAL PRADESH
deposition of grease, micro-organisms and coal tar
etc. These accretions were removed with suitable
22. M AIN T EMPLE, L AXMI-N ARAIN G ROUP OF
chemicals and solvents. The surface was given
TEMPLES, CHAMBA, DISTRICT CHAMBA
fungicidal treatment with 1 -2 % solution of sodium
The chemical treatment work on this living pentachlorophenate in water. The dried surface was
temple has been carried out for removal of smoke, preserved and consolidated with two coats of
grease, moss and lichen. An aqueous solution of polymethyl methacrylate in toluene. The work has been
ammonia and non-ionic detergent was used with
completed.
mild brushing. The surface was thoroughly washed
with distilled water. The cleaned surface was treated JAMMU AND KASHMIR
with 1-2% solution of zinc silico fluoride in order
to check the regrowth of micro-vegetation. Finally, 25. K IRAMCHI T EMPLE , K IRAMCHI, D ISTRICT
the cleaned dried surface was preserved and UDHAMPUR
consolidated with two coats of 2% solution of The temple was covered with rich growth of
polymethyl methacrylate in toluene. The work has black and green coloured moss and lichen and patches
been completed. of lime-wash. These superficial accretions were
removed by means of chemico-mechanical method
23. BAJRESHVARI TEMPLE, BADRJNATH, DISTRICT
using a mixture of 2% liquid ammonia and 1 -2% non-
CHAMBA
ionic detergent in water. A solution of 1-2% acetic
This sandstone temple was affected with acid was used for the removal of lime-wash accretions.
micro-vegetational growth and hard lime-plaster. After cleaning, the surface was washed thoroughly
After thorough brushing the surface was treated and was given fungicidal treatment, followed by
by chemico-mechanical method using 1-2% preservative treatment with 1-2% solution of
aqueous ammonia and non-ionic detergent (teepol). polymethyl methacrylate in toluene on dried surface.
The surface was thoroughly washed with water. The work has been completed.
Hard lime deposits from the carved area were
removed mechanically with care. The cleaned dried 26. DERA TEMPLE, MANWAL, DISTRICT UDHAMPUR
surface has been given fungicidal treatment with This ruined temple was covered with moss and
1 -2% solution of zinc silico fluoride and preserved lichen. Deep crevices and carvings, covered with
with 2% solution of polymethylmethacrylate in lime-wash, were dislodged mostly by chemico-
toluene. The work has been completed. mechanical method with utmost care. To eradicate

53S
 ARCHAEOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

the micro-vegetational growth, a solution of 1-2% 2% solution of polymethyl methacrylate in toluene.

ammonia and non-ionic detergent was used, The work has been completed.
followed by thorough washing with water. The
29. KALA DERA TEMPLE II, MANWAL, DISTRICT
fungicidal treatment has been given using 1-2%
UDHAMPUR
solution of zinc silico fluoride. The dried surface was
preserved and consolidated by double coating of This temple was in its advance stage of
2% solution of polymethyl methacrylate in toluene. deterioration and the stone surface was completely
The work has been completed. covered with micro-vegetation and other accretions.
The chemical conservation work was carried out to
27. NAND BABOUR TEMPLE, MANWAL, DISTRICT
eradicate thick vegetational growth using a solution
UDHAMPUR
of ammonia and non-ionic detergent followed by
The chemical conservation work has been thorough washing. The cleaned, dried surface was
carried out in order to save this restored temple from given fungicidal treatment with 2% solution of zinc silico
decay and deterioration due to the deposition of fluoride and preserved and consolidated with a double
micro-vegetational growth, etc. Chemical cleaning was coat of 2% solution of polymethyl mehtacrylate in
done with a mixture of 1 -2% ammonia and non-ionic toluene. The work has been completed.
detergent using gentle brushing. The surface was
KARNATAKA
thoroughly washed to ensure that all traces of
chemicals were washed away. After fungicidal 30. H AZARA R AMACHANDRA T EMPLE, H AMPI,
treatment, the stone surface was preserved and KAMALAPURAM, DISTRICT BELLARY
consolidated by a double coating of 2% solution of
Out of total estimated area of 5052 sq meter
polymethyl methacrylate in toluene.
covering interior and exterior of the main shrine, the

28. KALA DERA TEMPLE I, MANWAL, DISTRICT goddess shrine including Vimana and an area of 70
sq meter was taken up for chemical treatment and
UDHAMPUR
preservation work. The eradication of vegetational
The chemical conservation work has been growth and lime-wash were done using aqueous
carried out with extra care to eradicate thick solution of ammonia, neutral detergent and glacial
growth of micro-vegetation and superficial acetic acid. The work is in progress.
accretions. After thorough brushing with soft nylon
brush, chemico-mechanical method was applied 31. TOMB OF AHMED SHAH WALI ASTHUR, DISTRICT
BlDAR
using 2% mixture of liquid ammonia and non-ionic
detergent in water. The surface was given fungicidal Out of total area of 818 sq m of eastern and
treatment with 2% solution of zinc silico fluoride. southern wall paintings, and an area of 110 sq m has
The surface was preserved with a double coat of been chemically treated during the period under
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

review. The work of chemical conservation of the wind direction, wind speed and rainfall were recorded
paintings was carried out in order to consolidate the for impact analysis studies of these parameters on
friable pigments, filling of lacunae in rendering and building stones etc. The monitoring is still in progress.
filleting of broken edges with plaster of pans. The
chemical treatment was done for the removal of 34. KEDARESVARA TEMPLE, HALEBID, DISTRICT

superficial accretions, bird's droppings, bat's excreta HASSAN

using organic solvents 2-ethoxyethanol, turpentine, In continuation of the previous year's (1996-97,
triethanolamine, polyvinyl acetate and toluene. The p. 309) work, the remaining 1523 sq m area was
reintegration of repaired portion was done with poster taken up for the extirpation of micro-vegetational
colours. The work is in progress.
growth, lime-wash, calcareous accretions, bat's

32. VIRUPAKSHA TEMPLE, PATTADAKAL, DISTRICT accretions etc., from the stone sculptures. The

B IJAPIR chemicals and solvents used were ammonium

hydroxide, neutral detergent, glacial acetic acid,
In continuation of the last year's work (1996- sodium hexametaphosphate, and oxalic acid. Sodium
97, p. 308) work, the remaining 553 sq m area was pentachlorophenate has been used as fungicide and
taken up for removal of micro-vegetational growth, Acrypol P876 in toluene as preservative treatment.
lime splashes, oily and sooty accretions and bat's The work has been completed.
excreta with the aqueous solution of ammonia, neutral
detergent and glacial acetic acid. The cleaned surfaces 35. RANGANATHASVAMY TEMPLE, SRIRANGAPATNA,
on the exterior were given fungicidal treatment with DISTRICT MANDYA
0.5 % aqueous solution of sodium pentachlorophenate
The sculptures and carvings in the entrance
followed by preservation with 1 % solution of Acrypol
mandapa (interior and exterior), tower, small shrines
P 876 clear pellets in toluene.
in the outer circumbulatory passage totalling 5434 sq
33. GOMATESVARA STATUE AND ADJOINING m were proposed for chemical treatment and
MANTAPAS, SRAVANABEI.AGOI.A, DISTRICT HASSAN preservation. An area of 466 sq m was taken up for
the removal of micro-vegetation using an aqueous
In continuation of the previous year's work solution of ammonical and liquid detergent. The work
(1996-97, p. 309), the work of consolidation of is in progress.
bulgings on the left foot of the great statue was taken
up during the period under review. After removing 36. DARIA DAI LAT BAG, SRIRANGAPATNA, DISTRICT
the oily stains, ethyl silicate (of silica content 25%) of MANDYA
sp Gr 0.92 was injected into the holes of the bulges
Conservation work of painting involving the
and this treatment was repeated about thirty times.
consolidation of friable and powdery pigment and
The weather data like ambient temperature, humidity,
the rendering and removal of superficial accretions,

34©
ARCHAEOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

of old translucent preservative, reintegration of algae and lichen crusts from the sandstone sculptural
consolidated areas and final preservation. The surface. About 75 % work has been completed.
chemicals used were 2-ethoxyethanol, methanol,
turpentine, acetate and toluene. 39. DEVUAGADAMBI TEMPLE, KHAJURAHO, DISTRICT
CHHATARPUR
On the ceiling, the joints of wooden panel have
Conservation work of the exterior portion of the
been covered with thin strips of canvas which act as
sikhara and sanctum walls facing south has been done
carrier for paintings. Wherever the canvas strips were
and chemically cleaned with different suitable chemicals.
missing, they were replaced and hanging and folded
Nearly 68% of the work has been completed.
ones were refixed and properly reintegrated. The
work is in progress. 40. J AVARI T EMPLE , K HAJURAHO , D ISTRICT
CHHATARPUR
37. T IPU S ULTAN MAUSOLEUM, GUMBAZ,
SRIRANGAPATNA, DISTRICT MANDYA In continuation of the previous year's work
(1996-97, p. 310), the remaining work of chemical
Work of chemical treatment and preservation of
treatment and preservation has been completed.
painting, an area of 106.5 sq m were taken up for the
removal of old yellowed translucent varnish coat, 41. RAJA BIR SINGH DEO PALACE, DATIA, DISTRICT
consolidation of the rendering in the form of filling the DATIA
lacunae, colour reintegration of filled lacunae and
In continuation of the previous year's work
missing pigment layer and final preservation. The
{1996-97, p. 310),the chemical cleaning of wall
solvents used were 2-ethoxyethanol with turpentine
paintings of the Maharani's makeup room on the
as restrainer, clear picture varnish with suitable dilution
fourth floor of the palace has been continued with
for preservation and poster colour for reintegration.
suitable chemicals and then preserved and
The work is in progress.
consolidated with 2 % solution of polyvinyl acetate in
MADHYA PRADESH toluene. About 20 % of the work has been completed
and remaining work will be taken up next year.
38. CHITRAGUPTA TEMPLE, KHAJURAHO, DISTRICT
CHHATARPUR 42. HosHAiNG SHAH'S TOMB, MANDAV, DISTRICT
In continuation of the previous year's work DHAR
(799(5-97, pp. 309-310), the chemical treatment has The interior cenotaph chamber of the tomb has
been carried out on the exterior south facing wall of been taken up for chemical cleaning of its walls,
the structures comprising maha-mandapa and the jalis and ceiling in order to remove extraneous
entrance porch including sikhara of this temple with deposits of leached out substance as a result of
different suitable chemicals for the eradication of moss. seepage of rain-water. The marble surface was

341
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

cleaned with clay pack method using Bentonite different suitable chemicals and solvents. The work
clay mixed with ammonia solution E.D.T.A di- is in progress.
sodium salt and hydrogen peroxide in an
appropriate ratio. Finally, the surface has been 46. TEMPLE-COMPLEX 45, SANCHI, DISTRICT RAISEN

treated with ammonical water and non-ionic The chemical conservation work has been
detergent. Nearly 20% of the work has been carried out on the exterior of the monument which
completed and the remaining work is in progress. was badly affected due to heavy growth of algae, lichen
and moss. A 2% solution of ammonia mixed with non-
43. ROCK-CUT C AVES, BAGH, D ISTRICT DHAR ionic detergent was used for the removal of these
In continuation of the previous year's work deposits with the help of soft nylon brushes. The
(1996-97, p. 310), the chemical treatment work cleaned surface was given fungicidal treatment of 2%
has been carried out on the wall paintings of the zinc silico fluoride in water. The surface was preserved
eastern cells of Cave 4 for the removal of surface with 2% solution of polymethyl methacrylate in toluene.
accretions with suitable organic solvents followed
Some fractured stone blocks were repaired using
by application of a preservative coat of 2%
epoxy resin mixed with powder of similar stone.
solution of polyvinyl acetate in toluene. Mounting
Nearly 73% of the work has been completed during
work of stripped painting from two columns in
the period under review.
the vestibule of Cave 2 was taken up and the work
is in progress. 47. THE GREAT STUPA, SANCHI, DISTRICT RAISEN

44. T OMB OF M OHAMMED G HOUS, G WALIOR , The restoration work has been carried out in

DISTRICT GWALIOR order to provide structurally sound support to one of

the two unique figures of yakshi, carved in sandstone,
In continuation of the previous year's work
on the north gateway of the Great stupa. The missing
(1996-97, p. 31 1 ), the chemical treatment and
lower legs were replaced by reproductions made in
preservation work of sandstone perforated screens
fibre glass, reinforced polyester resin. Work on the
of the tomb is in progress and nearly 51 % of the work
another damaged figure of the same gateway is in
has been completed.
progress (pls. 211-212).

45. GWALIOR FORT, GWALIOR, DISTRICT GWALIOR

48. BAJARMATH TEMPLE, GYARASPUR, DISTRICT
In continuation of the last year's work (1996- VIDISHA
97, p. 311), the chemical conservation work has The chemical conservation work has been carried
been carried out on the stone sculptures of the Jaina out on the exterior sandstone structure of the temple.
Tirthankaras for the removal of micro-biological The stone sculptures were covered with moss, lichen,
growth, bird's droppings, white-wash coating with algae, lime deposits, dust and dirt. The accretionary
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

deposits were removed with 2-5 % solution of ammonia colours and polyvinyl acetate emulsion. In some
and Ranklene (non-ionic detergent) using soft nylon contoured portions of the sculpture, strength was
brushes. The cleaned dry surface was given fungicidal provided with steel pins.
treatment with 1 % zinc silico fluoride and 1 % sodium
In Cave 10, the chemical treatment of ceiling
pentachlorophenate in distilled water followed by
stone has been carried out by applying paper pulp
preservation. Nearly 30% of the work has been
method dipped in alcoholic solution of sodium or
completed during the period.
ammonium bicarbonate, EDTA and a few drops of
MAHARASHTRA ammonia and allowed to remain in contact for two
hours for the removal of whitish accretion. After
49. AJANTA CAVES, AJAINTA, DISTRICT AURANGABAD
removing the pulp, the surface was washed with
Paintings of the west wall, pillars 1,2,3,4 and 5 methanol using soft nylon brushes. After complete
in Cave 17 and pillars 26,27,28 and 30 in Cave 10 drying the stone surface was preserved with 1.5 %
have been subjected to chemical treatment and solution of polyvinyl acetate in toluene.
preservation for the removal of dust, dirt and thick
50. ELLORA CAVES, ELLORA, DISTRICT AURANGABAD
coats of old varnish and other accretions using mixture
of appropriate solvents in different proportion. After In Cave 12, the conservation work involving
complete drying, the paintings were preserved with fixing, filleting, consolidation of loose painted plaster
1.5% solution of polyvinyl acetate in toluene. The and chemical cleaning of the paintings in the main shrine
work of west wall and pillars in Cave 17 and pillars in of the first floor was taken up during the year. The
Cave 10 was completed. paintings were covered with hardened soot, cemented
dust and dirt. A solvent system having diacetone
The work of consolidation of loose plaster and alcohol, cellosolve, ethylene glycol, di-butyl phthalate,
paintings; filling of holes and cracks; fixing of D.M.F., morpholine, methanol, toluene, butyl lactate,
bulgings and edges with plaster of paris, mixed with n-hexane in suitable proportion and with little ethylene
fevicol or polyvinyl acetate has been carried out in diaminetetra acetic acid was found effective for the
Caves 1,2, 17 and 21. Finally, colour matching was removal of accretionary deposits. An area of 2.75 sq
done using a combination of earth colours. The work m has been chemically cleaned and the remaining work
of filling and fixing of holes and bulgings on the is in progress.
ceilings of antichamber of Cave 2 has been done.
51. CAVE 16, KAILASA TEMPLE, ELLORA, DISTRICT
The mending work was carried out successfully AURANGABAD
in Caves 1,2,3,4,5,6,9, 19 and 26 on the missing T he chemical conser vation has been
portion of sculptures and cracks on the stone with a commenced on the upper exterior stone sculptures
suitable combination of similar stone powder, earth of the main Kailasa Temple, for the removal of

344
ARCHAEOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

micro-vegetation, dust, dirt, and brid's excreta. non-ionic detergent. The cleaned surface was given
Remains of lime-plaster cause the painting surface fungicidal treatment with 2% solution of sodium
to peel off. The loose pieces at the top of sabha pentachlorophenate, followed by preservation with
mandapa were attended to. The lion and the 3% solution of polymethylmethacrylate in toluene.
gopuram portions were fully consolidated. The The hollow joints of stone blocks were filled
loose and about-to-peel off portions of the lime- up with suitable filler, loaded with polymer
plaster have been fixed, filled and edged properly. compounds.
Chemical cleaning was done with a mixture of 2 to
The wall paintings on the interior and exterior
3% aqueous ammonia and aqueous non-ionic
sides of the main gate were effected due to
detergent using coir brushes or soft nylon brushes.
deposition of dust, dirt, bird's and insect's excreta
White calcarious deposits were removed with 1%
and varnish marks. Peeling and loss of small
aqueous solution of acetic acid and washed with
fragments of paintings was also noticed at many
1% aqueous non-ionic detergent with gentle
places. Paint layer was fixed with 3% solution of
brushing. The cleaned dried surface was given
PVA. The chemical cleaning was carried out with
fungicidal treatment with 2% aqueous solution of
diacetone alcohol, cellosolve, methanol, butyl
sodium pentachlorophenate. The treated surface
lactate, etc., in suitable proportion. The cleaned
was preserved with two component systems
paintings were preserved with 1 % solution of PVA
applying first coat of a very dilute aqueous solution
in toluene. A total 64 sq m of paintings and 676 sq
repellin super (potassium methyl siliconate) and
m of stone surface have been chemically conserved.
after it's drying a second coat of 2% solution of
polymethyl methacrylate in toluene. The work is in 53. E LEPHANTA C AVES, G HARAPIRI, D ISTRICT
progress (pls. 213-214). RAIGAD
The chemical conservation of stone sculptures
52. SHANIWARWADA, PUNE, DISTRICT PUNE
of Caves 1, 3 and 4 has been carried out for the
The chemical conservation work of the main removal of salt deposition and dust, dirt which was
gate, either side of bastions and paintings on the cemented at some places. Chemical cleaning was
niche of the main gate and near the booking office done with 2% aqueous solution of ammonia and
of the monument have been taken up. Chemical 1% aqueous non-ionic detergent. Penetrated salt
cleaning was carried out for the removal of dust, was removed with repeated application of paper
dirt, bird's excreta and thick growth of micro- pulp soaked in distilled water. The colour matching
vegetation adopting physico-chemical method using to tone down the effect for restored portion was
2% aqueous ammonia and 1 % non-ionic detergent. also done. The cleaned, dried surface was
White calcarious deposits and graffiti etc. have been preserved with 3% solution of polymethyl
removed with 0.5% aqueous acetic acid and 1% methacrylate in toluene.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

ORISSA treatment using bentonite clay, liquid detergent,

ammonia and H2O2 was also given to the firmly
54. ROCK-CUT IMAGE OF BISHNU, RASOL, DISTRICT
adhered oily accretions. The surface was thoroughly
ANGUL
washed with water. The cleaned surface was sprayed
The chemical cleaning has been carried out for with 2% sodium pentachlorophenate as fungicidal
the removal of dust, carbon deposits and moss etc. treatment. The treated surfaces were preserved with
using a 2% solution of ammonia and non-ionic 1:30 aqueous solution of repellin super. The work has
detergent. The cleaned surface was given fungicidal been completed.
treatment of 2% aqueous solution of sodium
pentachlorophenate and preserved with two coats of 57. MUKTESVARA TEMPLE, BHUBANESWAR, DISTRICT
1.5% solution of poymethyl methacrylate in toluene. KHURDA
The work has been completed. The chemical treatment work was carried out
on the inner portion of' jagamohana of the above
55. CHAUSATTI JOGINI TEMPLE, RANIPUR
temple for the removal of moss and lichen, using a
JHARIAL,DISTRICT BOLANGIR
mixture of 1-2% ammonia and 1.5% non-ionic
The chemical treatment work was carried out detergent. A solution of 1 -2% acetic acid was used
for the removal of vegetational growth like moss and for the removal of lime and oxalic acid was used for
lichen, using 1-2% solution of ammonia mixed with black patches. The cleaned surface was given
1.5% non-ionic detergent by gentle brushing with soft fungicidal treatment with 1% solution of sodium
nylon brushes. At some places hard deposits of moss
pentachlorophenate followed by preservation with
and lichen were removed after longer duration or dilute solution of repellin super. The work has been
treatment covering the affected area with cotton swabs completed.
soaked in liquid ammonia. The treated surface was
given fungicidal treatment by spraying 1 % solution of 58. PARVATI TEMPLE, LORD LINGARAJA TEMPLE
sodium pentachlorophenate and preserved with 1 % C OMPLEX , BHUBANESWAR, D ISTRICT K HIRDA
solution of perspex in toluene. The work has been
The mukhasala and mandapa portions were
completed.
subjected to chemical cleaning using a mixture of
56. CHAUSATHI YOGIIVI TEMPLE, HIRAPUR, DISTRICT 2% solution of ammonia and non-ionic detergent. A
2% aqueous solution of sodium pentachlorophenate
KHURDA
was sprayed to arrest further growth of micro-
The chemical cleaning work was carried out for
vegetation. The cleaned surface was preserved with
the eradication of thick micro-vegetational growth,
two component systems of preservative, using 1:30
dust, dirt and oily accretions using 2% solution of
aqueous solution of potassium methyl siliconate
ammonia with liquid detergent. The clay pack
followed by a final coat of 1.5% solution of

347
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

polymethyl methacrylate in toluene. The work has of dust, dirt and thick growth of micro-vegetation.
been completed. Dilute (1 -2%) solution of ammonia and non-ionic
detergent was used for the removal of these
59. RAJARANI TEMPLE, BHUBANESWAR, DISTRICT
accretions. The cleaned, dried surface was given
KHLRDA
fungicidal treatment with 1% solution of silico
The jagamohana and Vimana of the temple fluoride and finally preserved with two coats of
were chemically cleaned for the removal of 1-2% solution of polymethyl methacrylate in
vegetational growth using dilute (1 -2%) solution of toluene. The work has been completed.
ammonia and non-ionic detergent. The black
patches were removed by oxalic acid solution. The RAJASTHAN
surface was thoroughly washed with water. The
cleaned surface was given fungicidal treatment with 62. M ETALLIC G ATE , B HARATPUR , D ISTRICT
sodium pentachlorophenate and finally preserved BHARATPUR
with two coats of PMMA solution in toluene. The The chemical treatment and preservation work
work has been completed. of this metallic gate which appears to be made of
Ashta Dhatu was taken up for the removal of thick
60. NARASINGHA T EMPLE, LORD JAGANNATHA
coats of green patina and also calcarious, silicious
TEMPLE-COMPLEX, PURI, DISTRICT PURI
and other accretions using different chemicals and
The northern and southern sides of the temple solvents viz. soduim potassium tartarate, sodium
were subjected to chemical treatment for the hexameta phosphate, citric acid and tartaric acid
removal of dust, dirt and vegetative growth with a in suitable concentration. The work is in progress.
mixture of 2% ammonia solution and non-ionic
detergent. Salt deposit on the southern side was 63. GHATESVARA MAHADEVA TEMPLE, BADOLI,
removed by paper pulp treatment. The treated DISTRICT CHITTAURGARH
surface was given fungicidal treatment by spraying The chemical treatment work was resumed on
2% a qu eou s s o lu t i o n of s o diu m the south-west face of the temple for the eradication
pentachlorophenate. The northern side was of vegetational growth, dust, dirt etc., using 3-5%
preserved with 1:30 aqueous solution of repellin solution of ammonia and non-ionic detergent. The lime-
super and 1.5% PMMA in toluene. wash coats were removed with 1 % solution of acetic
acid. The cleaned surface was treated with 2%
61. SUN TEMPLE-COMPLEX, KONARAK, DISTRICT PURI
solution of sodium pentachlorophenate followed by
The southern side of Vimana, inner portion of preservation with 2% solution of polymethyl
garbhagriha and the structure of west plinth were methacrylate in toluene. The work has been
subjected to chemical cleaning for the eradication completed.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

64. LOOSE S CULPTURES AND GANESA T EMPLE, mixed with non-ionic detergent. The cleaned surface
BADOLI, DISTRICT CHITTAURGARH was given fungicidal treatment with 2% solution of

The chemical treatment work was undertaken sodium pentachlorophenate. The surface was

for the removal of biological growth, dust, dirt and preserved with two component systems of
bacterial slime etc., with 2% solution of ammonia and preservative using repellin super (potassium methyl

non-ionic detergent. For lime-wash removal, 1% siliconate) followed by 2% solution of polymethyl

solution of acetic acid was used. The cleaned surface methacrylate in toluene. The work has been

was subjected to fungicidal treatment with sodium completed.

pentachlorophenate and preserved with two

67. KUMBHA-SHYAMA TEMPLE, CHITTAURGARH FORT,
component systems, i.e., first with repellin super in
DISTRICT CHITTAURGARH
appropriate concentration and second with polymethyl
methacrylate in toluene on dried surface. The work In continuation of the last year's work (1996-
has been completed. 97, p. 315), the remaining exterior area of the south-
west face of the main sikhara was subjected to
65. SHRINGAR CHAURI TEMPLE, BADOLI, DISTRICT chemical treatment for the removal of moss, lichen
CHHITTAURGARH and bacterial slime using 3-5% solution of ammonia
In continuation of the previous year's work and non-ionic detergent, rankaline. Lime coatings were
(1996-97, p. 314), the remaining work was taken removed with very dilute solution of acetic acid. The
up for chemical treatment using 2-3% solution of surface was thoroughly washed with plenty of water.
ammonia and rankaline to eradicate the growth of The cleaned, dried surface was given fungicidal
moss, lichen, dust and dirt. Very dilute acetic acid treatment with 2% solution of santobrite and finally
solution was used for the removal of lime. The preserved with two coats of 1 % solution of polymethyl
cleaned stone surface was given fungicidal methacrylate in toluene. The work has been
treatment with 2% solution of sentobrite in water completed.
followed by preservation with 2% solution of
68. S AMIDHESVARA M AHADEVA T EMPLE,
polymethyl methacrylate in toluene. The work has
CHITTAURGARH FORT, DISTRICT CHITTAURGARH
been completed.
The work of chemical treatment and preservation
66. JATASHANKAR MAHADEVA T EMPLE,
was commenced in order to remove the accretions of
CHITTAURGARH FORT, DISTRICT CHITTAURGARH
micro-vegetational growth, dust and dirt using 3-5%
The chemical treatment work was carried out solution of ammonia and non-ionic detergent rankaline.
on the exterior surface of the temple decorated with The lime coatings were removed with 1 -2% aqueous
beautiful sculptures and carving. These were solution of acetic acid using chemico-mechanical
chemically cleaned with 3-4% solution of ammonia methods. The work is in progress.
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

69. SAAT BEES DEORIES, JAINA GROUP OF TEMPLES, sculptures of the exterior walls of Siva and
CHITTAURGARH, DISTRICT CHITTAURGARH Parvati shrines. Chemical cleaning was done
with solutions of ammonia and acetic acid.
The chemical treatment work was carried out
Soluble salts were extracted by paper pulp
on the exterior surface of Saat Bees Deories in order
method until the surface was free from salts.
to remove the micro-vegetational growth and other
The cleaned, dried surface was given fungicidal
accretions using 3-4% solution of ammonia mixed with
treatment with 1.5% sodium pentachloro-
non-ionic detergent. The cleaned, dried surface was
phenate and preserved with 2% solution of
subjected to fungicidal treatment with 2% aqueous
polymethyl methacrylate in toluene.
solution of sodium penta chlorophenate. The treated
surface was preserved with two coats of 1% solution 72. SRI NARASIMHASVAMY TEMPLE, DISTRICT
of polymethyl methacrylate in toluene. The work has NAMAKKAL
been completed.
The chemical treatment work was carried
70. PUNDRIK-JI-KI-HAVELI, BRAHMPURI, DISTRICT out on the ceiling, pillars and walls in order to
JAIPUR remove lime-wash, yellow-ochre, oily and sooty
accretions respectively with 3% solution of acetic
The wall paintings dating back to eighteenth century
acid and ammonia, teepol mixture followed by
AD were subjected to chemical conservation in order
washing with water. The entire surface was
to remove dust, dirt, smoke, cobwebs and old
preserved with 2.5% solution of polymethyl
preservative etc. with soft sable hair brushes. To clean
methacrylate in toluene.
smoke and other deposition, a mixture of various
organic solvents in suitable proportions were used. The 73. BRIHADISVARA TEMPLE, G.K.C. PURAM,
filling of cracks, filleting, edging and consolidation of DISTRICT PERAMBALUR
loose portions were carried out with plaster of Paris
mixed with fevicol. Colour re-intergration was also done The chemical treatment work on the main
to achieve uniformity and proper matching. Finally the Vimana and adjacent walls was carried out for
paintings were preserved with 1% polyvinyl acetate the removal of vegetational growth of moss and
in toluene. The work has been completed. lichen using an aqueous solution of ammonia and
teepol in 3:1 ratio. The cleaned, dried surface
TAMIL NADU was given fungicidal treatment with 1.5%
solution of sodium pentachlorophenate. The
71. SRI MURUGANATHASVAMY TEMPLE,
surface was preserved with two component
THIRUMURU-GANPONDY, DISTRICT COIMBATORE
systems of preservation using Repellin Super
The chemical treatment and extraction of (potassium methyl siliconate) followed by 2.5%
so lu b le salts wer e car ried o u t fr o m th e solution of polymethyl methacrylate in toluene.
 ARCHAEOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

74. ROCK-CUT VISHNU TEMPLE, THIRUMAYAM, organic solvents and their mixture in suitable
DISTRICT PUDUKOTTAI proportion using soft hog hair brushes and cotton
swabs. Finally, the cleaned and dried paintings were
Chemical cleaning of sculptures, pillars, ceilings,
preserved with 1% solution of polyvinyl acetate in
lintels etc., was done for the eradication of lime-wash,
toluene. The work is in progress.
oily and sooty accretions using 5% solution of glacial
acetic acid and aqueous ammonia and teepol in the
77. B IRBAL P ALACE AND J ODHABAI P ALACE ,
ratio 3:1. The entire area was subjected to
FATEHPUR SIKRI, DISTRICT AGRA
preservation with 2.5% solution of polymethyl
methacrylate in toluene. The chemical treatment work was carried out
on the exterior stone surface for the extirpation of thick
75. BRIHADISVARA TEMPLE, THANJAVUR, DISTRICT layers of moss, lichen, dust, dirt using aqueous solution
THANJAVUR of ammonia and non-ionic detergent in suitable
strength. The cleaned dried surface was subjected to
The chemical treatment and preservation of the
fungicidal treatment with 2-3% solution of sodium
main Vimana covering an area of 8986 sq m was taken
pentachlorophenate followed by preservation with 2%
up as an additional work in connection with
solution of perspex in toluene. The work has been
Mahakumbhabhishekam of this temple. The entire area
completed.
was chemically cleaned with an aqueous solution of
ammonia and teepol in 3:1 ratio for the extirpation of
78. BULAND DARWAZA, FATEHPUR SIKRI, DISTRICT AGRA
moss and lichen followed by application of fungicidal
treatment with 1.5% solution of sodium Chemical cleaning of lime-plastered burjis and
pentachlorophenate. Finally preservative treatment was sandstone surface of Buland Darwaza was done with
given using potassium methyl siliconate in 1:20 ratio and an aqueous solution of ammonia and non-ionic
with 2.5% solution of polymethyl methacrylate in toluene. detergent in suitable concentration for the eradication
of thick growth of moss, lichen and algae. After
UTTAR PRADESH fungicidal treatment, 1 % aqueous solution of repellin
super was applied and finally, the surface was
76. KHAS MAHAL AND GOLDEN PAVILION, AGRA
preserved with 2% solution of perspex in toluene. The
FORT, DISTRICT AGRA
work is in progress.
In continuation of the last year's work (1996-
97, p. 317), the painted marble surface on the interior 79. DOME AND WALLS (ON MASJID SIDE), FATEHPUR
of Khas Mahal which had turned yellowish brown SIKRI, DISTRICT AGRA
due to the deposition of year old dust, dirt, smoke, The lime-plastered and stone surfaces were
soot and other particulate matter was subjected to subjected to chemical treatment in order to eradicate
chemical treatment. The cleaning was done with mild thick growth of moss, lichen, dust and dirt by using 2

351
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

to 3% solution of ammonia and non-ionic detergent aqueous solution of ammonia and non-ionic detergent
with the help of soft nylon brushes. The surface was in suitable strength followed by fungicidal treatment with
given fungicidal treatment with 2% solution of sodium 2-3% solution of sodium pentachlorophenate. Finally,
pentachlorophenate and after drying, 1 % solution of the surface was preserved with 2-3% perspex solution
repellin super was sprayed. Finally, the surface was in toluene. Similarly, eastern and western red sandstone
preserved with 2% solution of PMMA in toluene. The walls (interior) were also treated and preserved. The
work has been completed. marble surface of the dome, the burjis and red
sandstone surface of the burji have also been chemically
80. JODHABAI PALACE (INTERIOR), FATEHPUR SIKRI, treated for the removal of yellowish-brown deposition
DISTRICT AGRA of dust, dirt, particulate matter and micro-vegetational
Chemical treatment work was carried out on the growth. The surface was cleaned with mild ammonia
stone and plastered surface for the removal of moss, and teepol solution in water with scrubbing pads and
lichen, algae, dust, dirt and pariculate matter using soft nylon brushes. Thereafter, the marble surface was
aqueous solution of ammonia and non-ionic detergent. given clay pack treatment for the removal of adherent
After thorough washing and drying, the surface was accretions. The cleaned surface was subjected to
given fungicidal treatment with 2 to 3% solution of fungicidal treatment with 2-3% solution of sodium
sodium pentachlorophenate. Finally, the surface was pentachlorophenate followed by preservation with 2-
preserved with two coats of 2% solution of perspex 3% solution of perspex in toluene. The work has been
in toluene. The work has been completed. completed.

81. ITMAD-UD-DAULA, AGRA, DISTRICT AGRA 83. MAIN MAUSOLEUM AND ENTRANCE, SIKANDARAH,
DISTRICT AGRA
The treatment of painted plaster in the south-
west and north verandah has been carried out in The plastered surface of the dome decorated with
order to fix the bulged portions by injecting plaster coloured tiles and red sandstone was covered with micro-
of Paris in dilute adhesive solution. Flaked painted vegetational growth like moss, lichen and algae apart from
layers were refixed with 5% solution of polyvinyl other suspended particulate matter. The arch of the main
acetate. The edges of paintings were fixed to the entrance was infested with beehives. Chemical treatment
ground with plaster of Paris and suitably toned to taken up on the above structures with mild solution of
the colour of the ground. ammonia, non-ionic detergent and some other suitable
chemicals using soft nylon brushes. The cleaned and
82. TAJ MAHAL, AGRA, DISTRICT AGRA dried surface was subjected to fungicidal treatment with
The chemical treatment of the red sandstone wall 2-3% solution of sodium pentachlorophenate followed
facing Yamuna was carried out for the removal of moss, by preservation with 2-3% solution of PMMA in
lichen, algae, dust, dirt and other particulate matter using toluene. The work is in progress.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

84. GROUP OF TEMPLES, JAGESHVAR, DISTRICT ALMORA layers of different types of vegetation using an
The chemical treatment work was carried out aqueous solution of 5% ammonia and non-ionic
on left wing of the temple for the extirpation of thick detergent. The surface was given fungicidal treatment
deposits of moss, lichen, dust and dirt on the exterior to check the regrowth of microphytes followed by
stone surface using a solution of ammonia and teepol consolidation with repellin super in 1:50 ratio. Finally,
in suitable concentration. The surface was given the completed dried surface was preserved with 2%
fungicidal treatment followed by preservation with solution of polymethyl methacrylate in toluene
perspex in toluene. The work has been completed. (pls. 215-216).

85. VOTIVE STUPAS AND EXCAVATED SITE, SARNATH, 87. RADHAY-SHYAMA TEMPLE, BISHNUPUR,
DISTRICT VARANASI DISTRICT BANKURA
The chemical treatment work was taken up on The plastered surface as well as the laterite stone
the stupas situated on the north-east of the Dhamekh surface was subjected to chemical treatment for the
stupa and near the main shrine for the eradication of extirpation of dust, dirt, greasy accretions and micro-
thick layers of moss, lichen, vegetational growth, dust vegetational growth. An aqueous solution of 5%
and dirt using an aqueous solution of ammonia and ammonia and non-ionic detergent was found suitable
non-ionic detergent by gentle scrubbing with soft nylon for the removal of these deposits followed by thorough
brushes. The work is in progress. washing. The cleaned, dried surface was treated with
3% solution of sodium pentachlorophenate as
WEST BENGAL
fungicide followed by application of repellin super in
86. LAL JI TEMPLE, BISHNUPUR, DISTRICT BANKURA 1:5 ratio. Finally, the surface was preserved with 2%
Chemical cleaning was carried out for the solution of polymethyl methacrylate in toluene. The
eradication of dust, dirt, greasy accretions and thick work has been completed.

TREATMENT OF EXCAVATED OBJECTS AND MUSEUM EXHIBITS

88. ANTIQUITIES OF HAZARDUARI PALACE MUSEUM, chemicals. Finally, armours and statues were
DISTRICT MURSHIDABAD preserved with petroleum jelly and rastoline.
(a) Iron objects including armours and statues (b) A Brass cannon was chemically treated
were chemically cleaned for the removal of rust and with sodium potassium tartrate and polished with
other accretionary deposits using suitable methods and brasso.

'Information from: 88-93, the Director Science, Science Branch of the Survey; Dehradun; 94, the Directorate
of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad and 95, the Department of
Archaeology, Government of Gujarat.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

(c) Wooden objects were first fumigated with threaded steel screws for firm grip and fixed with
carbon disulphide and then cleaned with alcohol and epoxy resin. The sculptures were treated with
finally polished with suitable polishing material. Out pyrethrum and sodium pentachlorophenate solution
of two hundred and eight items, seventy-nine items in suitable base to stop insect activity. The insect-
have been treated. eaten portion was reconstructed by a mixture of
sawdust, fevicol, plaster of Paris and matched
(d) Marble statues have been cleaned with clay
suitably. The painted portions on the wooden
pack treatment followed by thorough washing with
sculptures were treated with a mixture of organic
water. Finally, these were allowed to dry and
solvents in suitable portions. Finally, 2% solution of
burnished with son muslin cloth. Out of thirteen items,
polyvinyl acetate has been used as preservative. The
six marble statues have been treated.
work has been completed (pls. 217-220).
(e) Out of twenty-three paintings, seven paintings
90. ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM, HALEBID, DISTRICT
were chemically treated and conserved. Problems like
HASSAN
peeling of pigments, weakening of old canvas, loss of
About four hundred and three loose, reserve
adhesive between lining and ground, deposition of
sculptures totalling 663 sq meter area were treated.
dust, dirt etc. were attended to. The paintings were
The chemical treatment work was carried out for the
relined with new canvas and appropriate adhesive.
eradication of vegetational growth, lime splashes and
Retouching work was also done wherever necessary.
paint marks, filling of cracks, application of fungicide
Frames were coated with gold colour.
and finally for preservation, the chemicals and solvents
89. ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM, VELHA GOA, GOA like aqueous solutions of ammonia, neutral detergent,
(a) The panel portraits were subjected to chemical glacial acetic acid, oxalic acid, sodium carbonate,
conservation to attend to the following problems like sodium pentachlorophenate, acrypol P876 clear
deposition of cemented dust, dirt, peeling of pigment pellets were used. The work has been completed.
layer, yellowing of old varnish and insect activity in
91. E STAMPAGES F ROM EPIGRAPHY BRANCH,
some cases. Mild organic solvents in suitable
MYSORE, DISTRICT MYSORE
proportions were used for cleaning. The gaps were
In continuation of the last year's (1996-97,p. 322)
filled with the mixture of sawdust, plaster of Paris,
work, the deacidification of the estampages was done
fevicol and pyrethrum as an insecticide. Paintings were
using alcoholic barium hydroxide solution until pH value
preserved with fresh coats of diluted picture varnish.
7 was reached after repeated application. The
(b) T he conser vation wor k of wooden estampages were repaired by way of mending the tears
polychrome sculpture was taken up to stop severe and strengthening the edges by striplining. The
insect activity and rusting of iron frame and nails. preservation was done using 1 % solution of polyvinyl
The rusted nails were replaced with strong and acetate in toluence. The remaining work is in progress.
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

92. CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF ANTIQUITIES IN THE 94. The Directorate of Archaeology and
ZONAL LABORATORY MYSORE Museums, Government of Andhra Pradesh,
(a) twenty-five coins received from Thrissur Hyderabad carried out chemical cleaning and
Circle, Thrissur were chemically treated and preservation of thirty-one Victorian silver coins, forty-
preserved; (b) thirty-four coins retrieved from the one punch-marked coins, copper plates, copper idols
excavated site at Kanaganahalli, District Gulbarga, of Jaina Tirthankara, bronze idols besides, anklets and
received from Bangalore Circle, Bangalore, were rings of copper which were received as treasure trove.
chemically treated and preserved; (c) hundred
95. During the period under review, the
copper coins r eceived fr om the Dir ector
Department of Archaeology, Government of Gujarat,
(Epigraphy), of the Survey, Mysore, were chemically
carried out chemical conservation at the following
treated and preserved.
monuments to eradicate micro-organism, vegetation,
moss and oil paints from the affected area. Measures
The chemical treatment of copper coins has been
were also taken to prevent damages caused as a result
done with alkaline Rochelle salt and dilute sulpturic
of termite action.
acid. Lead coins have been treated with Amberlite
resin and distilled water. The preservation of all the 0 Ganga Chhatri, Bhavnagar
chemically treated coins has been done with polyvinyl
ii) Portions of Haveli at Gandhinagar
acetate in toluene.
iii) Lakhota Khota, Jamnagar

93. The holy Quran received from Red Fort iv) Jumma Mosque, Uparkot, Junagadh
Museum, New Delhi, containing about nine hundred v) Gebansha step-well, Pavagadh
pages was subjected to deacidification, fumigation, vi) Temples of Siva and Murali Manohara,
etc. The stiffness, the kinks and folds were removed Supedi, Rajkot
by gentle pressing under mild hot pressure conditions vii) Rock-cut cave, Khambhalida, Gondal, .
before the papers were laminated. The papers were District Rajkot
in much damaged condition and required lot of
viii) Temple of Trinetresvara, Tarvetar, Chotila,
precautions during the restoration process.
Surendranagar

MONITORING OF AIR POLLUTION

1. MONITORING OF TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE regularly, thrice a day, in order to study impact of
HUMIDITY AT AJANTA micro-climatic variation on painted surface.

(i) The temperature and relative humidity have (ii) Cave nos. 9, 19 and 20 were subjected to
been recorded in Cave nos. 1 , 2, 6, 16, 17 and 21 fumigation to have control over insects and pest
1
Information from: The Director Science, Science Branch of the Survey, Dehradun.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

activity using ethoxide gas (a mixture of 10% relative humidity, wind speed and wind direction
ethyleneoxide and 90% carbon dioxide). The gas have been measured in the ambience of Taj Mahal,
was allowed to remain in the airtight caves for about Red Fort and Sikandarah during the period under
36 hours. Different types of insects viz., silver fish, review. This has helped to enforce preventive
flying insects, cockroaches, spiders, bats, rodents, measures and modify conservation strategy as per
Iizards etc. have been recovered dead due to the demand of the situation.
lethal action of ethoxide gas.
3. METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS
(iii) Insecticidal treatment has been regularly (i) The Wind Speed and Wind Direction: Wind
given fortnightly throughout the year to arrest the speed and wind direction which provides valuable
insect activity in the painted Cave nos. 1,2,9, 10, information about the directions and distances of
16, 17 and 19. 2% pyrethrum extract solution the pollutants transported after being airborne. Wind
mixed with kerosene oil has been sprayed in the speed and wind direction have been measured with
cells and floor of the painted caves. the help of Wind Monitor (WM-200). The wind
speed was measured in kilometers per hour. The
2. MONITORING OF AIR POLLUTION AT TAJ MAHAL
wind direction during most of the time was noticed
AND OTHER MONUMENTS, AGRA
to be from the north-west.
Atmospheric pollution has been considered as
the prime contributing factor in the deterioration of (ii) Temperature and Relative Humidity:
monuments. The growth in industries and expansion Temperature and relative humidity which are
of urban conglomeration has resulted in formidable normally known as secondary factors for the
increase in the local levels of aggressive airborne dilution and dispersion of the various pollutants have
pollutants. Air pollution laboratory, Agra is been measured in the vicinity of monuments on
therefore, periodically measuring the major periodical basis. Large variation in temperature and
environmental parameters with the aim to monitor relative humidity are also responsible to create stress
the level of gaseous and other pollutants in ambient in the stone matrix which in turn may result in cracks
environment which are considered to be harmful and/or bulges etc. Monitoring helps to have better
for stone and other building materials of heritage understanding about the interaction of the pollutants
building including World Heritage Monuments with the building material, finally governing the rate
and Sites. of chemical weathering of the stone.

In addition to gaseous pollutants (sulphur 4. PHYSICAL PARAMETERS

dioxide and nitrogen oxide gases), suspended (i) Dust Fall Rate: Dust particles act as a carrier
pariculate matter (SPM), dust fall rate and certain for various harmful constituents of the pollutants and
meteorological parameters viz., temperature, are mainly responsible for abrasion of the stone
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

suitable instrumentation. The concentration of SO2

surface. The dust fall measurement was recorded with and NO, was reported in terms of ug/m3.
the help of suitable instruments and values have been
calculated in metric tones per square kilometer per (ii) Sulphation Rate: Sulphur dioxide gas in

thirty days. converted into sulphuric acid through a complex

mechanism in the presence of calalysts, already
(ii) Suspended Pariculate Matter: Suspended available in the environment through an intermediate
particulate matter which remains airborne for a longer reaction step, i.e., formation of sulphur trioxide. To
period has been measured with the help of High have better understanding of the proviso the sulphation
Volume Sampler and Respirable Dust Sampler. The rate was measured in terms of gms SO3 / m3 using
concentration of suspended particulate matter was suitable instruments and methods.
calculated in ug/m3 of air.
6. In order to study the impact of air pollution
5. CHEMICAL PARAMETERS on the building materials of Red Fort as well as
(i) Sulphur dioxide and Nitrogen gases: SO2 and other structures of the fort, monitoring of ambient
NOX being highly reactive to the marble and other air quality was carried out during the period under
building material as their representative acids have review on the same lines as discussed above.
been measured on weekly pattern using
RESEARCH & ANALYSIS

1. The Chemistry Branch of the Survey carried composition of various constituents for its effective
out extensive studies, research and analysis under conservation done to evaluate the suitability of
these various projects, the details of which are as under: materials for relining purpose.

(i) Samples received from Hyderabad region (iv) A sample of relining material used for the
Siva Keshavasvamy Temple, Pushpagiri, District restoration and strengthening of the canvas painting
Cudappa (Andhra Pradesh), for quantitative of Hazarduari Palace, Murshidabad, West Bengal,
analysis of its various components. was subjected to microscopic and I.R. studies for
the identification of material. Chemical analysis of
(ii) Analysis of ancient lime-plaster samples the sample was also done to evaluate the suitability
from Qutb-Complex, Delhi and Begum Puri of these materials for relining purpose.
Mosque, New Delhi, were carried out for detailed
chemical and physical parameters. (v) Hand-made paper and machine-made
papers were studied under scanning electron
(iii) One lime-plaster sample from Tughluqabad microscope for their morphological and structural
Fort, Delhi, was analysed for the percentage characteristics in connection with the conservation
 ARCHAEOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

of Archival material. Problems of foxing marks were initiated with the preparation of test sample
were also studied to establish a correlation between blocks using soil mixed with hydrophobic materials
physical and chemical changes due to foxing. like lime, gypsum and other inorganic/organic
polymers in different proportions. The blocks thus
(vi) Chemical analysis of a lime-plaster sample,
prepared were subjected to different physical and
from Itmad-ud-Daula, Agra, was done to determine
chemical testing. The studies were in progress.
percentage composition of various constituents.
(b) The growth, drying and dying cycles of
(vii) Two samples of ash received from the
micro-vegetations on the stone surface of monuments
excavated site of Rakhigarhi, Hissar (Haryana) were
from multi-layered cushions according to the type
studied for spectrophotometric identification of
and nature of particular lichen, moss or fungus were
different constituents present in the ash to find out its
studied. The identification of these layers as well as
origin, i.e., whether it is charcoal ash or bone ash.
their behavioural characterisation may provide
(viii) A sample of charcoal from the excavated sufficient information for further studies in the field.
site at Rakhigarhi, District Hissar, Haryana, was For this purpose a peculiar type of lichen growth
also studied using SEM for its morphological and collected from the stone surface of Bhubaneshwar
anatomical characteristics. Studies of the sample and Konarak monuments were taken up as a case
revealed that the sample was wood charcoal, but study and different physico-chemical studies were
the kind of timber could not be identified. in progress.

(ix) A stone sample from Sanchi Stupa, (c) Studies are being carried out to develop a
District Raisen, Madhya Pradesh, was studied with safe yet effective chemical method for the cleaning
the help of SEM for its morphological as well as and preservation of lime-plaster. A new method using
physico-chemical characteristics. bleaching powder was evaluated in the laboratory
which does not involve much brushing thus avoiding
2. (a) In continuation of the previous year's loss of uppermost layer and development of bruises
(1996-97, p. 323) work of modification of mud over the plastered surface. Experiments were carried
adobe, required for repair and filling of cracks in out to develop a suitable method for the consolidation
the monasteries in Ladakh and Tabo (Himachal of lime-plaster and studies were in progress.
Pradesh), the studies for repair of mud-plaster was
considered necessary to check further damage (d) A number of water repellent/preservative
particularly at the time of change of ecology and products based on silane siliconates and silicones have
environment of these regions by providing the mud recently been introduced in the conservation field.
structure a water repellent treatment to develop Studies have been initiated for their evaluation on
hydrophobic character. The laboratory studies terracotta, bricks, stones and lime-plaster etc.

36J
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

(e) Studies are being carried out for the effective selected on the basis of literature, survey and studies
conservation and preservation of wood with modern were in progress.
techniques and material. Tests were carried out on
the specimens having various types of conservation (g) Studies have been initiated to develop a
problems. traditional preservative/protective coating referred
to as vajralepa in literature, used on the stone
(0 The studies on preservation of excavated surfaces of many monuments. The exact recipe of
iron artificts with the use of inhibitors were in this coating is still unknown and is a subject of debate
progress. It has been observed that the rate of among conservation. Studies were in progress to
corrosion is comparatively more in acidic soil as prepare the coating with available natural products
compared to basic soil. Parameters for the studies and literature.
 XI. ARCHAEOLOGICAL GARDENS

KARNATAKA were planted in ascending order from main axis on

either side to enhance the visual effect. The work is in
1. HAMPI-COMPLEX, HAMPI, DISTRICT BELLARY
progress.
During this year, augmentation of irrigation water
at Hampi-complex has been taken up and 4. TAJ MAHAL-COMPLEX, AGRA, DISTRICT AGRA
arrangement to lift water from Akka Gundu waste
To increase the biomass inside the complex for
has been taken up and the work is in progress.
controlling the air and noise pollution, the renovation
work of the shrubbrey boards of inner complex was
UTTAR PRADESH
taken up and completed. Also, to control the
2. MARRIUM'S TOMB, AGRA, DISTRICT AGRA pedestrian movement and to enhance the linear view
To enhance the aesthetic appearance of the of the forecourt of Taj Mahal, the renovation work
monument, the returfing of lawn at Marrium's Tomb of the hedges along the main paths has been
has been completed. completed.

3. MEHTAB BAGH, AGRA, DISTRICT AGRA 5. D ILKUSHA P ALACE , L UCKNOW, D ISTRICT

Pursuant to the directions of the Hon'ble LUCKNOW

Supreme Court to develop a green belt around the The garden development work at the Dilkusha
Taj Mahal in 500 mt radius, to mitigate the pollution, Palace is in progress.
the Horticulture Branch of the Survey formulated
WEST BENGAL
plantation scheme in conformity with the original layout
of Charbagh pattern of the Mughal period, based on 6. COOCH BIHAR PALACE, DISTRICT COOCH BIHAR
evidences found from recent excavations. In all, about
The last phase of the garden development work
twenty-five different species of the trees and shrubs
has been completed.
1
Information from: The Chief Horticulturist, Horticulture Branch of the Survey, Agra. During the period under
review, the Horticulture Branch of the Survey, maintained one hundred and fifty gardens besides developing
thirty-eight gardens.
 XII. PUBLICATIONS

PUBLICATIONS OF THE SURVEY 6. CORPUS INSCRIPTION*™ INDICARUM

1. INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY - A REVIEW
Bharhut Inscription, Vol. II, pt. II and
During the period under review the Survey brought Inscription of the Kalachuri-Chedi Era, Vol. IV,
out two issues for the year 1991-92 and 1992-93. pt. I, have been reprinted.

2. MEMOIRS OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF 7. SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS

INDIA
Two brochures viz., On Care and Conservation
The MASI (No. 97), Further Excavations at and on the Monuments of the Jammu Region were
Pauni by Amarendra Nath was published in addition brought out.
to the reprinting of all the out-of-stock numbers
under this series. 8. MISCELLANEOUS

3. NEW IMPERIAL SERIES An Index to the Annual Reports of the

Archaeological Survey of India (1930-36) and a
The Survey brought out thirteen out-of-stock
Report of the Expert group on Archaeology were
issues under this series in this year.
published during this year.
4. GUIDE BOOKS
OTHER PUBLICATIONS
Monuments of Kerala (in Hindi) was brought
9. GUJARAT
out besides the reprints of two guide books viz., Taj
Museum (English) and Old Goa (English). The Department of Archaeology, Government
of Gujarat, brought out two pamphlets during the year
5. ANNUAL REPORT ON INDIAN EPIGRAPHY
under review. These are on i) Step-Well at Modhera,
Two issues for the year 1986-87 and 1992-93 District Mahesana and ii) Rojadi Excavation, District
have been published during the year. Rajkot.
 ARTICLE INDEX TO ANCIENT INDIA
NOs. 1 - 22 (BULLETIN OF THE ASI)

Agrawala, V.S. _______, Sircar, D.C. and Desai, Z.A.

The Terracottas of Ahichchhatra, 4, 1947 - 1948, Epigraphical Research, 9, 1953, pp. 207 - 232
pp. 104-179
Chowdhury, K.A. and Ghosh, S.S.
Banerjee, N.R.
Plant - remains from Harappa 1946, 7, 1951,
The Megalithic Problem of Chingleput in the Light of pp. 3-19
Recent Exploration, 12, 1956, pp. 21-34
Wood - remains from Sisupalgarh, 8, 1952,
______ , Ramachandran, K.S. and Bose, H.K. pp. 28-32
Amrithamangalam 1955 : A megalithic urn-burial
Cookson, M.B.
site in District Chingleput, Tamilnadu, 22, 1966,
pp. 3-36 Archaeological Photography, 2, 1946, pp. 134-137

______ and Soundara Rajan, K.V. Deshpande, M.N.

Sanur 1950 & 1952 : a Megalithic Site in District The Rock-cut Caves of Pitalkhora in the Deccan, 15,
Chingleput, 15, 1959, pp. 4-42 1959, pp. 66-93

Chakravarti, N.P. Dikshit, Moreshwar G.

The Minor Rock-edicts of Asoka, 4, 1947-1948, Beads from Ahichchhatra, U.P., 8, 1952, pp. 33-63
pp. 14-25
Gairola, T.R.
Chhabra, B.Ch., Rao, N. Lakshminarayan and
Bidri Ware, 12,1956, pp. 116 - 118
Husain, M. Ashraf
Ten Years of Indian Epigraphy (193 7-46), 5, 1949, Preservation of a fragile textile and a miniature painting,
pp. 46-61 13, 1957, pp. 143-145
1
Compiled and edited by Arundhati Banerji with the assistance of Pumima Ray of the Survey.
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

Preservation of a miniature and a wall - painting, 16, Gordon, Childe, V.

1960, pp. 85-88 Megaliths, 4 1947-1948, pp. 4-13

Preservation of Some Ancient Paintings and Gordon, D.H.

Manuscripts, 8, 1952, pp. 93 - 98
The Pottery Industries of the Indo-Iranian Border: a
Preservation of Two Ancient Objects, 10 & 11,1954- Re-statement & Tentative Chronology, W & 11,
1955, pp. 192-193 1954-1955, pp. 157-191

The Red Paint, Lime-washes and plasters on The Stone Industries of the Holocene in India and
Bhuvaneswar and Konarak Temples, 6, 1950, Pakistan, 6, 1950, pp. 64-90
pp. 103- 107
Hora, Sunder Lai
The Weights of the Punch-marked Coins from
Angling in Ancient India, 10 & 11, 1954-1955,
Barwani, 7, 1951, pp. 79-85
pp. 152-156
Ghosh, A.
Joshi, R.V.
Fifty Years of the Archaeological Survey of India,
Prehistoric exploration in Katmandu valley, Nepal, 22,
9,1953, pp. 29-52
1966, pp. 75-82
Rajgir 1950, 7,1951, pp. 66-78
Stone-Age industries of the Damoh area, Madhya
Taxila(Sirkap), 1944-45,4, 1947-1948, pp. 41-84 Pradesh, 17, 1961, pp. 5-36

______ and Panigrahi, K.C.

Khan Bahadur Mohd. Sana Ullah
The Pottery of Ahichchhatra, District Bareilly (U.P.),
Notes on the Preservation of Antiquities in the Field,
/, 1946, pp. 37-59
1, 1946, pp. 77-82
______ and Sarkar, H.
Kramrisch, Stella
Beginnings of sculptural art in south-east India :
a stele from Amaravati, 20 & 21, 1964-1965, The Image of Mahadeva in the Cave-temple on
pp. 168-177 Elephanta Island, 2,1946, pp. 4-8

Ghosh, S.S. Krishna Deva

Re-examination of a Wooden Post from Kirari, The Temples of Khujuraho in Central India, 15, 1959,
Madhya Pradesh, 6,1950, pp. 17- 20 pp. 43-65
ARTICLE INDEX TO ANCIENT INDIA

Krishna Deva and McCown, Donald E. Palaeoliths from the Beas and Banganga Valleys,
Further Exploration in Sind : 1938, 5, 1949, Panjab, 12, 1956, pp. 58-92
pp. 12- 30
Protohistoric Investigation, 9, 1953, pp. 80-102
Krishnaswami, V. D.
Sisupalgarh 1948: an Early Historical Fort in Eastern
Megalithic Types of South India, 5, 1949, pp. 35-45
India, 5, 1949, pp. 62-105

The neolithic pattern of India, 16, 1960, pp. 25-64

Lai, B.B. (Dr.)
Progress in Prehistory, 9, 1953, pp. 53-79 Stone Archaeological Chemistry and Scientific Studies, 9,
1953, pp. 199-206
Age India, 3, 1947, pp. 11-57
Chemical preservation of ancient objects, 18 & 19,
______ and Soundara Raj an, K.V.
1962-1963, pp. 230-250
The Lithic Tool-industries of the Singrauli Basin, 7,
1951, pp. 40-65 Examination of rods of glass-like material from
Arikamedu, 14, 1958, pp. 139-143
Lai, B.B.

A picture emerges—an assessment of the Carbon - Examination of Some Ancient Indian Glass
14 datings of the protohistoric cultures of the Indo- Specimens, 8, 1952, pp. 17-27
Pakistan subcontinent, 18 & 19, 1962 - 1963,
An Examination of some Metal Images from Nalanda,
pp. 208-221
12, 1956, pp. 53- 57
Birbhanpur, a Microlithic Site in the Damodar Valley,
West Bengal, 14, 1958, pp. 4-48 Preservation of mural paintings, 22,1966, pp. 83-101

Excavation at Hastinapura and other Explorations in _____ and Lai, S.B.

the Upper Ganga and Sutlej Basins, 1950-52,10 &
The microlithic site of Birbhanpur: a geochronological
11, 1954-1955, pp. 5-151
study, 17, 1961, pp. 37-45
From the megalithic to the Harappa: tracing back the
Nagpall, J.C. and Agrawal, O.P.
graffiti on the pottery, 16, 1960, pp. 4-24
Examination and Preservation of a Painted Stucco
Further Copper Hoards from the Gangetic Basin and
Head, 15. 1959, pp. 94-99
a Review of the Problem, 7, 1951, pp. 20-39

On excavating a house that was never built \,20& Naqvi, S.A.A.

21, 1964-1965, pp. 206-209 Sultan Ghari, Delhi, 3,1947, pp. 4-10
 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1997-98-A REVIEW

Piggott, Stuart Sarkar, H.

A new Prehistoric Ceramic from Baluchistan, 3,1947, Some aspects of the Buddhist monuments at
pp. 131-142 Nagarjunakonda, 16. 1960, pp. 65-84

The Chronology of Prehistoric North-West India, ______ and Khare, M.D.

/, 1946, pp. 8-26
Kesarapalle 1962, 22, 1966, pp. 37-74
Notes on certain Pins and a Mace-head from
Sen, D.K.
Harappa, 4, 1947-1948, pp. 26-40
Ancient races of India and Pakistan - A study of
Sassanian Motifs on Painted Pottery from North-
methods, 20 & 21, 1964-1965, pp. 178-205
West India, 5, 1949, pp. 31-34
Sengupta, R.
Ramachandran, T.N.
Repairs to the Ellora caves, 17, 1961, pp. 46-67
An Inscribed Bodhisattva Image from Mathura,
6, 1950, pp. 100-102 Sharma, Y.D.

Preservation of Monuments, 9, 1953, pp. 170 -198 Exploration of Historical Sites, 9, 1953, pp. 116-169

Rao, S.R.,Lal, B.B. (Dr.), Nath, Bhola, Ghosh Rock-cut Caves in Cochin, 12, 1956, pp. 93-115
S.S. and Lai, Krishna
Sivaramamurti, C.
Excavation at Rangpur and other explorations in
Gujarat, 18 & 19, 1962 - 1963, pp. 5-207 Geographical and Chronological Factors in Indian
Iconography, 6, 1950, pp. 21-63
Ray, Niharranjan
______ and Roy, J.K.
Archaeology in India today, 18 & 19, 1962 -1963,
pp. 222-229 Museums, 9, 1953, pp. 233-249

Roy, Sourindranath Soundara Rajan, K.V.

Indian Archaeology from Jones to Marshall (1784- Quaternary pebble, core and flake cultures of India-
1902). 9, 1953, pp. 4-28 an appraisal of the data, 17, 1961, pp. 68-85

Sankalia, H.D. Stone Age Industries near Giddalur, District Kurnool,

8, 1952, pp. 64-92
Animal- fossils and Palaeolithic Industries from the
Pravara Basin at Nevasa, District Ahmadnagar, 12, Studies in the Stone Age of Nagarjunakonda and its
1956, pp. 35-52
Neighbourhood, 14, 1958, pp. 49-113.
I ARTICLE INDEX TO ANCIENT INDIA

Srinivasan, K.R. Wheeler, R.E.M.

The Megalithic Burials and Urn-Fields of South India Archaeological Fieldwork in India: Planning ahead,
in the light of Tamil Literature and Tradition, 2, 1946, 5,1949, pp. 4-11
pp. 9-16
Archaeological Planning for India: Some of the factors,
The Pallava Architecture of South India, 14, 1958, 2, 1946, pp. 125-133
pp. 114-138
Brahmagiri and Chandravalli 1947: Megalithic and
Vegetation on Monuments, 5, 1949, pp. 106-113
other Cultures in Mysore State, 4, 1947-1948,
Srinivasan, K.R. and Banerjee N.R. pp. 181-310

Survey of South Indian Megaliths, 9,1953, pp. 103-115

Further notes on digging and recording, 4, 1947 -
Thapar, B.K. 1948, pp. 311-321

Maski 1954 : A Chalcolithic site of the southern

Harappa 1946 : the Defences and Cemetery R 37,
Deccan, 13, 1957, pp. 4-142 3,1947, pp. 58-130
Porkalam 1948 : Excavation of a Megalithic Urn-
Iran and India in Pre-Islamic Times, 4, 1947-1948,
burial, 8, 1952, pp. 3-16
pp. 85-103
_____ , Athavale, V.T., Rao, K.R. and Shahi,R.
The Recording of Archaeological Strata, 3, 1947,
Prakash 1955 : A chalcolithic site in the Tapti valley,
pp. 143-150
20&21, 1964-1965, pp. 5-167
______ , Ghosh, A. and Krishna Deva
Todd, K.R.U.
Microlithic Industries of Bombay, 6, 1950, pp. 4-16 Arikamedu: an indo-Roman Trading - station on the
East Coast of India, 2, 1946, pp. 17-124
Vats, M.S.

Repairs at Agra and Fatehpur Sikri : 1944 - 49, 6, Young, CM.

1950, pp. 91-99 A new Hoard from Taxila(Bhir Mound), /, 1946,
pp. 27-36
Repairs to the Taj Mahal, /, 1946, pp. 4-7

Waddington, H. Zeuner, F.E. and Allchin, B.

Adilabad : A Part of the 'fourth' Delhi, /, 1946, The Microlithic Sites of Tinnevelly District. Madras
pp. 60-76 State, 12. 1956, pp. 4-20