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Index

Index

All entries refer to Ganoderma unless otherwise stated.

Page numbers in italics refer to figures and tables.

Abies infection by Heterobasidion annosum Armillaria 164, 167

145–146 ectypa 218, 219
Acacia mangium Willd. root diseases serological detection by polyclonal
71–79 antibodies 236
Actinomycetes as Ganoderma antagonist Aspergillus 237
85 in forest mycoflora 90
Amauroderma 5, 7, 12, 23, 24 as Ganoderma antagonist 90–91
basidiospores 13 population enhancement by
parasiticum and root-rot disease 76, calcium soil amendment 92
77 atypical fruiting structures
phylogeny 30–31 (AFSs) 15–17
pileus 7 Azospirillum 123–124
amplification fragment length
polymorphisms (AFLP) 227
coconut palm profile groupings Bacillus spp. as Ganoderma antagonist 85
214, 215 basal stem rot (BSR) 49–68
combined with mtDNA profiles affected by climate 191
214–216, 217–218 age of palm and infection 53–54,
mtDNA assessment 209–218 55
testing for homothallic fungi 218 biological control 83, 85–87,
amylate activity of Ganoderma 131, 133, 90–92, 122–127
136 causal agents 52–53
antibodies used to detect Ganoderma current status of Indonesian
infection 249–266 research 249–254

267

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basal stem rot (BSR) continued fungi species used for diagnostic tool
disease resistance in wild stands development study 242
90 fungicide treatment 59, 62–63,
disease symptoms 191 89–90, 126, 127, 251, 252
early detection 58–59 land preparation 60–62
economic importance 53–54, 249 oil-palm residue shredding
geographical distribution 49–51, 110–111
160–161 polybag seedling production 84
height of sporophores on oil-palm pre-felling paraquat poisoning
192 102–103, 109
history of identification 50 replanting techniques 58, 61–62
infection sources 190–191 role of basidiospores 109
influence of previous crops 56, 57 root field trial 107–110
mycelial spread 105, 108–109 stump poisoning 185
oil-palm infection on former coconut stump tissues field trial 102–105
plantation 183–194 bait seedlings 102–104, 106,
oil-palm infection by secondary 109, 110
inocula 193 infected tissue molecular
planting techniques and infection fingerprinting 104–105
58 inoculum source depth 103,
predisposing factors affecting 109
infection 55–58 stump size evaluation
root balls as infection source 118 102–103
root to root infection 105, stumps as source of infection 109
107–110, 114, 192 Sumatran field trials 101–114
soil nutrition status 57–58 systemic fungicides 89–90
soil types and infection 56–57, 60, Trichoderma biofungicide 84–87
207–208 trunk tissues field trial 105–107
sporophore infection 192 see also soil amendment
stump versus trunk infection basidia used in species identification 13
106–107, 110 basidiocarps 4, 7
symptoms in coconut palms 121 colour 26
symptoms in oil palms 51–52, 58, laccate or non-laccate 23–24, 30,
84 40
Thailand oil palm infection 69–70 locations 24, 26
and waterlogged soil 56–57, 60, basidioma
207–208 identification by genetics 164–169
basal stem rot (BSR) infection control morphology 162–163
methods 59–64, 83–88, 170 basidiospores 5, 23, 113–121
biofungicide treatment 84–87, control during replanting 118
251–252 and disease spread 54
biological control 63–64, 83–88, infected palm identification regime
111 117
diagnostic tool development for oil infection process 105, 109,
palm infection 235–250 113–121, 171, 218
diseased tissue excision 62 used in species identification 13, 17
epidemiology 54, 169–170, 235 variations 24, 26, 36
field trial results 108–111 betelnut palms 160
fumigant treatment 63 BSR symptoms 58, 207–208

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mtDNA profiles 214 databases

biofertilizers used for biological control of CABI Bioscience fungus names
BSR 122, 123, 125, 126, 135 database 4
biofungicides 251–252 Duke University 42
application 86–87 EMBL 226–227, 230
preparation 85–86 GenBank 226–227
see also fungicides listings of Ganoderma gene rRNA
biogeography of Ganoderma 40–41 cluster 226–227
breeding disease-resistant oil palm 60, Moncalvo and Ryvarden 5
254 Stalpers and Stegehuis 5
BSR see basal stem rot (BSR) diagnostic tool development for BSR
burning crop residues 77–78, 129–130, detection in oil palms 235–250
191, 251 early infection 236
fungi employed 242
dikaryotic culture studies 196, 198,
calcium nitrate added to soil 92–93, 202, 228
96–97 DNA extraction methodology 241–244
chlamydospores 216, 218 dot immunobinding assay (DIBA)
cladistic classification 5, 6 261–262
clean clearing 58–59, 59, 60–62, 61, drilling diseased oil palm for diagnosis
89, 101–102, 116–117 236
climate affecting disease spread 191,
250
coconut palm industry economic losses Elaeis guineensis see oil palm infection,
157–160 BSR control strategy
coconut palms Elfvingia 5, 23, 24
BSR management 121–128 pileal crust 12
and BSR of oil palms 113, 114, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
116–117, 183–194 (ELISA) 84, 236–239, 245,
BSR symptoms 207–208 256, 262
disease detection by EDTA 236 indirect (I-ELISA) 257, 258, 259,
geographical infection variations 261, 262, 263, 264
193 epidemiology 54–55, 169–170, 235
Malaysian and Sri Lankan palm ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)
contrasts 216, 217 236
mtDNA profiles contrasted with oil excision of diseased tissue 62
palm profiles 211
underplanted with oil palm 62
cover crops 95, 109, 110, 250–251 field sanitation practice 87, 102, 103,
crop mapping 184–190 110, 253
disease symptoms 191 fluorescent antibody technique 58
Ganoderma varieties 190 Fomitopsis cajenderi infection biology
infection sources 190–191 151
methodology 185–186 Fomitopsis rosea 229
mycelial isolations and vegetative fruit-body primordia (FBP) formation
compatibility 189–190 15–17
orientation of infection spread 190 fungal biology population spatial
survey results 186–188 patterns 151
cultural characteristics 13–17, 26–27 fungal mitochondrial DNA 168

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fungal reproductive systems 218–219 hyphae 12

fungicides 59, 62–63, 89–90, 126, 127, intracellular esterase isozymes
251, 252 167
see also biofungicides macromorphology 7–12
pileus attachments 7–9
pileus colour 11
G. adspersum 7 pileus shapes and patterns 10–11,
G. ahmadii 32, 36 12
G. applanatum 5, 12, 35, 39, 40, 52, 190 G. meredithae 12, 37
B clade 40 G. microsporum 12, 28
isozyme examination 167 isozyme examination 167
G. atropicum 33 G. miniatotinctum 52
G. australe 26, 31, 34, 39 palm host 42
G. australe-applanatum complex 34, 39 G. mirabile 12
G. boninense 52, 61–62, 113, 190–191, G. neo-japonicum 3
237 isozyme examination 167
causing BSR in oil palm 83–88 G. oerstedii 11
geographical spread of oil palm G. oregonense 11, 12, 16, 18, 32
infection 205 coniferous host 36, 41
and hardwood stumps 114 G. pfeifferi 12, 34
isozyme examination 167 G. philippii 75, 76
Malaysian BSR infection 183 on rubber plants 75–76
mating system and aggression G. praelongum 32
115–116, 118 G. pseudoferreum 52
oil palm disease symptoms 84 on rubber plants 75–76
Papua New Guinea oil-palm G. resinaceum 11, 16, 31, 32
infection 195, 196–202 complex 36–37
sexual reproduction and genetic G. sinense 26, 34
diversity 201 complex 39
G. carnosum 32 G. subamboinense 12
coniferous host 36, 41 G. tornatum 52
G. carpense 28 palm host 42
G. chalceum 52 G. trengganuense 32, 37
G. colossum 26, 31, 35, 40, 52 G. tropicum 31, 37
G. cupreolaccatum 34, 39 complex 37
G. cupreum 42 isozyme examination 167
G. curtisii 28, 31, 33, 37 G. tsugae 16, 18, 32
G. curtisii complex 37 coniferous host 36, 41
G. encidum 52 isozyme examination 167
G. formosanum 3 G. tsundoae 35, 40
isozyme examination 167 G. ungulatum 12
G. fornicatum isozyme examination 167 G. valesiacum 16, 18, 32
G. lucidum 3, 5, 52, 236 coniferous host 36, 41
basidiocarp characteristics 7, 10, G. weberianum 28, 31, 32, 37
11, 12 G. xylonoides 42
basidiospores 13, 14, 15 G. zonatum 52
on coconut plantations 121–128, G. zonatum-boninense 33, 38, 42
206 Ganodermataceae
complex 16, 36 identification by genetics 164–169

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nomenclature and classification mice used for antibody formation

3–22 256–257, 259–260
taxonomy 162–163 mycelial wash antigen production
gene tree 27–28 256–258
genetic variation study using molecular rabbits’ blood used for antibody
(PCR) survey 195–204 formation 236–237, 258–259
Gigaspora calospora 123–124 specification 255–256
Gliocladium Indonesia
as biological control of BSR 83, 86 current research 249–254
virens in biofungicide 86 diagnostic tool development for oil
palm infection 235–250
intergenic spacer (IGS) regions 196,
Haddowia 24 197, 199–200, 203, 225–226
basidiospores 13 internal transcribed spacers (ITS) 6,
hen’s egg yolk antibody formation 197, 199–200, 202, 203, 218,
258–259 225, 226–227, 236
Heterobasidion annosum 109, 139–156, EMBL and GenBank listings
164, 167 226–227, 230
biogeography 143, 148–149 phylogeny 27, 28–36, 29, 31,
detection by ELISA testing 236 32–35, 40–42
ecological and pathogenicity used for molecular diagnostic
differences 145–146 detection of pathogens
gene flow 148–149 227–232
genus defined 140–141 isozymes 164
host species 140 extracellular pectinolytic pattern
internal transcribed spacer types 165, 166
sequences 142 intracellular 167–168, 227
mating compatibility and pectinase zymograms 146, 227
interbreeding 143–144, 147 pectinases 164–167
morphological differences 145, profiles 25
146–147 ITS see internal transcribed spacers (ITS)
phylogeny of rDNA genes 146
population study 147–150
somatic incompatibility 150–152 laccate characteristic 7, 30, 38
spore dispersal 148, 149, 150, 151 land clearance and replanting see
homothallic fungi species 217–218, 219 burning crop residues; clean
host relationships 41–42 clearing; underplanting;
as taxa identifier 36 windrowing
Humphreya 24 legume cover crops 109, 110, 250–251
Hydnum used for in vitro oil palm Lenzites used for in vitro biodegradation
biodegradation trial 132–135 trial 133
hyphae 12, 14–15 light as growth factor 13–14, 26
Livinstona cochinchineasis 160

immunoassay-based detection kit

production 255–264 macromorphology 7–12
exudate as antigen 258–259 Malaysia
hen’s egg yolk antibody formation clean clearing 101–102
258–259 oil palm cultivation 49–68

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Malaysia continued monokaryotic culture studies 196–201,

oil palm infection on former coconut 228
plantation 183–194 morphological examination of Ganoderma
and Sri Lankan palm contrasts 216, in oil-palm plantings 159–182
217 mycelial morphology 141–143,
in vitro oil palm stem biodegradation 163–164
study 129–138 mycoparasitism 91
manganese-superoxide dismatase
(Mn-SOD) phylogeny 28–29,
29 nomenclature and classification 3–22
Marasmius sp. used for in vitro oil palm nucleotide sequence analysis 6
biodegradation trial 131–137
medicinal use of Ganoderma 3, 4, 6
melanin in fungal mycelium 253 oil palm industry
mice used for antibody formation economic importance of disease
259–260 53–54, 160
micromorphology 12–13 economic status 249
mitochondrial DNA 104–105 oil palm infection 49–68
and basidiospore infection 114 BSR (Ganoderma) control strategy
coconut palm and oil palm infection 83–88
profiles contrasted 211 current status of Indonesian
Malaysian coconut palm infection research 249–254
profile pattern 217 diagnostic tool development
polymorphisms and population 235–250
definitions 227 disease-resistant strain breeding 60,
restriction fragment length 254
polymorphisms (RFLP) 168, on Thailand plantation 69–70
173–174, 175, 176 tissue excision 62
results combined with AFLP oil palm plantations
profiles 214–216, 217–218 Ganoderma characterizations
species identification from betelnut 159–182
palms 214 see also crop mapping
Sri Lankan coconut palm profile oil palm residue
pattern 217–218 animal feed use 130
used for species identification biodegradation 59
197–199, 206, 209, 211, biodegradation ergosterol analysis
212–213, 215–217 134, 135
molecular examination of Ganoderma biodegradation in vitro enzyme
isolates in oil-palm assays 131, 136
plantings 159–182, 225–234 biodegradation respirometry
molecular fingerprinting 104–105, 114 analysis 135–136
molecular (PCR) survey G. boninense in biodegradation trial conclusions
Papua New Guinea 195–204 137
molecular systematics 27 burning 77–78, 129–130, 191,
molecular variation in Ganoderma 251
isolates 205–221 edible mushroom production 130
monoclonal antibody (MAb) enzyme digestibility in vitro trial
development 255, 259–260, 136
261 lagoon submerging 130

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shredding 130 pineapple plantings infection 56

solid-state fermentation 130 Pinus infection by Heterobasidion annosum
in vitro biodegradation weight loss 145
132, 133, 134 Pleurotus djamor used in in vitro oil palm
oil palm roots 256 biodegradation trial 132
infection detection by PCR assay polyclonal antibody (PAb)
241, 243–245 development 255, 256–259
oil palm seedlings 84, 88–99, 106, 107, production 236–239
108, 110 polyclonal antibody anti-exudate
oil palm stem (PAb-aeG) 258–259, 260
Ganoderma resting bodies formation fresh and dried palm leaf tests
252–253 261–263, 264
weight loss from biodegradation polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
133 196–197, 209–210, 226, 230,
Oncosperma filamentosa 160 239–241, 245
organic manures used for biological used for pathogen detection 236,
control of BSR 122–123, 124, 237
125, 127 Polyporaceae genus subdivided 6–7
Orycytes rhinoceros damage 55, 129 Polyporus
used in biodegradation trial 134
Polyporus lucidus 4
palm clade of Ganoderma 33, 38 primers
palm-oil mill effluent (POME) as planting construction 226
medium for disease control 91, GAN1 and GAN2 237, 240–241,
95, 96–97 243, 244
Papua New Guinea GanET 228, 230–232
basidiospores study 113–121 IT3/GanET 104
molecular (PCR) survey of genetic ITS2 228, 229, 230
variations 195–204 ITS3 230
Papua New Guinea Oil Palm Research ITS4 228
Association (OPRA) 227 ITS3/GanET pair 230–232
pathogen spread and geographical ITS1F 228
isolation 219 Pycnoporus used in biodegradation
Penicillium 164, 237 trial 135–136
as biological control of BSR
90–91
population enhancement by rabbits’ blood used for antibody
calcium soil amendment 92 formation 236–237, 258–259
Phellinus random amplified polymorphic DNA
noxius 75–76, 77, 109 (RAPD) 6, 210, 230
weirii infection biology 151 analysis of pathogen populations
phosphobacteria 123–124 196–203
phylogenetic relationships and replanting techniques 58, 61–62
biogeography 36–40 reproductive systems of fungi 218–219
phylogeny 28–40 resting bodies in oil palm stem 252–253
Picea infection by Heterobasidion annosum restriction fragment length
145 polymorphisms data of
pilocystidia 24, 26 Ganoderma isolates 175

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ribosomal DNA (rDNA) 5, 6, 27, 236 Trichoderma harzianum and organic

internal transcribed spacer manures 95, 96
(ITS) variability 168–169, Trichoderma supplementation 93,
174 95
ribosomal RNA (rRNA) vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal
database listing of genus fungi (VAM) 95–96
Ganoderma 226–227 soil fungi population after
used for molecular determination of supplementation 95
filamentous fungi 225–226 soil mounding 60
rice plantations and Ganoderma soil nutrition 57–58
infection 115 soil type and Ganoderma infection 50,
root-rot diseases 56–57, 60, 207–208
on Acacia mangium Willd. 71–79 Solomon Islands basidiospores study
brown-root infection 75 113–121
fungi identification trials 75–76 somatic incompatibility (SI) 150–152,
pathogenicity tests 76–77 171–173
red-root infection 75 in basidiomycetes 150
symptoms and mortality 72–74, testing 210–211
73, 74 somatic incompatibility groups (SIG)
root-to-root infection 54, 61, 169–170, 171, 172, 173–174, 175, 206
192 Sri Lankan and Malaysian result
rubber plantings 56, 75, 76, 160 comparisons 216, 217
species concept 139, 141
individuality 150–151
saprobic isolates 231, 232, 237 morphology in mycology
saprophytic fungi 55, 90 141–143
tested against PAbs 237–239 species tree 27–28
tested against primers Gan1 and sporocarps root disease and A. mangium
Gan2 240–241, 243, 244 75–76
sclerotium plate formation 252–253 sporophores 108
seedlings of oil palms 84, 87, 110 on Sri Lanka coconut palms 208,
bait 102–104, 106, 109, 110 209
in calcium-nitrate supplemented Sri Lanka
soil 93 coconut and betel nut BSR infection
infected by oil palm residues 106, 205–221
107, 108 geographical isolation of pathogens
soil amendment 89–99 219
biofertilizers on coconut plantation and Malaysian palm contrasts 216,
122, 123–127 217
calcium nitrate supplementation Sumatra
92–93, 96–97 BSR control field trials 101–114
calcium supplementation 92, 96 oil palm replanting losses 101
Calepogonium caeruleum 95 systematics 23–45
fungicide assisted biological control molecular 27
93–95 web site 42
oil-palm pot trials of additives
92–97
results 94, 96 taxonomy of Ganoderma 25, 26–27
sulphur powder 95 history 4–7

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tea plants 160 Tsuga sp. infection by Heterobasidion

temperature as growth factor 15–16 annosum 145
Thailand oil palm Ganoderma infection
69–70
Thanjavur wilt see basal stem rot (BSR) underplanting 58–59, 59, 60, 62, 105,
Trametes used in biodegradation trial 184–185
135–136 upper stem rot (USR) 105
trench digging as infection control
measure 60, 61
Trichoderma 64, 237–238 vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM)
biofungicide 84–87 fungi 123
as Ganoderma antagonist 83, used for Ganoderma control 95–96
85–87, 90–91
harzianum 91, 251
in biofungicide 86 Wang extraction method for DNA
used in BSR control field trial 216–244
122–127, 123, 124 water-logged soil and BSR infection
koningii in biofungicide 86 56–57, 60, 207–208
pileal tissue 12 windrowing 58–59, 59, 60, 90,
population enhancement by 110–111, 129, 170
calcium soil amendment 92 coconut trunks in oil-palm
soil augmentation to control BSR plantation 185
93, 95 and pre-felling poisoning 109, 110

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