unit

01
jd.SIajr
Part 02

foaYmd,k úoHdfõ iajNdjh

foaYmd,k úoHdfõ wdrïNh yd úldYkh

foaYmd,k úoHdj ;=< wOHkh lrk uQ,sl f;audjka

sureka wageeshwara
 foa Ymd,k úoHdfõ wdrïNh yd úldYkh

''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
 foa Ymd,k úoHdfõ wdrïNh yd úldYkh
m%fõYh

· foaYmd,k úoHdj hkq l=ulaoehs meyeos,s lrkak'

—foaYmd,k jYfhka ixúOdkh jQ iudchla ;=< ñksiqkaf.a fmdÿ hym;
f.dvke.Sug yd j¾Okh lsÍu Wfoid l=ula flfia l< hq;= o hkak úoHd;aulj
wOHhkh lrkakd jQ úIh˜

· foaYmd,k úoHdj iudchSh úoHdjla nj meyeos,s lrkak'

· foaYmd,k úoHdfõ ks¾ud;Djrhd ms<sn| olajkak'
· foaYmd,k úoHdj wdrïN jQ hq.h ms<sn| olajkak'

foaYmd,k úoHdj ìysjkafka l=ula wOHdkh lsÍu i|ydo@

foaYmd,k úoHdj Ydia;%Sh úIhla f,i .%Sish ;=< l%s'mq 3 oS W;amdo fjhs' foaYmd,k
úoHdj W;amdo jkafka"

iudch ;=< mj;sk —foaYmd,k wxYh˜ ^foaYmd,k me;slv& úoHd;aulj yd

úoHd;aulj yd Ydia;%Sh mokulska wOHhkh lsÍu i|yd fõ' iudch ;=< mj;sk úúO
me;slv wOHhkh lsÍu i|yd úúO idudcSh úoHdjka ks¾udKh ù ;sfí'

ñksidf.a foaYmd,k yeisÍï ^p¾hdjka& yd wka;¾ l%shdldrlï Ydia;%Sh mokulska

wOHhkh lsÍu i|ydh' udkj udkj p¾hdjka j, fmdÿ ,CIK jkafka tajd
w;sYhskau wúkaYÑ; " wia:djr talSh ndjhlska f;dr iajNdjhla oeÍuhs'

iajNdjfhkau foaYmd,k cSúfhl= jk ñksid iïnkaOfhka wOHkh lsÍu i|yd h'

weßiafgdag,a iajlSh foaYmd,k lD;sfhaoS ñksid iycfhkau foaYmd,k cSúfhl= nj
,shhs'

foaYmd,k úoHdj hk jdla ixfla;fha m%Njh

—foaYmd,k úoHdj˜ ye|skaùu i|yd Ndú;d lrkq ,nk bx.%Sis NdIduh jd.a ixfla;h
jkafka "—Political Science ˜ h' fuys" Political " tkï —foaYmd,kh˜ hk jd.a ixfla;fha
m%Njh isÿ jkafka fM;sydisl .%Sl fm!r ye|skaùu i|yd Ndú;d l< —Polis ˜ ^fmd,sia& hk
bx.%Sis jdla ixfla;h úldYkh ùfuks' —Polis ˜ hkafkys ixfla;sl w¾:h " —k.r md,kh˜
fõ' ta wkqj meyeos,s jkafka —k.r md,kh˜ —foaYmd,kh˜ olajd úldYkh jk njhs'

foaYmd,k úoHdj úldYkh jQ wjê ^hq.&

foaYmd,k úoHdfõ wdrïNh yd úldYkh iïnkaOfhka wjOdkh fhduqlsÍfïoS Bg
wod< moku f.dv ke.S we;af;a hqfrdamSh hq. ^wjê& iu`. nj meyeos,s fõ' ta hq.hkag wod<
ld,mßÉfPaohka tu wjêfha cSj;a jQ od¾Ykslhka iy idlÉPd l< f;aud y÷kd.ekSu ;=<ska
foaYmd,k úoHdfõ wdrïNh yd úldYkh o Bg n,mE jdia;úl fya;=idOlhka o y÷kd.;
yelsh'
01 Sureka Wageeshwara
” hqfrdamd b;sydihg wod< m%Odk hq. ^wjê& 04 ls"
” .%Sl wjêh ^ l%s'mQ' 7 - 2 &

” frdau wjêh ^ l%s'mQ' 2 - l%s'j 4 &

” uOH;k wjêh ^ l%s'j' 5 - 15 &

” kQ;k wjêh ^ l%s'j' 15"16 - j¾;udkh &

.%Sl wjêh

.%Sl wjêh ye|skaùu

l%s'mQ' 7 - 2 ld, mßÉfPaoh o< jYfhka .%Sl wjêhg wod< ld, iSudj f,i hqfrdamd b;sydih
;=< f,aLk.;j ;sfí' foaYmd,k úoHdj Ydia;%Sh úIhla jYfhka W;amdo jkafka .%Sl wjêh
;=< l%s'mQ' 3 ishjfiaoS h' foaYmd,k úoHdfõ ks¾ud;D jrhd .%Sl uyd od¾Yksl weßiafgdag,a
^ l%s'mQ 384 - 322 & h'

.%Sl wjêh ;=< idlÉPdl< f;aud

.%Sl wjêh ;=< foaYmd,k úoHdjg wod<j wjOdkh fhduq l< m%Odk f;audj njg m;aj
;snqfka" —rdcH yd wdKavqjhs'˜ fjk;a wdldrhlska olajkafka kï .%Sl hq.h ;=<oS foaYmd,k
úoHdj W;amdo jkafka rdcH yd wdKavq ms<sn| wOHkhla f,i h'
kso¾Yk

.%Sl wjêh ;=< rdcH yd wdKavqj ms<sn| wOHhkhla f,i foaYdm,k úoHdj W;amdo jQ njg
wod< kso¾Yk

Wod ^i& - weßiafgdag,a " —foaYmd,k˜ Political lD;sh rpkd lrkq ,nkafka .%Sl fm!r
rdcHhka 158 la wOHkh lsÍfuks' tfukau we;ekaia wdKavql%uh wOHhkh
lrñka weßiafgdag,a úiska —we;ekaia ys jHjia:dj˜ hk lD;sh o rpkd lf<a h'

Wod ^ii& - weßiafgdag,a úiska —foaYmd,kh˜ lD;sfhaoS ñksiqka úiska ks¾udKh lr.rkSug
n, mE fya;= idOl folla fmkajd fohs'

1' wd¾Ól wjYH;djhka

2' jd¾.sl iqrCIs;;djh

Wod ^iii& - maf,afgda —iuQydKavqj˜ Repablican lD;sh yryd idÉPd lrkq ,nkafka jvd
fyd|rdcH l%uhla fyd| wdKavqj l%uhla ks¾udKh lr .ekSu iïnkaOfhks'

Wod ^iv&- maf,afgda —iuQydKavqj˜ lD;sfhaoS ñksiqka rdcH keu;s ixúOdkh ks¾udKh lr
.ekSug wod< lreKq ;=kla bosßm;a lrhs'

1' fN!;sl wjYH;d ^wd¾Ól wjYH;d&

2' jd¾.sl iqrCIs;;djh
3' fmdÿ md,k l%uhla we;s lsÍu'

02 Sureka Wageeshwara
 fï wdldrhg .%sl wjêh ;=<oS rdcHh yd wdKavqj iïnkaOfhka b;d .eUqßka yd úYd,
nr ;eîulska hqla;j wOHkh l< nj by; i|yka l< wfhdauh ksoiqka u.ska meyeos,s fõ'

.%Sl wjêhg wod< od¾Ykslhka

.%Sl wjêh ;=<oS foaYmd,k úoHdjg wod<j y÷kd.; yels od¾Ykslhka"

fidl%àia ^l%s'mQ' 469 - 399 &

maf,afgda ^l%s'mQ' 427 - 347&
weßiafgdag,a ^l%s'mQ' 384 - 322&

frdau wjêh

frdau wjêh ye|skaùu

l%s'mQ 2 - l%s'j 4 o< jYfhka frdau wjêhg wod< ld, mßÉfPaoh f,i hqfrdamSh b;sydih ;=<
f,aLk .;ù ;sfí' fuu wjêh frdauh flakaø fldgf.k wêrdcHhla ks¾udKh ù ;snqKs'
frdau wjêh ;=< idlÉPdl< f;aud

.%Sl wjêh ;=< fukau frdau wjêh ;=< o foaYmd,k úoHdjg wod<j mej;s ixjdoh l;sldjl
jkafka —rdcH yd wdKavqjhs'˜

kso¾Yk

rdcH md,kh i|yd úêu;a kS;s l%uhla iïnkaOfhka jeä wjOdkhla fuu ld,h ;=< oelajQ
w;r —frdau kS;sh˜ ^Roman low &tys m%;sM,hla f,i ìysúh'

frdau wjêhg wod< od¾Ykslhka

frdau wjêh ;=<oS foaYmd,k úoHdj ;=< y÷kd.; yels od¾Ykslhka "

fmd,Sîishia ^l%s'mQ' 204 - 122 &

isifrda ^l%s'mQ' 106 - 43&
fifkld ^l%s'mQ' 42 - l%s'j 65&

uOH;k hq.h

uOH;k wjêh ye|skaùu

l%s'j 5 - 15 w;r ld, mßÉfPaoh uOH;k hq.hg wod< ld, iSudj f,i hqfrdamSh b;sydih ;=<
igyka fjhs' uOH;k hq.h " m%d:ñl uOH;k hq.h " WÉp uOH;k hq.h " mYapd;a uOH;k
hq.h jYfhka ldKav l< yelsh'

m%d:ñl uOH;k hq.h ^ l%s'j' 5 - 11 &

WÉp uOH;k hq.h ^ l%s'j' 11 - 13 &
mYapd;a uOH;k hq.h ^ l%s'j' 13 - 15 &
03 Sureka Wageeshwara
uOH;k wjêh ;=< idlÉPdl< f;aud

.%Sl frdau wjëka ys fukau uOH;k wjêh ;=< o foaYmd,k úoHdjg wod< flakaøSh f;audj
njg m;afjkafka —rdcH yd wdKavqjhs'˜

kso¾Yk

rdcHfha m%Njh " rdcHfha iajNdjh iïnkaOfhka ls;=kq o¾uh yd ne|s wê fN!;sljdoS u;jdo
ks¾udKhùu fmkajd osh yelsh' —foajjrïjdoS foaYmd,k kHdh˜ Bg wod< ksoiqkls'

uOH;k wêhg wod< od¾Ykslhka

uOH;k wjêh ;=<oS foaYmd,k úoHdjg wod< od¾Ykslhka"

Ydka; T.iaàka ^l%s'mQ' 354 - 430 &

Ydka; f;dauia welajhskdia ^l%s'mQ' 1227 - 1274&
Ydka; fmda,a

.%Sl "frdau" uOH;k hk wjëka ys foaYmd,k úoHdjg wod< flakaøSh f;audj " ixjdoh"
l;sldj njg m;aj ;snqfKa rdcHh yd wdKavqjjhs' fjk;a wdldrhg olajkafka kï" l%s'mQ' 3
ishji foaYmd,k úoHdj wdrïNfha mgka l%s'j 15 uOH;k hq.h wjidkh olajd ke;skï
kQ;k hq.h W;amdo jk f;la foaYmd,k úoHdj wod<j idlÉPd lf<a rdcH yd wdKavqj ms<sn|
muKs'

kQ;k wjêh

kQ;k wjêh ye|skaùu

l%s'j 15 - 16 kQ;k hq.h fyj;a kj hq.h wdrïNhg wod< ld,mßÉfPaoh f,i hqfrdamd
b;sydifha igyka fõ' merKs hq.hg idfmaCIj f,dalfha Odjk fõ.h b;d iS>%fhka j¾Okh
ùu kj hq.h ;=<oS isÿúh' tys m%;sM,hla f,i .%Sl " frdau " uOH;k wjêfhys foaYmd,k
úoHdj ;=< idlÉPd lrñka mej;=kq flakaøSh f;audj jk rdcH yd wdKavqjg wu;rj kj
f;ardjka rdYshla tajd foaYmd,k úoHdjg tl;= úh' ta yryd b;d fõ.fhka foaYmd,k
úoHdfõ úIh m:h kQ;k hq.h ;=< m%idrKh úh'

” kQ;k wjêh ;=<oS foaYmd,k úoHdfõ úIh m:hg kj f;audjka tl;=ùug n,mE fya;= "
” uOH;k hq.hg idfmaCIj kQ;k hq.fha f,dalfha Odjk fõ.h jeäùu'
” kQ;k cd;sl rdcHh l%uh wdrïNh yd úldYkh'
” kj wdKavql%u wdlD;Ska j¾Okh ùu'
” kj úêl%u W;amdo ùu'
” kj rdcHhka rdcHh wdlD;shg tl;= ùu'
” f,dal uyd ix.%du'
” wka;¾ rdcHh iïnkaO;d j¾Okhùu'
” cd;sl rdcHhka ;=< we;s jQ jd¾.sl .egqï

04 Sureka Wageeshwara
frdau wjêhg wod< od¾Ykslhka

kQ;k hq.h ;=< foaYmd,k úoHdjg wod< od¾Ykslhska "

kslf,dhs uelshdfõ,s ^l%s'j 1469 - 1527&

cska fndvEka ^l%s'j 1530 - 1596&
f;dauia fydíia ^l%s'j 1588 - 1679&
fcdaka f,dla ^l%s'j 1611 - 1677&
pd,aia fgdkafgialHq ^l%s'j 1689 - 1755&

• .%Sl wjêfha mgka kQ;k wjêh olajd —rdcH yd wdKavqj˜ ms<sn| f;audjg wod<j
wjOdkh fhduql< wxY

² rdcHfha m%Njh ² rdcHfha iajNdjh

² rdcHfha wkd.;h ² rdcHfha wruqKq
² rdcHfha ld¾h Ndrh
² rdcHh yd mqoa.,hd w;r we;s iïnkaO;djh
² rdcHfha n,hg wjk; úh hq;= o keoao hkak

• rdcH yd wdKavqj foaYmd,k úoHdfõ flakaøSh f;audj ksid od¾Ykslhka ta

iïnkaofhka olajd we;s woyia lsysmhls'

—foaYmd,k úoHdj rdcH ms<sn| úoHdj fõ'˜

-f¾uka cS' f.Ü,a-

—foaYmd,k úoHdj rdcHfhka wdrïNù rdcHfhka wjika fõ'˜

-uydpd¾h .dk¾-
—rdcHfha moku iy wdKavqfõ uQ,O¾u wOHkh lsÍu iudc úoHdjla jYfhka foaYmd,k
úoHdj i;= ld¾hNdrhls'˜
-fmda,a fckÜ-

—rdcHh yd tys j¾Okh i|yd wjYH ish`Mu fldkafoais i,ld ne,Su foaYmd,k úoHdj u.ska
lreKq ,efí'˜
-welagka idñ-

—wd¾Ól úoHdj u.ska Okh ms<sn| yodrKdjdla fukau cSj úoHdj u.ska cSùka m s < s n |
yodrKjdla fukau ùc .Ks;h ;=<ska ixLHd ms<sn| yodrKjdla fukau foaYmd,k
úoHdj u.ska lrkqfha wdKavqfõ m%mxphka ms<sn| wOHhkh lsÍuhs'˜
-i¾ fcdaka iS,s-

fuf,i foaYmd,k úoHdj ;=< rdcHh yd wdKavqj ms<sn| uQ,slj f,i wOHkh lrkq
,nk ksid foaYmd,k úoHdj rdcH ms<sn| úoHdj f,i u;hla o mj;S' —foaYmd,k úoHdj
rdcH ms<sn| úoHdj fõ'˜ hk u;h foaYmd,k úoHdfõ idudkH kHdh f,i y÷kajhs' m%;sm;a;s
iïmdokh ms<sn| idudkH kHdh hkq o fuhg wkaj¾: kduhls'

05 Sureka Wageeshwara
” rdcHh yd wdKavqj ms<sn| f;audjg wu;rj foaYmd,k úoHdjg kQ;k wjêfhaoS tl;=
jQ kj f;audjka

1' foaYmd,k n,h'

2' rdcHh m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh yd l<ukdlrKh'

3' .egqï

4' wka;¾ cd;sl foaYmd,kh

5' foaYmd,k l%shdoduh

6' 20 jeks ishjfiaoS ,snr,a m%cd;ka;% jdoS rdcHfha j¾Okh;a " iducjdoS rdcH "
*eisiaÜjdoS rdcHhka ìysùu ksid tl;= jQ lreKq'

f;audj

1' foaYmd,k n,h'

ye|skaùu

uQ,slj n,h hkq l=ulaoehs ks¾jpkh lsÍu jeo.;a fõ'

fmdÿ ks¾jpk

n,h hkq "

—n,h yiqrejk whg ;uka leu;s wdldrhg n,hg hg;a wh md,kh lsÍug we;s
yelshdj ;u leue;a;g wjk; fkdjk úg n,lsÍu u.ska wjk;Ndjh ,nd .ekSug
we;s yelshdjhs'˜

-od¾Yksl ks¾jpk-

—foaYmd,k n,h hkq wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh m%ydr j,ska wdrCIdùu " kS;h yd iduh
mj;ajdf.k hdu " wdoS iduQysl wruqKq uqÿkam;a lr.ekSu i|yd mqrjeishka u; m;s;
lrk wdKavqfõ YlH;djhhs'˜
-ge,afldÜ m¾ika-

fya;=

15 " 16 ishjia ;=<oS foaYmd,k n,h iïnkaO f;audj foaYmd,k úoHdjg tlaùu
iïnkaOfhka n,mE jdia;úl fya;= idOl lsysmhls'

cd;sl rdcH l%ufha wdrïNh yd j¾Okh

iajdêm;H ixl,amh

06 Sureka Wageeshwara
cd;sl rdcH l%ufha wdrïNh yd j¾Okh

cd;sl rdcHhkag iajlSh wkkH;djh ;yjqre lr.ekSu i|yd;a" cd;sl wdrCIdj

mj;ajd.ekSu i|yd;a " cd;Hka;rh ;=< n,j;a cd;sl rdcHhlaùu f,i biau;=ùu i|yd;a
i|yd;a wjYH flakøSh idOlhla njg n,h m;aúh' tu ksid foaYmd,k úoHdj ;=<
foaYmd,k n,h iïnkaO f;audj tl;= úh'

iajdêm;H ixl,amh

cd;sl rdcHhla njg m;aùu i|yd iajdêm;H n,h w;HjYHh m%Odk uQ,O¾uhla njg m;aj
;sfí' fjk;a wdldrhlska olajkafka kï iajdêm;Hh hkq rdcH ks¾udKhùug wod<
ixhq;sl uQ,O¾uh hs'

ú.%yh

kQ;k hq.fha werôh f,i i,lkq ,nk l%s'j' 15 - 16 ishjia ;=< foaYmd,k n,h iïnkaO
l;sldj" f;audj " ixjdoh foaYmd,k úoHdjg tla úh' ta kQ;k foaYmd,k úoHdfõ mshd jk
b;d,s cd;sl kslf,dhs uelshdfõ,sf.a u;jdo yrydh' uelshdfõ,s n,jdoS woyia bosßm;a
lrkq ,nkafka 1513 oS rÑ; —l=udrhd˜ ^ The Prince & lD;sh mokï lr .ksñks'
—n, foaYmd,kfha w;afmd;˜ l=udrhd lD;shg wkaj¾: kduls'

l=udrhd lD;sh ;=< wka;¾.; n,jdoS b.ekaùï ^u;jdohka&

—foaYmd,kh hkq n, wr.,hls'˜

— n,h w,a,d .ekSu i|yd mqoa.,hka yd mqoa., lKavdhï w;r mj;sk wr.,h
foaYmd,kh fõ'˜

—md,lhd iajlSh meje;au ;yjqre lr .ekSu i|yd úfgl ysjf,l= fuka lmá úh hq;=
h' úfgl isxyfhl= fuka ks¾NS; úh hq;=h' ˜

—n,hg w,a,d.ekSu i|yd Ndú;d lrkq ,nk l%shdud¾.fha iqcd;Ndjh m%Yakhla

fkdjk w;r jeo.;a jkafka n,h w,a,d.ekSu muKs' ˜

—foaYmd,kfha ^n, wr.,fha& jeo.;a idOl lsysmhls'˜

^i& n,h w,a,d .ekSu'

^ii& n,h ;yjqre lr.ekSu'

^iii& n,h jHdma; lsÍu'

kQ;k wjêh ;=< foaYmd,k n,h iïnkaO nrm;, ú.%yhla uelshdfõ,s úiska m%ldYhg m;a
lrhs' tu ú.%yhka ksid n,jdoS foaYmd,kfha wdosl¾;Djrhd f,i uelshdfõ,s y÷kajhs'

kuq;a "
n,h iïnkaOfhka m%:u jrg woyia m%ldY lf<a .%Sl wjêh ;=<oS weßiafgdag,a úisks'
Tyq ñksid Wm;skau f.k tk wdYdjla f,i n,h ú.%y lf<ah' kuq;a Tyq n,h yd
foaYmd,kh ms<sn| wka;¾ iïnkaO;djhla ixhqla; ;,hlska u;= lsÍug W;aiy lf<a ke;'

07 Sureka Wageeshwara
—f;dauia fydíia˜ úiska o foaYmd,k n,h iïnkaO b;d oS¾> ú.%yhla bosßm;a lrhs' 1651 oS
f,aLk .; —f,úhd;ka˜ ^Leviathan & keu;s foaYmd,k ,shú,a, ta i|yd Ndú;d lf<ah'

—ñksidf.a iajNdjh jkafka n,h fjkqfjka n,h miqmi osj hduhs' th wjika
jkafka urKfhka miqjhs'
-f;dauia fydíia-
^Leviathan &

uelshdfõ,s " f;dauia fydíia yereKq úg miqld,Sk ^19 -20 ishjia& foaYmd,k n,h
ms<sn| ú .%yhka m<fjhs'

— foaYmd,kh hkq n,h i|yd flfrk wr.,h ls'˜

-uelaia fjn¾-

— n,h fnod .ekSu iy tys iajrEmh ;SrKh lsÍu i|yd lrk wr.,h
foaYmd,kh hs'˜
-yer,aâ fca' ,eials-

;jÿrg;a "
ìiaudl " ksfhÜfYaa " fjïnf,aka " n¾g%ka ri,a " buekqj,a ldkaÜ " fud.kaf;da jeks
Ñka;lhska foaYmd,k n,h iïnkaO u;jdoh jHdma; l< Ñka;lhska f,i y÷kd.; yelsh'

• n,hg wod<j foaYmd,k úoHdj ;=< wjOdkh fhduq lrkq ,nk wxY

² n,h hkq l=ulao@

² n,h W;amdo jkafka flfiao@
² n,fha iajNdjh l=ulao@
² n,h w;am;a .kafka flfiao@
² n,h mj;ajd.kafka flfiao@
² n,h l%shdjg kxjkafka flfiao@
² n,hg úreoaOj ke.S isákafka flfiao@
² n,h fnokq ,nkafka flfiao@

foaYmd,k úoHdj úIh m:hg kQ;k wjêh wdrïNfhaoSu foaYmd,k n,h iïnkaO
f;audj tl;= úh' tu.ska foaYmd,k úoHdfõ úIh fCIa;%h úldYkhg ,la úh' tu ksid
foaYmd,k úoHdj n,h ms<sn| úoHdj fõhehs u;hla ks¾udKh úh' th foaYmd,k úoHdfõ
úfYaI kHdh f,i y÷kajhs' foaYmd,kh keu;s f.dvke.s,af,a msúiqu n,h ksid;a wd¾Ól
úoHdjg uqo,a hï fia jeo.;a o foaYmd,k úoHdjg n,h t;rïu jeo.;a ksid;a foaYmd,k
úoHdj n,h ms<sn| úoHdfõ" hk foaYmd,k úoHdfõ úfYaI kHdh m%;HCI i;Hhla f,i
ks.ukh l< yelsh'

08 Sureka Wageeshwara
f;audj

02' rdcH m%;sm;a;s

ye|skaùu

rdcH m%;sm;a;s hkq "

rdcHh kS;s mkjk úg;a " kS;s l%shd;aul lrk úg;a "wkqYdikd lrk
úg;a wkq.ukh lrk foa rdcH m%;sm;a;s kï fõ'

fya;=

18 - 19 ishjia ;=< rdcH m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh yd l,ukdlrKh ms<sn| l;sldj " ixjdoh
foaYmd,k úoHdjg tlaùu iïnkaofhka n,mE fya;= "

iqNidOk rdcHh l%ufha wdrïNh yd j¾Okh

fojk f,dal uyd ix.%uh ^1939 - 1945&

;=ka jk f,dalfha rdcHhka ks¾udKh

iqNidOk rdcHh l%ufha wdrïNh yd j¾Okh

kS;sh yd iduh wdrCId lsÍu muKla rdcHfha ld¾hNdrh lr.;a ks¾ndOjdoS fmd,sia rdcHh
ì| jeàu iu`. kS;sh yd iduh wdrCId lrkjdg wu;rj iqNidOkh mokï lr.;a
iqNidOkjdoS rdcH l%uh wdrïNh yd jHma;sh isÿúh' iqnidOkh l%shdjg kexùu i|yd
rdcHhg kj m%;sm;a;s ks¾udKh lsÍug isÿúh' wOHdmk m%;sm;a;s " fi!LH m%;sm;a;s " m%jdyk
m%;sm;a;s " há;, myiqlï mss<sn| m%;sm;a;s " wdmod l<uKdlrKh ms<sn| m%;sm;a;s kso¾Yk
f,i oelaúh yelsh' tys m%;sM,hla f,i foaYmd,k úoHdjg rdcH m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh yd
l<ukdlrKh iïnkaO f;audj tla úh'

fojk f,dal ix.%duh

1939 - 1945 w;r ld,h ;=< isÿjQ fojk f,dal ix.%duh ksid rdcHhka ;=< úYd, ñksia cSú;
m%udKhla yd fN!;sl iïm;a m%udKhla úkdY úh' ksoiqka f,i o< jYfhka fojk f,dal
uyd ix.%du ksid úkdYù .sh ñksia cSú; ixLHdj ydrfldaá ye;a;E ,CIhlg wêl úh'
tfukau c¾uksh m%xYh " reishdj " ì%;dkH " fmda,ka;h " cmdkh jeks rdcHhka ys úYd, N+ñ
m%foaYhla yd k.r iqkanqka njg m;aúh'

fojk f,dal uyd ix.%duh iu`. lvd jegqkq rdcHhka h<s ixj¾Okh lsÍug wjYH jQ
w;r ta i|yd rdcH m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh yd l<ukdlrK hk wxY jeo.;a úh' fuu wxYh
foaYmd,k úoHdjg tlaùu yryd foaYmd,k úoHdj ;jÿrg;a úldYkh úh'

;=kajk f,dalfha rdchHka ìysùu' ^kj rdcHhka ks¾udKh ùu'&

fojk jk f,dal uyd ix.%duhg mYapd;a ld,Sk wjêh ;=< hg;a úcs; yrKh isÿ úh' tys
m%;sm,hla f,i wdishdkq " wm%sldkq " ,;ska weußldkq l,dmh ;=< cd;sl rdcHhka ks¾udKh
úh' tu rdcHhka f;jk f,dalfha rdcHhka h' kjrdcHhka hkq tajdg wkaj¾: kduhls'

09 Sureka Wageeshwara
kso¾Yk ( wdishdkq l<dmh ^ Y%S ,xldj " bkaoshdj " mlsia:dkh&

wm%sldkq l,dmh ^ flkahdj " W.kavdj " fudfrdlafldaj&

,;ska weußldkq l<dmh ^n%iS,h " fjksishq,dj " wdckaákdj" Ñ,S &

fuu ;=kajk f,dalfha rdcHhka ^kj rdcHhka& ys ,CIK jkafka "

- wd¾Ól f,i we;s ÿ.S Ndjh'

- foaYmd,k jYfhka kùlrkh fkdùu'
- iudch nyqúO iajrEmhla .ekSu'

fufia wd¾Ól jYfhka fmdfydi;a fkdjQ tkï ÿ.S jQ foaYmd,k jYfhka kùlrKh
fkdjQ tkï " .;dkq.;sl foaYmd,khla l%shd;aul jk nyqúO iudc iajrEmhla tkï"
nyqjd¾.sl ck.ykhla iys; kj rdcHhka ixj¾Okhg wod< m%;sm;a;s iïmdokhg isÿúh' ta
yryd rdcHh m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh l<ukdlrKh foaYmd,k úoHdjg tla úh' tu ksid
foaYmd,k úoHdj úldYkhg ,la úh' fujeks ;;ajhka u; rdcH m%;sm;a;s foaYmd,k úoHdj
;=< jeä nr ;eîulska hqla;j idlÉPdjg ,laùu ksid foaYmd,k úoHdj rdcH m%;sm;a;s
ms<sn| úoHdj fõ hehs o u;hla o mj;S'

f;audj

03' .egqï
ye|skaùu

.egqï w¾:l;kh

mqoa.,hka fofofkla fyda jeä .Kkla w;r mqoa., lKavdhï folla fyda
lsysmhla w;r rdcH folla fyda rdcHhka lsysmhla w;r we;sjk tl`.fkdùula
fyda l<yldÍ ;;a;ajhla .egqula f,i ir,j w¾:l;kh l< yelsh'
fya;=

18 - 19 ishjia ;=<oS .egqï wOHkh yd ksrdlrKh ms<sn| f;audj foaYmd,k úoHdjg tl;=ùu
iïnkaofhka n,mE jdia;úl fya;= idOl "

f,dal uyd ix.%uh

cd;sl rdcHhka ;=< we;s jQ jd¾.sl .egqï

f,dal uyd ix.%du "

1914 - 1918 w;r mej;s m<uq f,dal uyd ix.%duh;a 1939 - 1945 w;r mej;s fojk f,dal uyd
ix.%duh ksid;a .egqï wOHkh yd ksrdlrKh iïnkaO Wkkaÿj j¾Okh úh' ta yryd
rdcHhka w;r we;sjk .egqï iïnkaOfhka wjOdkh fhduq lsÍug foaYmd,k úoHd{hska "
od¾YKslhska " Ñka;lhska w;r Wkkaÿjla we;s jQ w;r tys m%;sM,hla f,i .egqï hk wxYh
foaYmd,k úoHdjg tlaúh'
cd;sl rdcH ;=< we;sjk jd¾.sl .egqï "

úfYaIfhka ;=kajk f,dalfha kj rdcHhka ;=< fuu jd¾.sl .egqï W;aikak jQ w;r tys
m%;sM,hla f,i foaYmd,k úoHdj ;=< .egqï jeo.;a ud;Dldjla njg m;aúh' fuu ;;ajhka
ksid foaYmd,k úoHdj .egqï wOHhkh yd ksrdlrKh ms<sn| úoHdjla f,i o u;hla fõ'
10 Sureka Wageeshwara
 f;audj

04' wka;¾ cd;sl foaYmd,kh

ye|skaùu

wka;¾cd;sl foaYmd,kh hkq "

cd;Ska w;r isÿjk foaYmd,kh hs' cd;Hka;r foaYmd,kh f,i o fuh y÷kajhs'

fya;= (

19 - 20 ishia ;=<oS wka;¾ cd;sl foaYmd,kh ms<sn| f;audj foaYmd,k úoHdjg tla ùu
iïnkaOfhka n,mE jdia;úl fya;= idOl "

cd;sl rdcHh l%uh wdrïNh yd jHdma;sh

lsis÷ cd;sl rdcHhlgu yqol,d p,khla fkdue;sùu'

cd;sl foaYmd,kh yd wka¾ cd;sl foaYmd,kh wka;¾ fmdaIKhla mej;Su'

cd;sl rdcHh l%uh wdrïNh yd jHdma;sh

15 - 16 ishjia j, werô cd;sl rdcH l%uh 19 - 20 jeks ishjia jk úg b;d iS>%fhka j¾Okh
fjñka cd;sl rdcHhka 200 lg wdikak ixLHdjla ks¾udKh úh' cd;sl rdcHh l%uh j¾Okh
iu`. wka;¾cd;sl foaYmd,kh iïnkaO wjOdkh mq`M,a úh' thg fya;= jQfha iEu cd;sl
rdcHh cd;Hhka;rh ;=< n,j;a rdcHhla ùug W;aidy oeÍuhs'

lsis÷ cd;sl rdcHhlgu yqol,d p,khla fkdue;sùu'

j¾;udkfha lsis÷ cd;sl rdcHhlg flaj, meje;aula fkdue;' tu ksid cd;Ska w;r
foaYmd,kh jeo.;a idOlhla njg f.dvke.Su'

cd;sl foaYmd,kh yd wka¾ cd;sl foaYmd,kh wka;¾ fmdaIKhla mej;Su'

cd;sl foaYmd,kh yd wka;¾ cd;sl foaYmd,kh w;r iDcq iïnkaO;djhla mj;S' tu ksid
cd;sl rdcH l%uh j¾Okh ùu;a iu`. wka;¾cd;sl foaYmd,kh ks¾udKhg wod< ;;ajhka
msysùu'
f;audj

05' foaYmd,k l%shdoduh

ye|skaùu

foaYmd,k l%shdoduh hkq "

ixúOdkh jQ foaYmd,k l%uhla ;=< foaYmd,k n,OdÍ wdh;k yd uyck;dj

tlg iïnkaO lrk Wmdx. l%shd ms<sfj;hs' fjk;a wdldrhlska olajkafka kï
wdKavqlrKh i|yd ck;dj iïnkaO jk iuia; l%shdj,sh hs'

11 Sureka Wageeshwara
fya;=

20 jeks ishji ;=< foaYmd,k l%shdoduh ms,sn| f;audj p¾hdjdoSka úiska foaYmd,k úoHdjg
tla lrhs' ta i|yd n,mE jdia;úl fya;= idOl

m%cd;ka;%jdoS we.hqï j¾Okhùu'

m%cd;ka;%jdoS we.hqï j¾Okhùu'

m%cd;kajdoS u;jdoS werôh 17 jeks ishji ;=< isÿúh' 20 jk ishji ;=< th ;j ÿr;a
m%cd;ka;%jdoS we.hqï j¾Okh yd jHdma;sh isÿ úh' tys m%;sM,hla f,i foaYmd,k l%shdoduh
oelaúh yelsh'

foaYmd,k l%shdoduhg wod< Wmdx.

foaYmd,k iudcdkqfhdackh ksfhdack yd ue;sjrK

foaYmd,k ixialD;sh foaYmd,k mCI
foaYmd,k m%N+ka isú,a iudch
foaYmd,k kùlrKh uyck u;h
foaYmd,k ixj¾Okh iDcq m%cd;ka;%jdoS Wml%u
foaYmd,k m%pkav;ajh

06' 20 jk ishjfia ,snr,a m%cd;ka;%jdoS rdcHfha j¾Okh " iudcjdoS rdcH yd *eisiaÜ jdoS
rdcHhka ys ìysùu'

20 jk ishji jk úg f,dal foaYmd,kh ;=< ,snr,a m%cd;ka;%jdoS rdcHh l%ufha j¾Okhla

isÿúh' tu ;;ajhka ksid foaYmd,k úoHdj ;jÿrg;a úldYkh úh' iudcjdoS yd *eisiaÜjdoS
rdcH l%uhka ys ìysùu;a fuu wjêh ;=< isÿúh'

Wod ( ,snr,a m%cd;ka;%jdoS rdcHh - ì%;dkH " weußldj " c¾uksh " m%xYh
iudcjdoS rdcHh - reishdj " Ökh " lshqndj
*eisiaÜ jdoS rdcHh - b;d,sh " c¾uksh

,snr,a m%cd;ka;%jdoS rdcHhka ys werôh igyka jkafka 17 jk ishji ;=<oSh' uq,au

cd;sl rdcHhka jkafka tx.,ka;h yd m%xYh hs' 20 jk ishji jk úg ,snr,a m%cd;ka;%jdoS
rdcHhkays úYd, j¾Okhla isÿúh' ta;=< md,k l%u jYfhka ckdêm;s wdKavql%u " leìkÜ
wdKavql%u ñY% wdKavql%u ks¾udKh úh' uyck n,h ls%hdjg kexùug wod< ksfhdack l%u "
foaYmd,k mCI n,mEï lKavdhï jeks ixl,ahka ìysúh' ;jÿrg;a ksoyi " whs;sjdislï "
iudkd;au;djh jeks foaYmd,k ixl,am o w;a;fkdau;sl md,k l%u ks¾udKh ùu
je<elaùu i|yd kS;sh " kS;sfha wdêm;H " n, fnoSfï kHdh jeks foaYmd,k ixl,am ìysúh'
fïjd ish,a, foaYmd,k úoHdj ;=< idlÉPd lsÍu ksid foaYmd,k úoHdj j¾Okhg yd
úldYkhg ,la úh'

iudcjdoS rdcHhla f,i 1917 oS fidaúhÜ reishdj ìysfõ' 20 jk ishji ;=< iudch
jdoh fyj;a mokï lr.;a rdcH l%u f,dalh mqrd jHdma; fjhs'

kso¾Yk ( Ökh - 1949 oS iudcjdoS rdcH mjq,lg tla fõ'

lshqndj - 1959 oS iudcjdoS rdcH mjq,g tla fõ'
W;=re fldßhdj - 1948 oS iudcjdoS rdcH mjq,lg tla fõ'
úhÜkduh - 1945 oS iudcjdoS rdcH mjq,lg tla fõ'

12 Sureka Wageeshwara
 fï wdldrhg iudcjdoS rdcHhka f,dal foaYmd,kh ;=< ckm%sh ùu;a iu`. foaYmd,k
úoHdj ;=< iudcjdoS rdcH md,k l%u iïnkaO ixjdo wdrïN fõ' ta yryd foaYmd,k úoHdj
ixj¾Okh fjhs'

*eisiaÜ rdcHh l%uh yryd o foaYmd,k úoHdjg kj ud;Dldjla tl;= úh' 20 jeks
ishji ;=< b;d,sfha uqfida,kS hgf;a o " c¾uksfha ysÜ,¾ hgf;a o werô fuu rdcHh l%uh
miqj W.kavdfõ bä wñka " ms,smSkfha udfldaka ldïfndacfha fmd,afmdÜ hgf;a o j¾Okh
ùh' ta iïnkaO wOHkhla u.ska o foaYmd,k úIh j¾Okh úh'

by; mßos .%Sl wjêh ;=< l%s'mQ ' 3 oS rdcHh yd wdKavqj ms<sn| wOHkhla f,i werô
foaYmd,k úoHdj frdau" uOH;k " kQ;k wjëka ys úldYkhg ,lafjhs' fuysoS kQ;k hq.h
;=< b;d iS.%fhka w;s OdjkldÍ fõ.hlska foaYmd,k úoHdj úldYkh fjhs' fjk;a
wdldrhlska olajkafka kï foaYmd,k úoHdfõ jHdma;sl iSudj mq`M,a fjhs'

13 Sureka Wageeshwara
foa Ymd,kh úoHdj ;=< wOHkh lrk uQ,sl f;audjka

''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
foa Ymd,k úoHdj ;=< wOHkh lrkq uQ,sl f;audjka
m%fõYh

· foaYmd,k úoHdj hkq l=ulaoehs meyeos,s lrkak'

—foaYmd,k jYfhka ixúOdkh jQ iudchla ;=< ñksiqkaf.a fmdÿ hym;
f.dvke.Sug yd j¾Okh lsÍu Wfoid l=ula flfia l< hq;= o hkak úoHd;aulj
wOHhkh lrkakd jQ úIh˜

· foaYmd,k úoHdj iudchSh úoHdjla nj meyeos,s lrkak'

· foaYmd,k úoHdfõ ks¾ud;Djrhd ms<sn| olajkak'

foaYmd,k úoHdj ìysjkafka l=ula wOHdkh lsÍu i|ydo@

foaYmd,k úoHdj Ydia;%Sh úIhla f,i .%Sish ;=< l%s'mq 3 oS W;amdo fjhs' foaYmd,k
úoHdj W;amdo jkafka"

iudch ;=< mj;sk —foaYmd,k wxYh˜ ^foaYmd,k me;slv& úoHd;aulj yd

úoHd;aulj yd Ydia;%Sh mokulska wOHhkh lsÍu i|yd fõ' iudch ;=< mj;sk úúO
me;slv wOHhkh lsÍu i|yd úúO idudcSh úoHdjka ks¾udKh ù ;sfí'

ñksidf.a foaYmd,k yeisÍï ^p¾hdjka& yd wka;¾ l%shdldrlï Ydia;%Sh mokulska

wOHhkh lsÍu i|ydh' udkj udkj p¾hdjka j, fmdÿ ,CIK jkafka tajd
w;sYhskau wúkaYÑ; " wia:djr talSh ndjhlska f;dr iajNdjhla oeÍuhs'

iajNdjfhkau foaYmd,k cSúfhl= jk ñksid iïnkaOfhka wOHkh lsÍu i|yd h'

weßiafgdag,a iajlSh foaYmd,k lD;sfhaoS ñksid iycfhkau foaYmd,k cSúfhl= nj
,shhs'

foaYmd,k úoHdj hk jdla ixfla;fha m%Njh

—foaYmd,k úoHdj˜ ye|skaùu i|yd Ndú;d lrkq ,nk bx.%Sis NdIduh jd.a ixfla;h
jkafka "—Political Science ˜ h' fuys" Political " tkï —foaYmd,kh˜ hk jd.a ixfla;fha
m%Njh isÿ jkafka fM;sydisl .%Sl fm!r ye|skaùu i|yd Ndú;d l< —Polis ˜ ^fmd,sia& hk
bx.%Sis jdla ixfla;h úldYkh ùfuks' —Polis ˜ hkafkys ixfla;sl w¾:h " —k.r md,kh˜
fõ' ta wkqj meyeos,s jkafka —k.r md,kh˜ —foaYmd,kh˜ olajd úldYkh jk njhs'

foaYmd,k úoHdj ;=< wka;¾.; f;audjka

^ N.B foaYmd,k úoHdfõ wdrïNh yd úldYkh n,kak'&

1' rdcH yd wdKavqj

2' foaYmd,k n,h
3' .egqï
4' rdcH m%;sm;a;s
5' wka;¾cd;sl foaYmd,kh
6' foaYmd,k l%shdoduh
^ N.B fïjd úia;r lrkak'&

14 Sureka Wageeshwara