Computer Networks (CN)

GTU #3150710

Unit-1:
Introduction to
Computer Networks
& Internet
Prof. Maulik D Trivedi
Computer Engineering
Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology, Rajkot
maulik.trivedi@ darshan.ac.in
+ 9 1-9 9 9 8 2 6 58 05
 OLooping
utline
• What is Computer Network?
• Advantages of Computer Network
• Applications of Computer Network
• Type of Computer Network
• What is Internet?
• The Network Edge & The Network Core
• Transmission Media
• Network Topologies
• Protocol Layers
• Delay, Loss & Throughput
What is Computer Network?
Computer Network is a system in which multiple computers are connected to each
other to share information and resources.

Network
Wireless
Devices

Computers

Wired

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 3
Advantages of Computer Network

File Sharing Flexible Access

Better
Entertainment
Communication

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Advantages of Computer Network

Internet Access Inexpensive System

Instant and Multiple Access Resource Sharing

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Applications of Computer Network

Email Services Teleconferencing

Business & Finance File & Directory Services

& Many More… .

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Types of Computer Network
Computer networks can be categories by their size as well as their purpose.
The size of a network can be expressed by the geographic area.
Some of the different networks based on size are:

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 7
Local Area Network
A local area network (LAN) is a computer network that interconnects computers
within a limited area such as a residence, school, laboratory, university campus or
office building.

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Metropolitan Area Network
A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a computer network that interconnects with computer
in a metropolitan area like city.
MAN is a larger than LAN but smaller than the area covered by a WAN.
It is also used to interconnection of several local area network.

Navagam
Morbi

Rajkot

Shapar

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Wide Area Network
A wide area network (WAN) is a computer network that exists over a large-scale
geographical area.
A WAN connects different networks, including local area networks (LAN) and
metropolitan area networks (MAN).
It may be located with in a state or a country or it may be interconnected around the
world.

Asia

America

Africa

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 10
Types of Computer Networks - Summary

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Types of Computer Networks - Summary
Comparison LAN MAN WAN
Full Name Local Area Network Metropolitan Area Network Wide Area Network
Meaning A network that connects a It covers relatively large It spans large locality &
group of computers in a region such as cities, towns connects countries together.
small geographical area e.g. Internet

O wnership of Network Private Private or Public Private or Public (V PN)

Design and Maintenance Easy Difficult Difficult

Propagation Delay Short Moderate Long

Speed H igh Moderate Low

Eq uipment Used NIC, Switch, H ub Modem, Router Microwave, Radio

Transmitter & Receiver
Range(Approximately) 1 to 10 km 10 to 100 km Beyond 100 km
Used for College, School, H ospital Small towns, City State, Country, Continent

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What is Internet?
The internet is a type of world-wide computer network.
The internet is the collection of infinite numbers of connected computers that are
spread across the world.
Mobile Network

Network Components Global ISP

PC
H ome
Network
server Regional ISP
wireless
links

wireless Wired link

laptop

smartphone router

Institutional
Network
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What is Protocol?
H uman Protocol(Language) Network Protocol
 “what’s the time?”  Set of rules
 “I have a q uestion”  Machines rather than humans.
 Introduction Talk  All communication activity in
Internet governed by protocols.

Protocol is define
format, order of
message that sent and
received among
network entities, and
actions taken on
message transmission
and reception.

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The Network Edge
Computers and other devices are connected at the edge (end) of the network.
These computers are known as hosts or end systems. Router is known as edge router.

mobile network
Global ISP

H ome
Network Regional ISP

Institutional
Network
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Peer to Peer Network
Computers are connected together so that users can share resources and
information.

There is no central server for authenticating users, each of them works as both client
and server.
e.g. Bit Torrent

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Client – Server Network
Client: Req uest servers for a task.
 Generally called desktop PCs or workstations.
Server: Receive req uests from the clients. Process and response them.
 e.g. Web Server, Email Server

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The Network Core
Defines the connection of different network segments together and process to
transmit data packets across the network.
It is implemented through the use of switching techniq ues.

Switched
Networks

Circuit-Switched Packet-Switched
Networks Networks

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Circuit Switched Network
A dedicated channel has to be established before the call is made between users.
The channel is reserved between the users till the connection is active.
For half duplex(one way) communication, one channel is allocated and for full
duplex(two way) communication, two channels are allocated.
It is mainly used for voice communication req uiring real time services without delay.

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 19
Circuit Switched Network – Cont…
Communication via circuit switching involves three phases:
1. Circuit Establishment
2 . Data Transfer
3. Circuit Disconnect

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Packet Switched Network
It is not req uired to establish the connection initially.
The connection/channel is available to use by users. But when traffic or number of
users increases then it will lead to congestion in the network.
Packet switched networks are mainly used for data and voice applications req uiring
non-real time scenarios.

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Differences
Circuit Switching Packet Switching
Dedicated path between source and No dedicated path
destination
All packets use same path Packets travel independently
Reserve the entire bandwidth in advance Does not reserve bandwidth
Bandwidth wastage No bandwidth wastage
No store and forward transmission Supports store and forward
transmission

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Switching Network

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Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 24
Transmission Media
Transmission Media
A transmission media can be defined as any medium that can carry information from
a source to a destination.

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Guided Media
Guided media are those that provide a wired - channel from one device to another.
Three Guided media commonly used for data transmission are:

Twisted Pair Cable Coaxial Cable Fiber O ptic Cable

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 Twisted Pair Cable
Separately insulated
Twisted together
It is widely used in different kinds of data and voice infrastructure.
The use of two wires twisted together helps to reduce crosstalk and electromagnetic
induction.
Two types of twisted pair cable:

UTP STP
(Unshielded Twisted Pair) (Shielded Twisted Pair)

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 Twisted Pair Cable – Cont…
UTP(Unshielded Twisted Pair)
 O rdinary telephone wires
 Less expensive
 Weak immunity against noise & interferences
 Most used in two categories: Cat-3 & Cat-5
 Used in laboratory
STP(Shielded Twisted Pair)
 An extra metallic shield on each pair
 Relatively more expensive
 Better performance than UTP
 Used in exterior network(outside of building).

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 Coaxial Cable
Insulator

Inner
Plastic Conductor
O uter
cover
conductor
(shield)
O uter conductor is braided shield.
Inner conductor is solid metal.
Separated by insulating material, and whole cover by plastic cover.
Used in television, long distance telephone transmission.
H igh bandwidth and excellent noise immunity.
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 Fiber O ptic Cable
A fiber-optic cable is made of glass or plastic and
transmits signals in the form of light.
Light travels in a straight line as long as it is moving
through a single uniform substance.
It is surrounded by a cladding of less dense glass or
plastic so, difference in density of the two materials
must be such that a beam of light moving through the
core is reflected off the cladding instead of being
refracted into it.
It use reflection to guide light through a channel.
Small size & Weight
Used in high bandwidth network
H igh data rate & lower attenuation

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Unguided Media
Unguided media transmit electromagnetic waves without using a physical conductor.
This type of communication is often referred to as wireless communication.
1. Radio wave
2 . Microwave
3. Infrared Wave

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Radio wave

H ighly regulated
O mni directional antennas
Penetrate through walls
The sending and receiving antennas need not be aligned.
Freq uency Range:3K H z – 1GH z.
It used for multicast communications, AM and FM radios and cordless phones use Radio
waves for transmission.
 Categorized as (i) Terrestrial and (ii) Satellite.

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Microwave
Use directional antennas - point to point line of sight communications.
Microwave communication.
Used for unicast communication such as cellular telephones, satellite networks.
H igher freq uency ranges cannot efficiently penetrate walls.
Freq uency Range: 1GH z – 300GH z.

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Infrared wave
Infrared signals can be used for short-range communication in a closed area using
line-of-sight propagation
Used on televisions, V CRs, and stereos all use infrared communication.
Relatively directional
Cheap, easy to build but they do not pass through solid objects

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Network Topologies
Network Topologies
Network topology is the arrangement of the various components (links, nodes,
etc.) of a computer network.
Types of network topologies :
1. Bus
2. Ring
3. Star
4. Mesh
5. Tree
6. H ybrid

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Bus Topology
Every computer and network device is connected
to single cable
It transmits data only in one direction.
Cost effective
Used in small networks
Easy to expand joining two cables together
It is used in early LAN connection

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Ring Topology
It forms a ring as each computer is connected to
another computer, with the last one connected to
the first.
Transmission is unidirectional & seq uential way
that is bit by bit.
Transmitting network is not affected by high traffic
or by adding more nodes, as only the nodes having
tokens can transmit data.
Cheap to install and expand.

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Star Topology
Computers are connected to a single central hub
through a cable.
Fast performance with few nodes and low network
traffic.
Easy to troubleshoot & Easy to setup and modify.
O nly that node is affected which has failed rest of
the nodes can work smoothly.
H ub can be upgraded easily.

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Mesh Topology
Point-to-point connection to other devices or fully
connected.
Traffic is carried only between two connected devices.
Robust, costly but not flexible.
Fault is diagnosed easily.
More cable resource used in setup.

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Tree Topology

It has a root node and all other nodes are connected to it forming a hierarchy.
Also called hierarchical topology.
Mostly used in Wide Area Network – WAN.
Expansion of nodes is possible and easy.
Easily managed and maintained.

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H ybrid Topology

A network structure whose design contains more than one topology is said to be
hybrid topology.
It is a combination of two or more topologies.
Flexible & reliable as error detection and easy to troubleshoot.
Scalable as size can be increased easily.

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 43
Comparison of Topologies
Bus Ring Star Mesh Tree
Means every Each All the All the It has a root
computer and computer is computers are network node and all
network connected to connected to nodes are other nodes
device is another, with a single hub connected to are connected
connected to the last one through a each other. to it forming a
single cable. connected to cable. hierarchy.
the first.
Cost Average Cheap H igh H igh H igh
Used in Small Expand Small Network Expand Expand
Network Network Network Network
Troubleshoot Easy, But Difficult; Easy; Difficult; Easy;
Cables fail Failure of one If the hub fails Installation Central root
then whole computer then the whole and hub fails,
network fails. disturbs the network is configuration network fails.
whole down. is difficult.
network.

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Protocol Layers
Protocols Layers
To deals with connecting systems that are open for communication with other
systems.
O SI Layer Model (O pen Systems Interconnection)
Developed by the International Standards O rganization (ISO ) with seven different
layers.
1. Physical Layer
2. Data Link Layer
3. Network Layer
4. Transport Layer
5. Session Layer
6. Presentation Layer
7. Application Layer

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Example – Air Plane Travel

Departure Arrival

ticket (purchase) ticket (complain)

baggage (check) baggage (claim)

gates (load) gates (unload)

runway takeoff runway landing

airplane routing airplane routing

airplane routing

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 47
H ow O SI Layer Works?

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 48
Physical Layer

The physical layer is responsible for movements of individual bits from one hop
(node) to the next.

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 49
Physical Layer – Cont…
Carries the bit stream over a physical media.
Physical Layer is concerned with:
 Interface and Medium like guided cables
 Representation of bits
 Data rate
 Synchronization of bits
 Line configuration
 Physical topology
 Transmission mode

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 50
Data Link Layer

The data link layer is responsible for moving frames from one hop (node) to the next.

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Data Link Layer – Cont…
Data link layer is concerned with:
 Framing – divide bits stream into data unit (frame)
 Physical addressing
 Flow control – avoid over overwhelming
 Error control – bit loses, retransmission
 Access control

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Network Layer

The network layer is responsible for the delivery of individual packets from the
source host to the destination host.

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 53
Network Layer – Cont…
In this layer, packet is combined with header and data.
In case of data link layer, packet delivers on the same network.
If two different networks are connected then packet is concern with network layer.
Network layer is concerned with:
 Logical addressing e.g. 19 2 .16 8 .1.1 (IP Address)
 Routing

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 54
Transport Layer

The transport layer is responsible for the delivery of a message from one process to
another.

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Transport Layer – Cont…
This layer ensures that the whole message arrives intact and in order.
Transport layer is concerned with:
 Service-point addressing (port address)
 Segmentation and Reassembly
 Connection Control
 Flow and Error Control

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 56
Session Layer

The session layer is responsible for dialog control and synchronization.

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Session Layer – Cont…
This layer is network dialog controller – establishes, maintains, synchronizes the
interaction among computers.
Session layer is concerned with:
 Dialog control
 Synchronization

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Presentation Layer

The presentation layer is responsible for translation, compression, and encryption.

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Presentation Layer – Cont…
This layer is concerned with the syntax which refers to order in which data is
presented and semantics helps in interpreting a particular pattern.
Presentation layer is responsible for:
 Translation
 Encryption
 Compression

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Application Layer

The application layer is responsible for providing services to the user.

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Application Layer – Cont…
This layer provides various services like:
 Network virtual terminal
 File transfer, access and management
 Mail services
 Directory services

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Summary – O SI Layer

To allow access to
Application network resource
To translate, encrypt
and compress data Presentation
To establish, manage
and terminate
To provide reliable Session sessions
process-to-process
message delivery and Transport
error recovery To move packets from
source to destination;
Network To provide
To organize bits into internetworking
frames;To provide Data link
hop-to-hop delivery To transmit bits over a
medium;To provide
Physical
mechanical & electrical
specification

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TCP/IP Reference Model
(Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)

 It was originally defined as having five layers:

 TCP/IP is a set of protocols developed to allow cooperating computers to share
resources across the network.
1. Application Layer
2. Transport Layer
3. Network Layer
4. Data Link Layer
5. Physical Network

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TCP/IP Model Architecture

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Comparison

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Difference - O SI Model and TCP/IP Protocol Layers
O SI TCP/IP
(O pen System Interconnection) (Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol)

 It has 7 layers  It has 5 layers

O SI Model
&  O SI provides layer functioning and also  TCP/IP model is more based on
defines functions of all the layers protocols and protocols are not flexible
TCP/IP with other layers
Protocol Layer  Follows horizontal approach  Follows vertical approach

 O SI model has a separate presentation  TCP/IP doesn’t have a separate

layer presentation layer

 O SI model has a problem of fitting the  TCP/IP model does not fit any
protocols in the model protocol

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Majors between O SI Model and TCP/IP Protocol Layers
O SI TCP/IP
(O pen System Interconnection) (Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol)

 Network layer of O SI model provide both  The Network layer in TCP/IP model
O SI Model connection oriented and connectionless provides connectionless service
service
&
 O SI provides layer functioning and also  TCP/IP model is more based on
TCP/IP defines functions of all the layers protocols and protocols are not flexible
Protocol Layer with other layers
 Protocols are hidden in O SI model and  In TCP/IP, replacing protocol is not easy
are easily replaced as the technology
changes
 O SI model defines services, interfaces  In TCP/IP, it is not clearly separated its
and protocols very clearly and makes services, interfaces and protocols
clear distinction between them
 In O SI model the transport layer  In TCP/IP model the transport layer does
guarantees the delivery of packets not guarantees delivery of packets

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 68
Protocol Layers: Summary

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Delay, Loss & Throughput
Delay
 As a packet travels from one node (host or router) to the subseq uent node (host or
router) along this path, the packet suffers from several types of delays at each node
along the path.

dnodal = dproc + dq ueue + dtran + dprop

Where

dnoda = Total Delay

l

dproc = Processing Delay

dq ueu = Q ueuing Delay
e

dtran = Transmission Delay

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi dprop = Propagation Delay
#3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 70
Delay – Cont…
Processing Delay (dproc)
 The time req uired to examine the packets header and determine where to direct the packet.
 To check bit level error
 Determine output link
 Delay in terms of microseconds

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 71
Delay – Cont…
Q ueuing Delay (dq ueue)
 A time to wait at output link for transmission.
 Depends on congestion level of router.
 If q ueue is empty, then delay will be zero.
 If q ueue is full (heavy traffic) then delay will be long.
 Delay in terms of microsecond to millisecond.

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Delay – Cont…
Transmission Delay (dtran = L/R)
 An amount of time req uired for the router to transmit the packet.
 It is depending on packet length(L) and transmission rate(R) of link.

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 73
Delay – Cont…
Propagation Delay (dprop= d/s)
 A time req uired to propagate from the beginning of the link to router B.
 Depends on the length of physical medium(d) link and propagation speed(s) of link
 Delay in terms of millisecond.

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Sum
In this problem, we consider sending real-time voice from H ost A to H ost B over a
packet-switched network (V oIP).
H ost A converts analog voice to a digital 6 4 kbps bit stream on the fly.
H ost A then groups the bits into 56 -byte packets.
There is one link between H osts A and B; its transmission rate is 2 Mbps and its
propagation delay is 10 msec.
As soon as H ost A gathers a packet, it sends it to H ost B. As soon as H ost B receives
an entire packet, it converts the packet’s bits to an analog signal.
H ow much time elapses from the time a bit is created (from the original analog
signal at H ost A) until the bit is decoded (as part of the analog signal at H ost B)?

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 75
Solution
Since this is a packet switched network, the data will be transmitted packet by
packet. A packet is 56 byte and the analog to digital conversation rate is 6 4 kbps.
Thus the preparing time Tp for a packet is (56 *8 )/(6 4 *1000)= 0.007 s = 7 ms.
The transition time Dtrans for a packet is (56 *8 )/(2 *1000*1000) = 0.0002 2 4 s =
0.2 2 4 ms. Tprop = 10ms
Finally, the total time elapses from the time a bit is create until the bit is decoded is
Tp+ Dtrans+ Tprop= 7+ 0.2 2 4 + 10 = 17.2 2 4 ms

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 76
Packet Loss
Packet loss is the failure of one or more transmitted packets to arrive at their
destination.
The loss of data packets depends on the switch q ueue/buffer. The loss of data
packets increases with the increases in the traffic intensity.
It affects the performance
of the network.

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 77
Throughput
Throughput or Network Throughput is the rate of successful message delivery over a
communication channel.
Throughput is measured in bits(data) per second (bit/s or bps)

server, with link capacity link capacity Client

file of F bits Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec
send to client

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 78
H istory of Computer Networks
19 6 1-19 72 : The development of Packet Switching
19 72 -19 8 0 : Proprietary Network and Internetworking
19 8 0-19 9 0 : A Proliferation of Networks
19 9 0s : The Internet Explosion
Recent Developments…

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 79
O utline - Revised
What is Computer Network? Connected each other
Advantages of Computer Network
Applications of Computer Network
Type of Computer Network LAN, MAN, WAN
What is Internet? Infinite nos. of connected computers across the world
What is Protocol? Set of Rules
The Network Edge H ost-end system & edge router
The Network Core Circuit Switched & Packet Switched
Transmission Media Guided- Wired & Unguided-Wireless
Network Topologies Bus, Ring, Star, Mesh, Tree, & H ybrid
Protocol Layers O SI Layer & TCP/IP Layer
Delay, Loss & Throughput
Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 80
 Computer Networks (CN)
GTU #3150710

Thank
You

Prof. Maulik Trivedi

Computer Engineering Department
Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology, Rajkot
maulik.trivedi@ darshan.ac.in
9 9 9 8 2 6 58 05