Computational Investigation

on the Thermal and Flow

Characteristics of a Turbulent
Dual Jet Impinging on a Heated

Downloaded from http://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/heattransfer/article-pdf/144/9/092301/6897438/ht_144_09_092301.pdf by National Institute of Technology- Warngal user on 18 November 2023
Sanjay Singh Rathore1
Moving Surface
Department of Mechanical Engineering, The present investigation explores the dynamic effects of wall motion on the turbulent
National Institute of Technology Patna, flow and thermal characteristics of a dual jet. The effects of variation in Reynolds number
Bihar 800005, India (Re) and offset ratio (OR) on different heat transfer and flow characteristics of turbulent
e-mail: [email protected] dual jet have also been elucidated. The Reynolds number of flow and offset ratio are con-
sidered in the range Re ¼ 10000  25000 and OR ¼ 5  13, respectively. The wall to jet
Suresh Kant Verma velocity ratio (Uw ) is varied in the range of 0  2 at an interval of 0:5. The detailed study
Department of Mechanical Engineering, of heat transfer from moving impingement wall has been done by considering either the
National Institute of Technology Patna, isoflux or the isothermal boundary condition on the heated wall. The motion of the wall
Bihar 800005, India strongly affects the thermal behavior and several flow characteristics of the dual jet. The
e-mail: [email protected] nature of the velocity profile in the vector diagram changes from parabolic to linear in
the far-field region due to the motion of the wall. The dual jet flow exhibits different pat-
terns of self-similar profiles for different values of velocity ratio. The value of maximum
longitudinal velocity (Umax ) at a given axial position increases with the increase in
impingement wall velocity. The exhaustive parametric study of dual jet flow over a mov-
ing wall reveals the fact that the process of heat transfer from heated moving wall to fluid
is more intense for the higher value of Reynolds number and offset ratio, and for isoflux
boundary condition. For the moving wall case, the maximum enhancement in heat trans-
fer with reference to the stationary wall has been found to be 45:31%.
[DOI: 10.1115/1.4054717]

Keywords: Dual jet, Numerical simulation, Heat transfer, Turbulent flow, Moving

1 Introduction region, the wall jet injects from the lower nozzle and flows tan-
gentially along the bottom impingement wall, whereas the offset
In the past few decades, the turbulent jet has been considered in
jet emits from the upper nozzle which is situated at an offset dis-
various industrial and engineering applications to fulfill the
tance from the bottom impingement wall, and flows parallel to the
requirement of cooling, heating, drying, or mixing of different
wall jet (Fig. 1). The offset jet then deflects toward the wall jet
substances efficiently. The remarkable mass and heat transfer fea-
due to the presence of the bottom impingement wall, which causes
tures make the turbulent jet suitable for a variety of practical
unequal entrainment below and above the offset jet and creates a
applications like work rolls cooling, cooling of dies and products
subambient pressure zone between these two jets. Thus, the recir-
during extrusion and casting processes, cooling of the hot metal
culation flow occurs in the converging region. This important phe-
slab, cooling of electronic appliances, cooling of boiler combus-
nomenon is called the Coanda effect [12], which plays a
tion chamber walls and gas turbine blades. Some other important
significant role in many mixing applications. After some down-
applications which may be cited are control of boundary layer
stream distance, these two jets mutually interact at the merge
separation in an airfoil, flow deflection equipment, fuel injection
point (MP: Xmp, Ymp) in the merging region, and after the stabili-
systems, automobile exhaust stakes and defrosters, thrust
zation of flow, they behave like a single jet from the combined
enhancement during vertical take-off of aircraft, optimization of
point (CP: Xcp, Ycp) in the combined region as shown in Fig. 1. In
environmental fluids and wastewater discharges, heat transfer aug-
the present case, the ratio of the distance between the bottom
mentation in solar air heater, etc. (Wang and Tan [1], Vishnuvard-
impingement wall and offset jet (H), to nozzle width (w) is con-
hanarao and Das [2], Kumar and Das [3], Kumar [4], Mondal
sidered as the offset ratio (OR) for dual jet flow.
et al. [5], Hnaien et al. [6], Assoudi et al. [7], Rathore [8], Singh
The flow physics and heat transfer technique of a turbulent dual
et al. [9] and [10], and Behera and Rathore [11]).
jet have been studied by several researchers. The preliminary
The flow pattern and heat transfer phenomenon involved in the
experimental study on dual jet flow has been done by Wang and
turbulent dual jet is closely resembled to the above-mentioned
Tan [1], who have explored many dynamic and significant flow
applications in many situations. Such diversified application of
characteristics associated with the turbulent dual jet flow. They
turbulent dual jet stimulates the researchers for exploration of its
have conducted the experiment at Reynolds number Re
dynamic flow physics and heat transfer technique. A dual jet is a
¼ 10000 and offset ratio OR ¼ 2 (according to present OR defini-
special type of turbulent jet in which the combined flow of an off-
tion) considering water as a working medium. They have utilized
set jet with a wall jet takes place. Initially, in the converging
the particle image velocimetry (PIV) setup for experimental meas-
1
urements. They have measured and presented the average flow
Corresponding author. velocity, Reynolds stresses, similarity profiles, maximum longitu-
Contributed by the Heat Transfer Division of ASME for publication in the JOURNAL
OF HEAT TRANSFER. Manuscript received October 19, 2021; final manuscript received
dinal velocity (Umax ) decay, and jet growth rate of dual jet flow.
May 25, 2022; published online July 14, 2022. Assoc. Editor: Tarek Echekki. Further, they have also revealed the periodic interaction of two

Journal of Heat Transfer Copyright V

C 2022 by ASME SEPTEMBER 2022, Vol. 144 / 092301-1
jets in their study due to the existence of periodic Karman-like Mondal et al. [14–16], in their three consecutive studies, have
vortex shedding in the inner shear layer of the near field region. investigated the range of jet separation distance, velocity ratio,
Vishnuvardhanarao and Das [2] have carried out an exhaustive and jet width, respectively at which the dual jet flow shows a peri-
numerical study to analyze the heat transfer phenomenon that odic unsteady behavior similar to the case of Wang and Tan [1].
occurred between the turbulent dual jet flow and the stationary They have utilized the standard k  e model for computations of
heated impingement wall for different combinations of offset jet turbulence fields. They have presented many significant instanta-
and wall jet inlet velocities. The modeling of turbulence fields has neous flow structures of the dual jet. They have reported that the
been accomplished by the standard k  e model. The computa- transition of dual jet flow from steady to unsteady-state occurs
tions have been done for OR ¼ 2 and Re ¼ 10000 40000. The when the jet separation distance lies in the range of 0:7  2:1,
heated impingement wall is specified with either the isoflux or the velocity ratio in the range of 0:78  1:34, and the jet width which

Downloaded from http://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/heattransfer/article-pdf/144/9/092301/6897438/ht_144_09_092301.pdf by National Institute of Technology- Warngal user on 18 November 2023
isothermal boundary condition. They have achieved a higher rate lies in the range of 0:6  1:6. The interesting turbulent flow fea-
of heat transfer between heated impingement wall and fluid when tures and thermal behavior of dual jet have been simulated by
the jet flow occurred at a higher Reynolds number and when the Kumar [4] and [17] in his two consecutive studies for a large
heated impingement wall was subjected to isoflux boundary con- range of offset ratio, i.e., OR ¼ 3  15 at Re ¼ 15000 using the
dition. They have also obtained a maximal value of average Nus- standard k  e model. Kumar [4], in his first study, has provided
selt number (Nuavg ) when the nondimensional initial velocities, several important correlations in terms of OR for the determina-
i.e., Uo ¼ 0:25 and Uw ¼ 1 are taken at the inlet of offset jet and tion of positions of MP, CP, LVC, and UVC. Further, Kumar
wall jet, respectively. Li et al. [13] have conducted a Large Eddy [17], in his second study, has revealed the presence of two upward
Simulation to explore the complex and dynamic flow behavior of peaks in the local Nusselt number (Nux ) distribution curve when
dual jet at OR ¼ 2 and Re ¼ 10000. The results of the simulation the dual jet flow has occurred over the isothermal wall at OR > 3.
have been compared with the results of Wang and Tan [1]. They The computational study of Hnaien et al. [6] presents the
have presented several instantaneous coherent flow structures of changes that occurred in the flow pattern and thermal field of a
the dual jet. Moreover, they have reported the rapid decrease of dual jet due to the inclination of the heated impingement wall (b).
the Umax value in the converging region due to the strong mixing They have also examined the effects of Reynolds number and
of the fluid. wall boundary conditions on the thermal behavior of the dual jet
The above-said studies of dual jet flow are performed at a flow. They have considered isoflux and isothermal boundary con-
smaller value of offset ratio, i.e., OR ¼ 2. Kumar and Das [3] ditions on the heated impingement wall. The detailed study has
have performed a detailed numerical study for fluid flow charac- been carried out for wall inclination angle in the range
terization of a two-dimensional (2D) turbulent dual jet impinge- b ¼ 00  250 , Reynolds number in the range Re ¼ 15000
ment over a stationary flat wall at a higher value of offset ratio 40000; and offset ratio OR ¼ 20. They have used a logarithmic
OR ¼ 9 for Re ¼ 20000. The computations of turbulence fields scale for demonstration of pressure coefficient, skin friction coef-
have been done by the standard k  e model. The intensity of tur- ficient, and local Nusselt number (Nux ) variation in the different
bulence at the inlet of jets has been set as I ¼ 5%. They have pre- regions of the flow domain. Further, they have reported that the
sented the flow pattern of a dual jet in terms of streamline heat transfer from heated impingement wall to fluid increases
curvature and velocity vector plots. They have revealed the forma- when the inclination of impingement wall decreases and Reynolds
tion of two vortices rotating in the counter direction in the early number of flow increases. Also, a better heat transfer has been
flow region which is not mentioned by Wang and Tan [1] in their achieved when the isoflux boundary condition is employed on the
experimental study. Further, they have also presented the profiles heated impingement wall. The same authors (Hnaien et al. [18])
of longitudinal Uvelocity, Umax decay, variation in momentum later on explored the influence of velocity ratio variation on flow
flux, jet growth rate, contours of mean U and V velocity compo- dynamics of the dual jet.
nents, contours of Reynolds stresses, and pressure distribution, A detailed computational comparative study of various turbu-
etc. They have achieved the similarity solution in downstream lent flow parameters of a 2D offset jet and a dual jet has been
regions. Moreover, they have also provided a graphical scheme done by Assoudi et al. [7]. Singh et al. [10,19], in their two con-
for prediction of positions of MP, CP, lower vortex center (LVC: secutive studies, have presented numerically the dynamic thermal
Xlvc, Ylvc), and upper vortex center (UVC: Xuvc, Yuvc). and turbulent flow behavior of a dual jet when impinged over a

Fig. 1 A dual jet flow over the moving wall

092301-2 / Vol. 144, SEPTEMBER 2022 Transactions of the ASME

sinusoidal wavy surface using the standard k  e model. The flow moving wall condition is very scarce in the literature. The present
configurations have been set to Re ¼ 15000 and OR ¼ 3  15. study is an attempt for exploration of dual jet flow and its thermal
They have demonstrated the changes that occurred in the flow pat- behavior when the heated impingement wall is in moving condi-
tern, turbulence, and thermal fields of a dual jet due to the wavi- tion. The effects of the impingement wall motion on various ther-
ness profile of the impingement surface. mal characteristics and flow dynamics of a dual jet are
The study of heat transfer from a moving heated wall due to the investigated for different wall to jet velocity ratios in the range
turbulent jet flow has a significant research value of industrial Uw ¼ 0  2 at an interval of 0:5. The other flow parameters are
need. In metal and steel industries, the cooling/heating of moving considered in the range OR ¼ 5  13 and Re ¼ 10000  25000.
heated slabs or sheets at the optimum rate is the most crucial work The nozzle width for jet flow is considered as w ¼ 0:0125 m. The
to obtain the final product with the required mechanical strength modeling of turbulence fields has been accomplished by the stand-

Downloaded from http://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/heattransfer/article-pdf/144/9/092301/6897438/ht_144_09_092301.pdf by National Institute of Technology- Warngal user on 18 November 2023
and surface finishing, which can be easily achieved by the use of a ard k  e model. Performances of five turbulence models (realiz-
turbulent jet. After a deep literature review, it has been realized able k  e, RNG k  e, standard k  e, SST k  x, and standard
that the most of previous studies on dual jet flow are done only for k  x) for the study of a dual jet flow were compared on the basis
stationary heated wall case. The study which explores the of results available in the literature. It has been reported that the
dynamic thermal behavior and flow pattern of a dual jet under standard k  e model is the most appropriate turbulence model for

Fig. 2 Details of boundary conditions

Fig. 3 (a) Turbulence models sensitivity test, (b) GIT showing spanwise variation of longitudinal velocity (U) at X 5 7, and (c)
The layout of the selected mesh size for the present study

Journal of Heat Transfer SEPTEMBER 2022, Vol. 144 / 092301-3

 the study of 2D dual jet flow (Rathore and Verma [20]). Thus, the
standard k  e model is considered for turbulence modeling in the
present numerical study. The Launder and Spalding [21] version
of wall functions, i.e., the standard wall function has been used
for the near-wall modeling which requires yþ value in the range
of 30  100 for first grid points near the wall. All the computa-
tions have been carried out using the commercial CFD code of
ANSYS-FLUENT software [22]. It is expected that the present CFD
investigation will provide the thermal and flow behavior of turbu-
lent dual jet in the vicinage of heated moving slab/plate for further

Downloaded from http://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/heattransfer/article-pdf/144/9/092301/6897438/ht_144_09_092301.pdf by National Institute of Technology- Warngal user on 18 November 2023
computational or experimental study in this field.

2 Numerical Procedure
2.1 Assumptions and Governing Equations. The 2D turbu-
lent flow is considered as steady and incompressible. Air with
fixed values of thermo-physical properties is chosen as a working
medium. The various transport equations are mentioned below.
Continuity equation

@ui
Fig. 4 Validation of the present numerical model against the ¼0 (1)
@xi
results of Wang and Tan [1] and Kumar [4] for Umax decay profile

Fig. 5 Validation of the present numerical model against the results of Kumar and Das [3] for longitudinal
U-velocity profiles: (a) X53, (b) X57, (c) X511, and (d) X515

092301-4 / Vol. 144, SEPTEMBER 2022 Transactions of the ASME

 Downloaded from http://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/heattransfer/article-pdf/144/9/092301/6897438/ht_144_09_092301.pdf by National Institute of Technology- Warngal user on 18 November 2023
Fig. 6 Velocity magnitude contour with streamline curvature for different wall to jet velocity ratios for Re 5 15000 and
OR 5 9: (a) Uw 5 0, (b) Uw 5 0.5, (c) Uw 5 1, (d) Uw 5 1.5, and (e) Uw 5 2

Momentum equation
Gradient diffusion model
   
@ui @p @ @ui @uj lt @T
quj ¼ þ l þ 0 0
 qui uj (2) qT 0 u0j ¼ (5)
@xj @xi @xj @xj @xi Prt @xj

Energy equation k equation

  "  #
@T @ l @T @ @ lt @k
quj ¼  qT 0 u0j (3) ðqkui Þ ¼ lþ þ Gk þ Gb  qe  YM þ Sk
@xj @xj Pr @xj @xi @xj rk @xj

The Boussinesq model which links the Reynolds stresses to the (6)
mean velocity gradients is selected for the closure of the momen-
tum equation, whereas the gradient diffusion model which links e equation
the turbulent heat fluxes to the temperature gradients is considered
for the closure of the energy equation. "
Boussinesq model  #
@ @ lt @e
ðqeui Þ ¼ lþ
@xi @xj re @xj
  (7)
2 @ui @uj e e2
qu;i u;j ¼  kqdij þ lt þ (4) þ C1e ðGk þ C3e Gb Þ  C2e q þ Se
3 @xj @xi k k

Journal of Heat Transfer SEPTEMBER 2022, Vol. 144 / 092301-5

The details of model constants, source terms, and generation terms (30 < yþ < 100) for all three mesh sizes. To obtain stable and
which are appeared on transport equations and other background reliable numeric results, the density of the grid is taken higher in
details of the standard k  e model are given in the theory guide the jet entrance regions and in the region between wall and offset
of ANSYS-FLUENT [22] and therefore, not repeated here. jets. A bias factor of 5 is considered in the X direction, while a
bias factor of 5 is taken in the Y direction above the offset jet
region to obtain an expanding grid system for the mesh domain.
2.2 Solution Methodology and Boundary Conditions. The
Figure 3(b) presents the spanwise variation of longitudinal veloc-
transport equations are solved in the computational domain using
ity (U) at an axial position of X ¼ 7 for three mesh sizes of quad-
the finite volume method. In order to discretize the diffusive and
ratic cells under consideration. The Reynolds number of flow and
convective components, the central difference and power-law
offset ratio are taken as 15000 and 9, respectively. It is seen from
schemes are adopted, respectively. The SIMPLE algorithm [23] is

Downloaded from http://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/heattransfer/article-pdf/144/9/092301/6897438/ht_144_09_092301.pdf by National Institute of Technology- Warngal user on 18 November 2023
Fig. 3(b) that the predictions of all the three mesh sizes for longi-
employed to link the velocity and pressure. The numerical simula-
tudinal Uvelocity profiles are nearly same. Thus, to maintain the
tion is considered as converged solution when the values of resid-
balance between computational cost and numerical accuracy, the
uals of different parameters attain 105 . The size of the flow
fine mesh size of 42320 quadratic cells (230 cells in the X direc-
domain for computations is taken as 75w  60w for the present
tion  184 cells in the Ydirection) is considered for the present
study.
numerical study. Figure 3(c) demonstrates the layout of the
The inlets of jets are specified by initial uniform nozzle exit
selected mesh size of 42320 quadratic cells for the present study.
velocity u0 . The values of different initial jet velocities are
obtained with the help of Reynolds number (Re ¼ qu0 w=l) of
flow. The intensity of turbulence at the inlets of jets is mentioned
as I ¼ 5%. The various boundary conditions adopted in different
parts of the flow domain are mentioned in Fig. 2.

2.3 Turbulence Models Sensitivity Test and Grid Inde-

pendence Test (GIT). A test has been performed to select the
appropriate turbulence model for the present study on the dual jet
flow. The five most widely used models of turbulence , i.e., (real-
izable k  e, RNG k  e, standard k  e, SST k  x, and standard
k  x) are considered for this comparative study. The value of yþ
is kept in the range of 30  100 for the first grid points near the
wall for various k  e models, since the standard wall function
[21] is employed with these k  e models for the near-wall model-
ing, while for various k  x models, the value of wall-yþ is kept
near the 1. From the literature survey (Refs. [4,5,9,10,17,24]), it is
revealed that there is a dearth of experimental work which deals
with the heat transfer study for a dual jet flow. Also, no experi-
mental work was reported for the dual jet flow at a higher offset
ratio. Therefore, the performances of the above-mentioned turbu-
lence models are tested with the experimental results of Wang and
Tan [1] for the dual jet flow at Re ¼ 10000 and OR ¼ 2 for the
decay of Umax along the axial distance X. As depicted in Fig. 3(a),
the standard k  e model shows a closer agreement with the
experimental results as compared to the other models of turbu-
lence. In a recent study, Singh et al. [24] have also adopted the
standard k  e model for their heat transfer study on dual jet flow
over a sinusoidal wavy surface after making the comparison of the
performance of several models (realizable k  e, RNG k  e, SST
k  x) with that of the standard k  e model. Apart from this, in
many previous fluid flow (Launder and Spalding [21], Nasr and
Lai [25], Lai and Nasr [26], Anderson and Spall [27], Kumar and
Das [3], Pramanik and Das [28,29], Mondal et al. [14–16], Kumar
[4], Hnaien et al. [30], and Singh et al. [31]) and heat transfer
(Vishnuvardhanarao and Das [32] and [2], Kumar [17], Mondal
et al. [5], and Singh et al. [9,10,19,33,34]) studies, the standard
k  e model is preferred by various researchers for their numerical
investigations on such type of wall-bounded jet flows. Therefore,
the standard k  e model is chosen in the present numerical inves-
tigation for modeling of turbulence fields after a detailed valida-
tion study, which is mentioned in the Sec. 2.4.
To ensure the computational solution is independent of grid
variation, three mesh sizes of quadratic cells, i.e., 28880
(coarse), 42320 (fine), and 58320 (finest) have been considered by
following the method provided in the literature (Refs. [35–37]) for
grid independence test (GIT). The structured meshes consisting of
nonuniform grids are generated by means of ANSYS-ICEM [22]
tool. In the present study, the standard wall function [21] has been
utilized with the standard k  e model for near-wall modeling
which requires yþ value in the range of 30  100 for the first grid Fig. 7 Velocity vector plots for different wall to jet velocity
points near the wall (Refs. [2–4,10,14,24,28]). Therefore, the first ratios for Re 5 15000 and OR 5 9: (a) Uw 5 0, (b) Uw 5 0.5, (c)
cell next to the solid boundary is placed in the logarithmic region Uw 5 1, (d) Uw 5 1.5, and (e) Uw 5 2

092301-6 / Vol. 144, SEPTEMBER 2022 Transactions of the ASME

 2.4 Validation of Numerical Work. The numerical predic- Uvelocity at four different locations of impingement wall viz.,
tion of turbulent dual jet flow is quite difficult due to the appear- X ¼ 3; 6; 9; and 12 are validated against the experimental results
ance of rigorous recirculation (mixing), merging, and combined of Pelfrey and Liburdy [38] at Re ¼ 15000 and OR ¼ 6:5 for a
regions. Therefore, the results obtained from the present computa- single offset jet flow. All the axial locations of the impingement
tional model are validated against the experimental results of wall for the prediction of longitudinal Uvelocity profiles are
Wang and Tan [1], and computational results of Kumar and Das taken in recirculation and impingement regions because in these
[3] and Kumar [4], who have provided many significant informa- regions the flow dynamics are very complex due to the existence
tion about the turbulent flow behavior of a dual jet. of adverse pressure gradient, and interconversion of velocity and
Figure 4 shows the decay of Umax along the axial distance X for pressure. As shown in Fig. S1, available in the Supplemental
Re ¼ 10000 and OR ¼ 2. The prediction of the present computa- Materials on the ASME Digital Collection, the predictions of the

Downloaded from http://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/heattransfer/article-pdf/144/9/092301/6897438/ht_144_09_092301.pdf by National Institute of Technology- Warngal user on 18 November 2023
tional model demonstrates a nice match with the results of Kumar present model for Uvelocity profiles are agreed very well with
[4], whereas some discrepancies are noticed when compared the results of the experiment even near the jet centerline region
against the results of Wang and Tan [1]. This is due to the exis- (near the maximum Uvelocity point), where most of the
tence of periodic vortex shedding as reported by Kumar [4] also. previous numerical studies of various researchers report the over-
The lack of experimental work at the higher offset ratio of the prediction of Uvelocity due to the complexity of the flow (Pra-
dual jet flow for the stationary/moving impingement wall case manik and Das [28], Rathore and Das [39], Rathore [8], Behera
compels the validation of the present numerical model with the and Rathore [11]). The validation study for the prediction of heat
available computational results of Kumar and Das [3]. Thus, to transfer characteristics is also done by comparing the computa-
make the predictions of the present numerical model more credi- tional results with the experimental results of Holland and Liburdy
ble for the dual jet flow at the higher offset ratio, the numerical [40]. The comparison of dimensionless temperature profiles (h) at
predictions for profiles of longitudinal Uvelocity at four differ- various axial positions viz., X ¼ 2:49; 4:99; 8:06; and 16:68 has
ent locations of impingement wall viz., X ¼ 3; 7; 11; and 15 are been demonstrated in Fig. S2, available in the Supplemental Mate-
compared against the results of Kumar and Das [3] at Re ¼ 20000 rials for heated offset jet impinging on an adiabatic surface. The
and OR ¼ 9 for the stationary wall case, which are illustrated in Reynolds number of flow and offset ratio are considered as Re ¼
Fig. 5. From the observation of Fig. 5, it is clear that the predic- 15000 and OR ¼ 2:5, respectively. A satisfactory agreement
tions of the present computational model agreed very well with between experiment and computational results has been found as
the results of Kumar and Das [3]. shown in Fig. S2, available in the Supplemental Materials.
Since the experimental work related to the dual jet flow at the
higher offset ratio has not been reported in the literature. There-
fore, the experimental results of a single offset jet flow have been 3 Results and Discussion
used to check the performance of the present model at the higher The turbulent flow and thermal fields of a dual jet impingement
offset ratio. The numerical predictions for profiles of longitudinal over the heated moving wall in the presence of a stagnant

Fig. 8 Velocity similarity profiles at various axial positions for different wall to jet velocity ratios for Re 5 15000 and OR 5 9:
(a) Uw 5 0, (b) Uw 5 0.5, (c) Uw 5 1, (d) Uw 5 1.5, and (e) Uw 5 2

Journal of Heat Transfer SEPTEMBER 2022, Vol. 144 / 092301-7

surrounding medium are numerically analyzed. The various flow structure due to the motion of the wall are seen only in the
important flow and heat transfer parameters of the dual jet are region near the moving wall. The fluid layer adjacent to the wall
investigated for five wall to jet velocity ratios Uw ¼ 0; 0:5; attains the same velocity as that of the moving wall due to the no-
1; 1:5; and 2. The computations are carried out for various offset slip condition. The region above the wall jet flow is not much
ratios and Reynolds number varying in the range of OR ¼ 5  13 affected by the motion of the wall. Thus, no significant changes in
and Re ¼ 10000  25000, respectively. The effects of different the size and shape of vortices are observed due to the motion of
parameters on the turbulent flow pattern of the dual jet are repre- the wall. Figure 7 shows the velocity vector plot for different val-
sented in terms of velocity magnitude contour with streamline ues of Uw in the range 0  2 for Re ¼ 15000 and OR ¼ 9: The
curvature, velocity vector plot, distribution profiles of longitudinal velocity profile is found to be negative in the converging region
Uvelocity, similarity solution, pressure contours, and Umax due to the presence of recirculation flow. In the case of the station-

Downloaded from http://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/heattransfer/article-pdf/144/9/092301/6897438/ht_144_09_092301.pdf by National Institute of Technology- Warngal user on 18 November 2023
decay profiles, whereas the effects of different parameters on ther- ary wall, the vector plot demonstrates the parabolic velocity pro-
mal behavior are illustrated in terms of local and average Nusselt files in the merging and combined regions, while in the case of the
number, wall temperature and wall heat flux variation plots. moving wall, it shows the linear velocity profiles in these regions.
Recently, a similar variation in the nature of velocity profile has
also been noticed by Behera and Rathore [11] in their numerical
3.1 Flow Characteristics. Figure 6 presents the velocity investigation of an offset jet flow over a moving impingement
magnitude contour with streamline curvature of dual jet flow for wall. Figure S3, available in the Supplemental Materials on the
different wall to jet velocity ratios Uw ¼ 0; 0:5; 1; 1:5; and 2 for ASME Digital Collection, demonstrates the effect of wall motion
Re ¼ 15000 and OR ¼ 9. A recirculation region consisting of two on longitudinal Uvelocity of dual jet flow at four axial positions
counter-rotating vortices is formed beneath the offset jet and of impingement wall viz., X ¼ 5; 10; 15; and 20. The plots of lon-
above the wall jet due to the presence of a subambient pressure gitudinal Uvelocity profiles are obtained for different wall to jet
zone in the converging region. The presence of tangential flow of velocity ratios Uw ¼ 0; 0:5; 1; 1:5; and 2 at each of axial position
wall jet in the direction of moving wall limits the effect of wall for Re ¼ 15000 and OR ¼ 9. It is clearly seen from Fig. S3 avail-
motion in the near-wall zone. Therefore, the changes in dual jet able in the Supplemental Materials that the longitudinal

Fig. 9 Plots of Umax decay profiles: (a) OR 5 5, (b) OR 5 9, (c) OR 5 13, and (d) Umax for stationary wall case

092301-8 / Vol. 144, SEPTEMBER 2022 Transactions of the ASME

Uvelocity of the fluid layer adjacent to the wall approaches the flow. Similar variations in similarity profiles are also reported in
same value as that of moving wall velocity for different wall to jet the case of the moving wall with Uw ¼ 0:5. Further, increase in
velocity ratios cases. Except the near-wall zone, the profiles of impingement wall velocity results in significant changes in simi-
Uvelocity for different values of Uw are found to be almost sim- larity profiles. For Uw ¼ 1, the velocity profiles of different axial
ilar and followed the same trend as that of the stationary wall positions show deviations from each other in the region between
case. 0  Y=Y0:5  8, and the self-similar solution has been achieved at
In the far-field region, the dual jet behaves like a wall jet and the distance significant away from the wall , i.e., above the
shows nearly self-similar behavior. The self-similar solution is nondimensional distance Y=Y0:5 ¼ 8 in the outer region. But, For
achieved by using nondimensional parameters Y=Y0:5 and Uw ¼ 1:5 and 2, nearly self-similar similarity profiles have been
U=Umax as mentioned by Wygnanski et al. [41]. Figure 8 depicts observed throughout the distance Y=Y0:5 as shown in Fig. 8.

Downloaded from http://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/heattransfer/article-pdf/144/9/092301/6897438/ht_144_09_092301.pdf by National Institute of Technology- Warngal user on 18 November 2023
the velocity similarity profiles for different values of wall to jet The variation of pressure field (P ¼ ppqu20
a
) in the flow domain is
velocity ratio (Uw ) at axial positions X ¼ 30; 40; 50; and 60, illustrated in Fig. S4, available in the Supplemental Materials on
where the other flow parameters are considered as OR ¼ 9 and the ASME Digital Collection, for various wall to jet velocity
Re ¼ 15000. The developing and developed regions of a dual jet ratios in the range Uw ¼ 0  2. The other flow parameters are
flow can be determined by means of self-similar velocity profiles. considered as OR ¼ 9 and Re ¼ 15000. In the context of the flow
For a developed flow, the velocity profiles should be self-similar visualization of a dual jet, the analysis of pressure distribution in
in the far-field (combined) region. In the case of the stationary the flow domain is quite significant, as it gives the important infor-
wall, the velocity similarity profiles obtained at axial positions mation about the extent and magnitude of adverse (subambient)
X ¼ 40; 50; and 60 are almost overlapped on each other, which and favorable pressure gradients. In the case of the dual jet, the
indicates the achievement of a self-similar solution, whereas some bending of the upper offset jet (streamline curvature) strongly
discrepancies have been seen at X ¼ 30 due to the development of depends upon the strength of the adverse pressure gradient in the

Fig. 10 Nux distribution along the heated wall subjected to isoflux boundary condition for different wall to jet
velocity ratios at Re 5 15000: (a) OR55, (b) OR59, and (c) OR513

Journal of Heat Transfer SEPTEMBER 2022, Vol. 144 / 092301-9

recirculation (converging) region. On the other hand, the accelera- potential core region up to which the jet carries its initial nozzle
tion of flow and its development is strongly governed by the exit velocity without affecting from the viscosity of the surround-
strength of the favorable pressure gradient in the merging and ing medium. After the potential core region, the value of Umax
combined regions. Figure S4 available in the Supplemental decays severely in the converging region due to the strong interac-
Materials on the ASME Digital Collection clearly depicts the tion of the jet with the surrounding rotating medium. The value of
extent of adverse and favorable pressure regions by means of dot- Umax then decays gradually in the remaining downstream regions
ted and solid contour lines, respectively. The presence of the low- due to the continuous development and stabilization of flow. The
est pressure is reported near the cores of rotating vortices, while Umax decay profiles of various offset ratios show a good match
the presence of the peak pressure is observed in the merging with the results of Kumar [4] for stationary wall case. In the case
region, as reported by Kumar [4] also. The influence of wall of the moving wall with Uw ¼ 0:5, the Umax decay profile follows

Downloaded from http://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/heattransfer/article-pdf/144/9/092301/6897438/ht_144_09_092301.pdf by National Institute of Technology- Warngal user on 18 November 2023
motion on pressure field variation is found to be negligible and the similar trend of variation as that of stationary wall case.
almost a similar type of pressure distribution is observed for all For higher values of wall to jet velocity ratio such as
the cases of moving wall under consideration. This finding is Uw ¼ 1; 1:5; and 2, the maximum velocity always lies near the
found to be similar with the case of a single offset jet flow over a moving wall rather than other part of the flow domain. Therefore,
moving wall investigated by Behera and Rathore [11]. the Umax profile acquires a constant value, equal to the velocity of
The profiles of maximum longitudinal velocity (Umax ) decay moving wall, due to which a straight horizontal Umax profile is
for different cases of wall to jet velocity ratio are depicted in obtained along the streamwise distance X. Behera and Rathore
Fig. 9. The plots of Umax decay profiles are obtained for three con- [11] have also reported a similar type of variation in Umax decay
figurations of offset ratio, i.e., OR ¼ 5; 9; and 13 and Reynolds profile due to the motion of impingement wall in their numerical
number Re ¼ 15000. For a stationary wall case, the Umax decay investigation for the offset jet flow. The value of Umax at a particu-
profile not only gives the value of the maximum longitudinal lar axial position increases with the increase in impingement wall
velocity at a particular position but also shows the extent of the velocity. Figure 9(d) shows the Umax decay profiles for the

Fig. 11 Nux distribution along the heated wall subjected to isothermal boundary condition for different wall to
jet velocity ratios at Re 5 15000: (a) OR55, (b) OR59, and (c) OR513

092301-10 / Vol. 144, SEPTEMBER 2022 Transactions of the ASME

stationary wall case with the variation of offset ratio. It is seen The drag acted by the moving wall on the fluid layer may be the
that as the offset ratio increases, the extent of the potential core reason for such type of Nux distribution.
region and Umax decay rate also increases. Figure 12 depicts the comparison of local Nusselt number (Nux )
distribution for isoflux and isothermal boundary conditions with
the variation of flow Reynolds number in the range Re ¼
3.2 Heat Transfer Characteristics. In this part, the effects 10000  25000 for different wall to jet velocity ratio (Uw ) at
of wall motion on various thermal characteristics of the dual jet OR ¼ 9. It is clearly seen from Fig. 12 that except the vicinity of
are presented. For an exhaustive heat transfer study, the heated peak point, the value of Nux is slightly higher in the case of isoflux
impingement wall is either specified with the isoflux or the iso- boundary condition as compared to isothermal boundary condition
thermal boundary condition. Figures 10 and 11 demonstrate the for same flow conditions. Figure 12 also demonstrates the influ-

Downloaded from http://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/heattransfer/article-pdf/144/9/092301/6897438/ht_144_09_092301.pdf by National Institute of Technology- Warngal user on 18 November 2023
plots of local Nusselt number (Nux ) for isoflux and isothermal ence of Reynolds number in Nux distribution. The higher value of
boundary conditions, respectively with the variation of wall to jet Nux has been observed for the higher value of Reynolds number
velocity ratio in the range Uw ¼ 0  2 at an interval of 0:5. The due to more intense heat transfer from the wall at the higher Reyn-
Nux plots have been obtained for three configurations of offset olds number. However, the Xlocations of upward and downward
ratio, i.e., OR ¼ 5; 9, and 13 and Reynolds number Re ¼ 15000. peak points of different Nux curves have been found to be inde-
In the case of the stationary wall, two upward peaks are observed pendent of the Reynolds number of the flow.
in the Nux curve which has also been reported by Kumar [17] in The efficacy of the impingement wall motion on heat transfer
his numerical study of heat transfer from the plane stationary wall phenomenon of the dual jet is determined by means of average
due to the dual jet flow. The motion of the wall introduces some Nusselt number (Nuavg ) with consideration of various offset ratios
interesting changes in the Nux distribution curve. It has been for isoflux boundary condition, which is illustrated in Fig. 13. The
observed that when the value of Uw ranges from 0:5  1:5, the average Nusselt number (Nuavg ) has been obtained for different
Nux curve possesses one downward peak in the upstream region offset ratios varying in the range of OR ¼ 5  13 with a gap of 4
(near the jet inlet), followed by one upward peak in the subsequent at Re ¼ 15000 for various wall to jet velocity ratios (Uw ). It has
flow region. Further increase in impingement wall velocity been seen that the value of Nuavg increases with the increase in
restores the formation of two upward peaks which can be seen in offset ratio. Singh et al. [19] have also reported a similar finding
Nux distribution curve at Uw ¼ 2. It has been also noticed that in in their computational investigation of the dual jet flow, where the
most of the flow regions, the value of Nux is found to be lower as higher value of Nuavg has been observed at the larger value of off-
compared to the stationary wall case when the velocity ratio lies set ratio for a smooth wall case. The motion of the impingement
in the range of Uw ¼ 0:5  1. But, for the higher value of Uw , i.e., wall strongly affects the value of the average Nusselt number
1:5  2, the value of Nux increases with the increase in velocity which can be seen in Fig. 13 by keeping the value of OR constant.
ratio and is found to be higher as compared to the stationary wall For a given value of OR; the value of Nuavg is found to be lower
case (except the converging region) as shown in Figs. 10 and 11. as compared to the stationary wall case when the value of Uw lies

Fig. 12 Comparison of Nux distribution for isoflux and isothermal boundary conditions with variation of flow Reynolds num-
ber for different wall to jet velocity ratios at OR 5 9: (a) Uw 5 0, (b) Uw 5 0.5, (c) Uw 5 1, (d) Uw 5 1.5, and (e) Uw 5 2

Journal of Heat Transfer SEPTEMBER 2022, Vol. 144 / 092301-11

 in the range of 0:5  1. The minimum value of Nuavg is observed
at Uw ¼ 0:5. After the Uw ¼ 0:5, the value of Nuavg increases with
the increase in velocity ratio (Uw ). The value of Nuavg is found to
be higher as compared to the stationary wall case when the veloc-
ity ratio lies in the range of Uw ¼ 1:5  2. The maximum value of
Nuavg is noticed at Uw ¼ 2. A similar pattern of Nuavg variation
due to the motion of heated impingement wall is also reported by
Benmouhoub and Mataoui [42] in their numerical study of
inclined impinging jet flow over the heated moving wall. They
have considered the wall-to jet velocity ratio in the range of

Downloaded from http://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/heattransfer/article-pdf/144/9/092301/6897438/ht_144_09_092301.pdf by National Institute of Technology- Warngal user on 18 November 2023
0  2. For a fixed value of Re for inclined jet impingement, they
have noticed a minimum value of Nuavg at velocity ratio 0:5, after
that the value of Nuavg increases with the increase in velocity ratio
and is found to be maximum at the velocity ratio 2. They have
also reported the higher value of Nuavg as compared to the station-
ary wall case when the velocity ratio attains the value greater than
one. In the present study, it has been found that the average Nus-
selt number (Nuavg ) is increased by 42:56%, 44:51%, and 45:31%
as compared to the stationary wall case for OR ¼ 5; 9; and 13,
respectively when the heated impingement wall is moved with a
Fig. 13 Plots of Nuavg for different wall to jet velocity ratios with velocity ratio of Uw ¼ 2. The expression of average Nusselt num-
variation of offset ratio: (a) OR55, (b) OR59, and (c) OR513 ber (Nuavg ) can be written as follows:

Fig. 14 Wall temperature (Tw ) distribution for different offset ratios with variation of wall to jet velocity ratio
(Uw ): (a) OR55, (b) OR59, and (c) OR513

092301-12 / Vol. 144, SEPTEMBER 2022 Transactions of the ASME

 ðL regions of flow domain for different velocity ratios (Uw ) and off-
1
Nuavg ¼ Nux dx (8) set ratios OR ¼ 5; 9; and 13 for isothermal boundary condition.
L 0 The distribution pattern of the qw curve and the appearance of
peak points in the qw curve are found to be similar as the Nux dis-
where L represents the length of the impingement wall. tribution curve for the isothermal wall as illustrated in Fig. 15.
The axial variation of wall temperature (Tw ) in various regions
of flow domain has been demonstrated in Fig. 14 for different
velocity ratios (Uw ) and offset ratios OR ¼ 5; 9; and 13 for isoflux
boundary condition. In the stationary wall case, the lower temper- 4 Conclusion
ature is observed in the early flow region due to the stronger mix- A detailed computational analysis has been carried out to
ing of fluid, whereas the higher temperature is seen in the far-field explore the influence of heated wall motion in terms of the wall to

Downloaded from http://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/heattransfer/article-pdf/144/9/092301/6897438/ht_144_09_092301.pdf by National Institute of Technology- Warngal user on 18 November 2023
region due to the continuous stabilization and development of jet velocity ratio (Uw ), Reynolds number (Re), and offset ratio
flow. In the case of the moving wall with Uw ¼ 0:5  1, the wall (OR) on the turbulent flow and thermal characteristics of a dual
temperature (Tw ) is found to be higher as compared to the station- jet. The wall to jet velocity ratio has been varied in the range of
ary wall case in most of the flow regions. But, for higher values of Uw ¼ 0  2 at an interval of 0:5. The numerical simulations have
velocity ratio , i.e., Uw ¼ 1:5  2, the value of Tw is found to be been conducted for Re ¼ 10000  25000 and OR ¼ 5  13. The
lower as compared to the stationary wall case (except the converg- detailed study of heat transfer from the impingement wall has
ing region) as shown in Fig. 14. Such type of significant changes been done by considering either the isoflux or the isothermal
in wall temperature (Tw ) distribution, in the case of the moving boundary condition on the heated wall. Many significant conclu-
wall, are occurred due to the shear exerted by the motion of the sions have been drawn from the present numerical investigation.
heated wall into the fluid layer adjacent to the wall. Figure 15 The heat transfer phenomenon and several turbulent flow charac-
presents the axial variation of wall heat flux (qw ) in various teristics of the dual jet have been observed to be strongly affected

Fig. 15 Wall heat flux (qw ) distribution for different offset ratios with variation of wall to jet velocity ratio (Uw ):
(a) OR55, (b) OR59, and (c) OR513

Journal of Heat Transfer SEPTEMBER 2022, Vol. 144 / 092301-13

by the motion of the heated wall. The fluid layer adjacent to the Y0:5 ¼ dimensionless distance in Ydirection,
wall attains the velocity of the moving wall. In the far-field region, where U ¼ Umax =2
the velocity vector diagram shows a parabolic profile for the sta- pa ¼ ambient pressure, Pa
tionary wall case while it demonstrates a linear profile for the p ¼ static pressure, Pa
moving wall case. The flow of the dual jet shows a similar behav- u0 ¼ jet inlet velocity, ms1
ior in the combined region for both the stationary and moving Uw ¼ wall to jet velocity ratio
wall cases. However, different patterns of self-similar profiles are
observed for different values of velocity ratio. For velocity ratio Greek Symbols
Uw  1, the local maxima of velocity are found at the moving
wall and a straight horizontal Umax profile is obtained along the e ¼ dissipation rate, m2 s3

Downloaded from http://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/heattransfer/article-pdf/144/9/092301/6897438/ht_144_09_092301.pdf by National Institute of Technology- Warngal user on 18 November 2023
distance X. The value of Umax at a given axial position increases l; lt ¼ Laminar and turbulent dynamic viscosity, respectively,
with the increase in impingement wall velocity. In the case of the kg m1 s1
stationary wall, as the offset ratio increases, the extent of the x ¼ specific dissipation rate, s1
potential core region and Umax decay rate also increases. As com- q ¼ fluid density, kg m3
pared to the isothermal boundary condition, the value of local
Nusselt number (Nux ) is slightly higher in the case of isoflux Subscripts
boundary condition for the same flow conditions. The study of max ¼ maximum
distribution curves of local Nusselt number (Nux ), wall tempera- vc ¼ vortex center
ture (Tw ), and wall heat flux (qw ) for various velocity ratios
reveals the fact that the heat transfer from wall to fluid is higher as References
compared to the stationary wall case when the velocity ratio lies [1] Wang, X. K., and Tan, S. K., 2007, “Experimental Investigation of the Interac-
in the range of Uw ¼ 1:5  2. The value of Nux is increased with tion Between a Plane Wall Jet and a Parallel Offset Jet,” Exp. Fluids, 42(4), pp.
the increase in Reynolds number however, the Xlocations of 551–562.
[2] Vishnuvardhanarao, E., and Das, M. K., 2009, “Study of the Heat Transfer
peak points of different Nux curves are found to be independent of Characteristics in a Turbulent Combined Wall and Offset Jet Flows,” Int. J.
the Reynolds number of the flow. The minimum and maximum Therm. Sci., 48(10), pp. 1949–1959.
values of Nuavg are observed at Uw ¼ 0:5 and Uw ¼ 2, respec- [3] Kumar, A., and Das, M. K., 2011, “Study of a Turbulent Dual Jet Consisting of
tively. The value of Nuavg increases with the increase in offset a Wall Jet and an Offset Jet,” ASME J. Fluids Eng., 133(10), p. 101201.
[4] Kumar, A., 2015, “Mean Flow Characteristics of a Turbulent Dual Jet Consist-
ratio. The motion of the wall results in the increase in Nuavg value ing of a Plane Wall Jet and a Parallel Offset Jet,” Comput. Fluids, 114, pp.
by 42:56%; 44:51%, and 45:31% as compared to the stationary 48–65.
wall case for OR ¼ 5; 9, and 13, respectively when the velocity [5] Mondal, T., Guha, A., and Das, M. K., 2016, “Analysis of Conjugate Heat
ratio of the heated wall is kept at Uw ¼ 2. The findings of the pres- Transfer for a Combined Turbulent Wall Jet and Offset Jet,” ASME J. Heat
Transfer-Trans. ASME, 138(5), p. 051701.
ent investigation can be used as a tool in material processing and [6] Hnaien, N., Marzouk, S., Aissia, H. B., and Jay, J., 2017, “Wall Inclination
metal industries for better cooling of moving heated slab/plate. Effect in Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Combined Wall and Offset Jet
Also, the results of the present study may be useful for researchers Flow,” Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow, 64, pp. 66–78.
for further investigation on this area, as no other computational or [7] Assoudi, A., Said, N. M., Bournot, H., and Palec, G. L., 2019, “Comparative
Study of Flow Characteristics of a Single Offset Jet and a Turbulent Dual Jet,”
experimental work related to the dual jet flow over a moving wall Heat Mass Transfer, 55(4), pp. 1109–1131.
is reported in the literature. [8] Rathore, S. K., 2019, “Study of Conjugate Heat Transfer From Heated Plate by
Turbulent Offset Jet in Presence of Freestream Motion Using Low-Reynolds
Authors Contribution Number Modeling,” J. Appl. Fluid Mech., 12(2), pp. 617–630.
[9] Singh, T. P., Kumar, A., and Satapathy, A. K., 2020, “Heat Transfer and Fluid
Sanjay Singh Rathore: Conceptualization, Visualization, Data Flow Characteristics of a Turbulent Dual Jet Impinging on a Wavy Surface,”
curation, Investigation, Formal analysis, Validation, Methodol- ASME J. Therm. Sci. Eng. Appl., 12(4), p. 041017.
ogy, Writing - original draft. [10] Singh, T. P., Kumar, A., and Satapathy, A. K., 2021, “Role of a Sinusoidal
Wavy Surface in Enhancement of Heat Transfer Using Turbulent Dual Jet,”
Suresh Kant Verma: Supervision, Writing - review & editing. ASME J. Heat Transfer-Trans. ASME, 143(3), p. 032002.
[11] Behera, V. M., and Rathore, S. K., 2021, “Numerical Investigation of Turbulent
Offset Jet Flow Over a Moving Flat Plate Using Low-Reynolds Number Turbu-
Nomenclature lence Model,” ASME J. Therm. Sci. Eng. Appl., 13, p. 051005.
H ¼ distance between bottom impingement wall and offset [12] Tritton, D. J., 1977, Physical Fluid Dynamics, Von Nostrand Reinhold, London,
UK, pp. 284–286.
jet, m [13] Li, Z., Huai, W., and Han, J., 2011, “Large Eddy Simulation of the Interaction
k ¼ turbulent kinetic energy, m2 s2 Between Wall Jet and Offset Jet,” J. Hydrodyn., 23(5), pp. 544–553.
L ¼ length of impingement wall, m [14] Mondal, T., Das, M. K., and Guha, A., 2014, “Numerical Investigation of
Nuavg ¼ average Nusselt number Steady and Periodically Unsteady Flow for Various Separation Distances
Between a Wall Jet and an Offset Jet,” J. Fluids Struct., 50, pp. 528–546.
Nux ¼ local Nusselt number [15] Mondal, T., Guha, A., and Das, M. K., 2015, “Computational Study of Periodi-
OR ¼ offset ratio cally Unsteady Interaction Between a Wall Jet and an Offset Jet for Various
Pr; Prt ¼ Laminar and turbulent Prandtl number, respectively Velocity Ratios,” Comput. Fluids, 123, pp. 146–161.
qw ¼ wall heat flux, Wm2 [16] Mondal, T., Das, M. K., and Guha, A., 2016, “Transition of a Steady to a Peri-
odically Unsteady Flow for Various Jet Widths of a Combined Wall Jet and
Re ¼ Reynolds number, qu0 w=l Offset Jet,” ASME J. Fluids Eng., 138(7), p. 070907.
T ¼ temperature, K [17] Kumar, A., 2015, “Mean Flow and Thermal Characteristics of a Turbulent Dual
Tw ¼ wall temperature, K Jet Consisting of a Plane Wall Jet and a Parallel Offset Jet,” Numer. Heat
U, V ¼ dimensionless longitudinal and transverse velocities, Transfer: Part A, 67(10), pp. 1075–1096.
[18] Hnaien, N., Marzouk, S., Aissia, H. B., and Jay, J., 2018, “Numerical Investiga-
respectively, U ¼ u=u0 ; V ¼ v=u0 tion of Velocity Ratio Effect in Combined Wall and Offset Jet Flows,” J.
u; v ¼ longitudinal and transverse velocities, respectively, Hydrodyn., 30(6), pp. 774–781.
ms1 [19] Singh, T. P., Kumar, A., and Satapathy, A. K., 2020, “Effect of Wavy Wall Sur-
Umax ¼ dimensionless maximum longitudinal velocity, umax =u0 face on Flow Structure and Thermal Characteristics of a Turbulent Dual Jet
Comprising of a Wall Jet and an Offset Jet,” Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., Part A: J.
umax ¼ maximum longitudinal velocity, ms1 Power Energy, 235(3), pp. 524–545.
w ¼ nozzle width, m [20] Rathore, S. S., and Verma, S. K., 2021, “A Comparative Study of Fluid Flow
X, Y ¼ dimensionless longitudinal and transverse coordinates, Characteristics of Dual Jet Using Different RANS Based Turbulence Models,”
respectively, X ¼ x=w; Y ¼ y=w Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering (Theoretical, Computational, and
Experimental Solutions to Thermo-Fluid Systems, Springer, New York, pp.
x, y ¼ longitudinal and transverse coordinates, respectively, 355–365.
m [21] Launder, B. E., and Spalding, D. B., 1974, “The Numerical Computation of
yþ ¼ dimensionless distance, yus q=l Turbulent Flows,” Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng., 3(2), pp. 269–289.

092301-14 / Vol. 144, SEPTEMBER 2022 Transactions of the ASME

[22] ANSYS, 2016, ANSYS FLUENT Theory Guide V. 17.2, ANSYS Inc., Canons- [33] Singh, T. P., Kumar, A., and Satapathy, A. K., 2020, “Numerical Study to
burg, PA. Enhance the Heat Transfer Using Sinusoidal Wavy Surface for Turbulent Wall
[23] Patankar, S. V., 1980, Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow, Hemisphere Jet,” Numer. Heat Transfer: Part A, 77(2), pp. 179–198.
Publishers, New York. [34] Singh, T. P., Kumar, A., and Satapathy, A. K., 2020, “Enhancement of Heat
[24] Singh, T. P., Kumar, A., and Satapathy, A. K., 2021, “Numerical Analysis to Transfer Using Turbulent Wall Jet,” Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., Part E: J. Process
Study Enhancement in Heat Transfer Using Wavy Surface in Turbulent Dual Mech. Eng., 234(1), pp. 123–136.
Jet,” Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transfer, 129, p. 105631. [35] Shevchuk, I. V., Jenkins, S. C., Weigand, B., Wolfersdorf, J. V., Neumann, S.
[25] Nasr, A., and Lai, J. C. S., 1998, “A Turbulent Plane Offset Jet With Small Off- O., and Schnieder, M., 2011, “Validation and Analysis of Numerical Results for
set Ratio,” Exp. Fluids, 24(1), pp. 47–57. a Varying Aspect Ratio Two-Pass Internal Cooling Channel,” ASME J. Heat
[26] Lai, J. C. S., and Nasr, A., 1998, “Two Parallel Plane Jets: Comparison of the Transfer-Trans. ASME, 133(5), p. 051701.
Performance of Three Turbulence Models,” Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., Part G: J. [36] Siddique, W., EI-Gabry, L., Shevchuk, I. V., and Fransson, T. H., 2013,
Aerosp. Eng., 212(6), pp. 379–391. “Validation and Analysis of Numerical Results for a Two-Pass Trapezoidal
[27] Anderson, E. A., and Spall, R. E., 2001, “Experimental and Numerical Investigation Channel With Different Cooling Configurations of Trailing Edge,” ASME J.

Downloaded from http://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/heattransfer/article-pdf/144/9/092301/6897438/ht_144_09_092301.pdf by National Institute of Technology- Warngal user on 18 November 2023
of Two-Dimensional Parallel Jets,” ASME J. Fluids Eng., 123(2), pp. 401–406. Turbomach., 135(1), p. 011027.
[28] Pramanik, S., and Das, M. K., 2013, “Numerical Characterization of a Planar [37] Fasquelle, A., Pell, J., Harmand, S., and Shevchuk, I. V., 2014, “Numerical
Turbulent Offset Jet Over an Oblique Wall,” Comput. Fluids, 77, pp. 36–55. Study of Convective Heat Transfer Enhancement in a Pipe Rotating Around a
[29] Pramanik, S., and Das, M. K., 2014, “Computational Study of a Turbulent Wall Parallel Axis,” ASME J. Heat Transfer-Trans. ASME, 136(5), p. 051901.
Jet Flow on an Oblique Surface,” Int. J. Numer. Methods Heat Fluid, 24(2), pp. [38] Pelfrey, J. R. R., and Liburdy, J. A., 1986, “Mean Flow Characteristics of a Tur-
290–324. bulent Offset Jet,” ASME J. Fluids Eng., 108(1), pp. 82–88.
[30] Hnaien, N., Marzouk, S., Kolsi, L., Al-Rashed, A. A. A. A., Aissia, H. B., and [39] Rathore, S. K., and Das, M. K., 2013, “Comparison of Two Low-Reynolds
Jay, J., 2018, “Numerical Study and Correlations Development on Twin- Number Turbulence Models for Fluid Flow Study of Wall Bounded Jets,” Int. J.
Parallel Jets Flow With Non-Equal Outlet Velocities,” Front. Heat Mass Trans- Heat Mass Transfer, 61, pp. 365–380.
fer, 11(8), pp. 1–11. [40] Holland, J. T., and Liburdy, J. A., 1990, “Measurements of the Thermal Charac-
[31] Singh, T. P., Kumar, A., and Satapathy, A. K., 2019, “Fluid Flow Analysis of a teristics of Heated Offset Jets,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 33(1), pp. 69–78.
Turbulent Offset Jet Impinging on a Wavy Wall Surface,” Proc. Inst. Mech. [41] Wygnanski, I., Katz, Y., and Horev, E., 1992, “On the Applicability of Various
Eng., Part C: J. Mech. Eng. Sci., 234(20), pp. 544–563. Scaling Laws to the Turbulent Wall Jet,” J. Fluid Mech., 234(-1), pp. 669–690.
[32] Vishnuvardhanarao, E., and Das, M. K., 2007, “Computation of Mean Flow and [42] Benmouhoub, D., and Mataoui, A., 2015, “Inclination of an Impinging Jet on a
Thermal Characteristics of Incompressible Turbulent Offset Jet Flows,” Numer. Moving Wall to Control the Stagnation Point Location,” Int. J. Therm. Sci., 89,
Heat Transfer: Part A, 53(8), pp. 843–869. pp. 294–304.

Journal of Heat Transfer SEPTEMBER 2022, Vol. 144 / 092301-15