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Unit 1 - Microprocessor

The document discusses different number systems including binary, decimal, octal, and hexadecimal, describing their bases, symbols, and how to convert between them. It also covers logic gates like AND, OR, NOT, NAND, and NOR, and how they can be used as universal building blocks. Finally, it touches on Boolean algebra, combinational logic circuits, and basic adder circuits like half and full adders.

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Bhoomi Tiwari
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
20 views

Unit 1 - Microprocessor

The document discusses different number systems including binary, decimal, octal, and hexadecimal, describing their bases, symbols, and how to convert between them. It also covers logic gates like AND, OR, NOT, NAND, and NOR, and how they can be used as universal building blocks. Finally, it touches on Boolean algebra, combinational logic circuits, and basic adder circuits like half and full adders.

Uploaded by

Bhoomi Tiwari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Number System

Number System
• Computer treats everything in binary number.
Characteristics of any Number System are
• Base/Radix = number of digits in the system
• Four major of number systems are:
1. Decimal number system
2. Binary number system
3. Octal number system
4. Hexadecimal number system
Decimal number system Binary number system
• In decimal system, base is10 and 10 symbols (0-9) • The binary number system is a
are used. positional weighted system.
• The decimal number system contain ten unique • The base or radix of this number
digits: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 and 9. system is 2 e.g. (10101)2
• e.g. (1245)10 • The symbols used are 0 and 1.
• The value attached to the symbol depends on its • A single binary digit is called a bit.
location with respect to the decimal point.

Octal number system Hexa-Decimal number system


• It is also a positional weighted system. • It is also a positional weighted system.
• Its base or radix is 8. • Its base or radix is 16.
• It has 8 independent symbols- 0,1,2,3,4,5,6 and 7. • It has 16 independent symbols-
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,9 and 10(A),
• Its base 8 = 23 (2 to the power 3) , every 3- bit group of 11(B),12(C),13(D),14(E),15(F). 0r
binary can be represented by an octal digit. 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 and 10- A, 11- B, 12-
• e.g.- (14623)8 and (277.13)8 C, 13-D, 14- E and 15-F
• e.g.- (14ABF)16 and (12.CD)16
CONVERSION FROM ONE NUMBER SYSTEM
TO ANOTHER
Binary number conversion to- OCTAL number conversion to-
1. Octal 1. Binary
2. Decimal 2. Decimal
3. Hexa-Decimal 3. Hexa-Decimal

Decimal number conversion to- Hexadecimal number conversion to-


1. Binary 1. Binary
2. Octal 2. Octal
3. Hexa-Decimal 3. Decimal

Total 12 types to convert the number system into each other


BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM: Binary to
Decimal
• In this method, each binary digit of the number is multiplied by its
positional weight and the product terms are added to obtain decimal number
Example: 1
Example-2

Example-3
Decimal to Binary Number
Example-1
Example-2
Example-3
Example-1
Example-2
Example-1
Example-1
Example-1
Practice Questions on Number System
Practice Questions
Convert the following numbers into corresponding number system
1. (A28.1F)16 = ( )10
2. (378.10)10 = ( )8
3. (431.6110)8 = ( )16
4. (1011000111)2= ( )GRAY CODE
5. (B65.6A)16 = ( )8
6. (101011.1001)2 = ( )16
7. (306.12)10 = ( )16
8. (101011.11)8= ( )2
9. 63 10 = ? 16
10. (001011100010100)2 = (? )16
11. 14 8 = ? 2
12. (𝐹4)16 = (? )2
Example-1
Example-1
Example-1
Example-1
Example:
Example:
LOGIC GATES
• Logic gates are the fundamental building blocks of digital
systems.
• There are 3 basic types of gates AND, OR and NOT.

• Logic gates are electronic circuits because they are made


up of a number of electronic devices and components.

• Inputs and outputs of logic gates can occur only in 2


levels. These two levels are termed HIGH and LOW
1. AND Gate
2. OR Gate
3. NOT Gate
UNIVERSAL LOGIC GATES
(NAND and NOR Logic Gates)
1. NAND Logic Gate
2. NOR Logic Gate
❑ Practice Questions on LOGIC GATES
Design NOT, AND and OR Logic Gates using
NAND Universal Logic Gate

Design NOT, AND and OR Logic Gates using NOR


Universal Logic Gate

Design Ex-OR and Ex- NOR Logic Gates using (i)


NAND (ii) NOR Logic Gates
SOLUTION: Design NOT, AND and OR Logic
Gates using NAND Universal Logic Gate
SOLUTION: Design NOT, AND and OR Logic
Gates using NOR Universal Logic Gate
SOLUTION: Design Ex-OR and Ex- NOR Logic Gates
using (i) NAND Logic Gate
SOLUTION: Design Ex-OR and Ex- NOR Logic Gates
using (ii) NOR Logic Gate
BOOLEAN ALGEBRA
Rules for Minimization of Boolean Expression
Continue..
Examples for Boolean Expression Minimization
De-Morgan’s Theorem
Realisation of Boolean Expression using Logic Gates
Q-1 Realise the Boolean expression using logic gates.
(i) Y=AB+CD (ii) Y= A(B+CD)
Unsolved Questions
Unsolved Questions
Unsolved Questions
Combinational Logic Circuit
• Logic Circuit for the Digital System may be Combinational or
Sequential.
• Output of the combinational Circuits depends only on the present
input.
• A combination Circuits consist of input variable, logic gates, and
output variables.
Block Diagram
• For n input variable 2n possible combination of the inputs.
• For each input combination, there is only one possible output
combination.

n input Combinational Logic Circuit m output


variables variables
Design Procedure
• Problem Statement
• Number of available input variables and required output variable is
determined.
• The input and output variable are assigned letter symbols.
• The truth table that defines the required relationship between inputs
and output is derived.
• The simplified Boolean function for each output is obtained.
• The logic diagram is drawn.
Adders
• Half Adder
• A half adder is combinational circuit with two binary inputs and two binary
outputs.
• It adds two input bits and produced the sum and carry bits.
• Full Adder
• A full adder circuit adds two bits and carry and outputs and a sum bit and a
carry bit.

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