Rate of chemical reaction

Tuesday, August 22, 2023 7:22 AM

Chemical reaction
It is the breaking down of bonds in reactants and forming new bonds in products.
Rate of reaction
It is the rate of disappearance of reactants or the appearance of products.

Chemistry First term 24 Page 1

Chemistry First term 24 Page 2
Factors affect the rate of reaction
Wednesday, September 6, 2023 10:22 AM
1. Concentration of reactants
As the concentration of
reactants are increased, the
collision between them is
increased so more products are
formed.

The effect of pressure

In case of gaseous reactants as the pressure
is increased the rate of reaction becomes
faster due to the increasing of collision
between gaseous particles.
The increasing of pressure in case of solid or
liquid reactants have no effect on the rate of
reaction.

Surface area
Powdered sugar (larger surface area)
Crystal sugar (smaller surface area)
As the surface area of reactants are
increased the collision between them are
increased and the reaction becomes faster.

Chemistry First term 24 Page 3

 1. a, the rate of reaction becomes faster
because halving the volume acts as
increasing pressure so more collision takes
place.
b. The same as (a)

Because when the reaction becomes faster,

the concentration of hydrochloric acid drop
in shorter time giving product faster.

Choose
1. What is the effect of increasing the
temperature on the rate of most chemical
reactions?
a. It decreases the rate
b. It has no effect on the rate
c. It increases the rate
d. It depends on the specific reaction

Chemistry First term 24 Page 4

 d. It depends on the specific reaction

2. Which factor is responsible for the

increased rate of a chemical reaction when
you increase the concentration of reactants?
a. Decreased collision frequency
b. Reduced reaction order
c. Increased collision frequency
d. Greater activation energy

3. When a catalyst is added to a chemical

reaction, what effect does it have on the
rate of the reaction?
a. It decreases the rate
b. It increases the rate
c. It has no effect on the rate
d. It changes the stoichiometry of the
reaction

4. What happens to the rate of a chemical

reaction when you decrease the particle size
of a solid reactant?
a. The rate increases
b. The rate decreases
c. The rate remains the same
d. The rate becomes unpredictable

5. Which of the following factors can alter

the rate of reaction by changing the
orientation of colliding molecules?
a. Concentration
b. Pressure
c. Temperature
d. Catalyst

6. In a chemical reaction, which factor can

affect the rate by changing the number of
effective collisions?
a. Pressure
b. Activation energy
c. Surface area
d. Enthalpy change

7. What effect does an increase in pressure

have on the rate of a gas-phase chemical
reaction?

Chemistry First term 24 Page 5

 reaction?
a. It decreases the rate
b. It has no effect on the rate
c. It increases the rate
d. It depends on the type of gas

Answers:
1. c. It increases the rate
2. c. Increased collision frequency
3. b. It increases the rate
4. a. The rate increases
5. d. Catalyst
6. c. Surface area
7. c. It increases the rate

Chemistry First term 24 Page 6

The effect of temperature of the rate of reaction
Thursday, September 7, 2023 8:00 AM

Higher temperature increases

the amount of molecules which
activation energy to do the
reaction, lower temperature
make less molecules which are
able to complete the reaction.

Why rising of temperature increases the rate of reaction?

- Because the temperature increases the kinetic energy of
molecules so more collision takes place between reactants
producing more products.

Chemistry First term 24 Page 7

The effect of catalyst
Wednesday, September 13, 2023 10:27 AM

Pages from
Grade 12 ...

Chemistry First term 24 Page 8

Chemistry First term 24 Page 9
Chemistry First term 24 Page 10
C7H6O3+C4H6O3 C9H8O4+C2H4O2
Chemistry First term 24 Page 11
C7H6O3+C4H6O3 C9H8O4+C2H4O2
Calculate the atom economy of aspirin preparation

Atom economy = molecular mass of desired

product / total molecular mass of products *
100

Find the atom economy of the following reaction:

Ethanol --> Ethene + water

Ethene is a desired product

C2H5OH ----> C2H4 + H2O

Chemistry First term 24 Page 12
C2H5OH ----> C2H4 + H2O

Atom economy = desired product/sum of all products *100

Atom economy = (2x12+4x1) 28 /(28+18) *100 = 73.6%

Find the atom economy , iron is a desired element

(balance equation first)

Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2

Find the atom economy , ethanol is a desired product

C2H4 + H2O C2H5OH

Na2S2O3 + HCl --> NaCl + S + H2O + SO2

Sulfur is a desired product, calculate atom
economy.

Chemistry First term 24 Page 13

Revision
Wednesday, September 20, 2023 10:20 AM

List factors that affect the rate of the chemical reactions with explanation.
1. Concentration of Reactants: An increase in the concentration of reactants typically
leads to a faster reaction rate. This is because a higher concentration provides more
reactant particles, increasing the frequency of collisions between them.
2. Temperature: Higher temperatures generally result in faster reaction rates. This is
due to the increased kinetic energy of the particles, which leads to more energetic
collisions and a higher likelihood of successful reactions.
3. Surface Area: In reactions involving solids, a larger surface area of the solid
reactant can accelerate the reaction. This is because more surface area allows for
more frequent collisions with other reactant particles.
4. Catalysts: Catalysts are substances that increase the rate of a chemical reaction
without being consumed in the process. They work by providing an alternative reaction
pathway with a lower activation energy.
5. Presence of a Catalyst: The presence of a catalyst can significantly speed up a
reaction by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur.
Catalysts provide an alternative reaction mechanism that requires less energy.
6. Pressure: For gaseous reactions, an increase in pressure can lead to a faster
reaction rate. This is especially relevant for reactions involving gases because higher
pressure increases the concentration of gas molecules, leading to more collisions.
7. Nature of Reactants: The chemical nature of the reactants matters. Some
reactions naturally occur faster due to the inherent reactivity of the substances
involved.
8. Presence of Inhibitors: Inhibitors are substances that slow down or inhibit a
chemical reaction. They are often used to control reaction rates, particularly in
industrial processes.
9. pH Level: The pH of the reaction environment can affect reaction rates, especially
in acid-base reactions. Some reactions are faster in acidic or basic conditions.
10. Orientation of Collisions: Not all collisions between reactant particles result in a
reaction. For a successful reaction, the collision must occur with the proper
orientation and sufficient energy to overcome the activation energy barrier.
11. Solvent: In some reactions, the choice of solvent can impact the rate. Solvents can
facilitate or hinder the mixing of reactants and influence reaction rates.
12.Light: Certain reactions are influenced by the presence or absence of light. For
example, photosynthesis in plants is a light-dependent reaction.
13. Electrolytes: The presence of ions in solution (electrolytes) can affect reaction
Chemistry First term 24 Page 14
 13. Electrolytes: The presence of ions in solution (electrolytes) can affect reaction
rates, especially in ionic reactions.

1. What is the rate of a chemical reaction?

A) The amount of product formed
B) The change in concentration of reactants over time
C) The total mass of reactants and products
D) The temperature at which the reaction occurs
2. Which of the following factors can increase the rate of a chemical reaction?
A) Decreasing the temperature
B) Increasing the concentration of reactants
C) Decreasing the surface area of reactants
D) Reducing the presence of a catalyst
3. Which of the following is a unit of reaction rate?
A) Moles per liter (mol/L)
B) Joules per mole (J/mol)
C) Moles per second (mol/s)
D) Liters per mole (L/mol)
4. What is the effect of increasing the surface area of solid reactants in a chemical reaction?
A) It decreases the reaction rate
B) It has no effect on the reaction rate
C) It increases the reaction rate
D) It depends on the type of reactants involved
5. Which of the following statements is true regarding the rate constant (k) in a rate
equation?
A) It is always equal to 1
B) It depends on the concentration of reactants
C) It remains constant regardless of reaction conditions
D) It is inversely proportional to temperature
6. Which of the following factors can affect the rate of a chemical reaction?
A) pH of the reaction solution
B) Presence of inert gases in the reaction mixture
C) The color of the reactants
D) The shape of the reaction vessel

Chemistry First term 24 Page 15

Reversible reactions and dynamic equilibrium
Thursday, September 21, 2023 7:35 AM

Several factors can influence whether a reaction is reversible or irreversible:

1. Thermodynamics:
The Gibbs free energy change (ΔG) determines the spontaneity of a reaction. If ΔG is negative, the reaction is spontaneous in the forward direction. If it's positive,
the reaction is non-spontaneous.
If ΔG is extremely negative, the reaction is more likely to be irreversible because it will proceed to completion. If ΔG is close to zero, the reaction might be
reversible, especially if it can achieve equilibrium.
2. Kinetics:
Even if a reaction is thermodynamically favored, it might not occur at a noticeable rate if the activation energy is high. This is more related to how fast the reaction
proceeds rather than its reversibility.
3. Presence of a Catalyst:
Catalysts can lower the activation energy of a reaction, making it proceed faster. However, catalysts influence both the forward and reverse reactions equally. So,
while they can speed up the attainment of equilibrium, they don't determine the direction of the reaction.
4. Reaction Conditions:
Factors like temperature, pressure, and concentration can shift the position of the equilibrium in a reversible reaction (as per Le Chatelier s principle). For example,
increasing the temperature might favor the endothermic reaction, whereas decreasing it might favor the exothermic one.
5. Irreversible Removal of Products:
If one of the products is continuously removed from the reaction mixture (for instance, if it's a gas that's allowed to escape), the reaction will be driven to
completion, making it appear irreversible.
6. Stability of Reactants and Products:
If the products are much more stable than the reactants, the reaction is more likely to be irreversible. For example, combustion reactions are typically irreversible
because the products (like CO2 and H2O) are more stable than the reactants.
7. Nature of the Reaction:
Some reactions, especially those that involve a large number of molecules coming together (polymerization) or breaking apart, tend to be irreversible because the
reverse process is statistically less likely to occur.
8. Presence of Side Reactions:
If the main products can react further to form other stable compounds, it can prevent the reverse reaction from occurring, making the overall process irreversible.

Pages from
Grade 12 ...

Chemistry First term 24 Page 16

Equilibrium
Wednesday, October 18, 2023 6:36 AM

Chemistry First term 24 Page 17

Chemistry First term 24 Page 18
Chemistry First term 24 Page 19
 If carbon dioxide is less soluble in hot water than in cold water, it implies that
raising the temperature shifts the equilibrium to the left (favoring the undissolved
CO₂ gas). Using Le Chatelier's principle, if an exothermic reaction (negative ΔH) is
subjected to an increase in temperature, the equilibrium position will shift to favor
the reverse (endothermic) reaction. Conversely, if the reaction is endothermic
(positive ΔH), an increase in temperature will shift the equilibrium position to
favor the forward reaction.
Given that raising the temperature reduces the solubility of CO₂ in water (shifting
the equilibrium to the left), the forward reaction (dissolution of CO₂ to form carbonic acid)
must be exothermic. Therefore, ΔH for the forward reaction is negative.

If concentrated hydrochloric acid is added to the mixture, more chloride

ions (Cl ) will be introduced into the system.
Using Le Chatelier's principle, if the concentration of a reactant is
increased, the equilibrium will shift to the right to counteract this
change, favoring the forward reaction. Consequently, the equilibrium for
the dissolution of lead(II) chloride will shift to the right, resulting in
more PbCl₂(s) dissolving to form PbCl₄² (aq).
Thus, what would be observed is a decrease in the amount of undissolved
solid lead(II) chloride, PbCl₂(s), as more of it dissolves into the solution.

(a) Unaltered (b) Right (c) Left (d) Left

Questions
Answer the following questions
Jhl;j;

Mh'h;m, Mu/u

Chemistry First term 24 Page 20

Reversible reactions in industry
Thursday, October 19, 2023 6:51 AM

1.
(a) The reaction between ammonia and oxygen to form nitrogen monoxide and
steam can be represented as:
4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) =========== 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)
(b) To maximize the yield of NO(g), we need to consider the Le Chatelier's
principle.
- The reaction is exothermic (Delta H) is negative). So, to favor the forward
reaction (formation of NO), a **lower temperature** would be preferable.
- From the reaction, we can see that 9 moles of gas are converted into 10
moles. To shift the equilibrium to the left (favoring the production of NO), we
would prefer a **lower pressure**.

(c) In industry, conditions of high temperature and pressure are often chosen for
practicality and rate of reaction, even if they don't maximize the yield of the
desired product.
- **High temperature** increases the rate of the reaction, which is often more
important in industry than the position of the equilibrium. Faster reactions mean
more product in less time.
- A **pressure of around 7 atm** might be a compromise between shifting the
equilibrium and achieving a good rate of reaction. Additionally, high pressures can
be expensive and dangerous, so a moderate pressure might be chosen for safety
and cost reasons.

Chemistry First term 24 Page 21

 equilibrium and achieving a good rate of reaction. Additionally, high pressures can
be expensive and dangerous, so a moderate pressure might be chosen for safety
and cost reasons.

2. The change from graphite to diamond can be represented by the equation:

Graphite==========Diamond Delta H = +2 kJ mol-1
This reaction is endothermic since ( Delta H) is positive.
- To favor the forward reaction (formation of diamond), a **high
temperature** would be preferable because the process is endothermic.
- Pressure can influence the equilibrium position based on the densities of the
substances involved. Diamond has a higher density than graphite. To favor the
transformation of graphite into diamond, a **high pressure** would be necessary.
This is consistent with how diamonds form naturally deep in the Earth under
high-pressure conditions.

In summary:
- A high temperature favors the endothermic transformation of graphite to
diamond.
- A high pressure favors the conversion due to the density difference, pushing
the reaction towards the formation of the denser substance, diamond.

Pages from
IAS_Chem...

Chemistry First term 24 Page 22

Chemistry First term 24 Page 23
Chemistry First term 24 Page 24