LESSON 6: CARL JUNG’S ● Ego - the center of consciousness, but not the

core of personality.
ANALYTICAL - not the whole personality, but must be
PSYCHOANALYSIS completed by the more comprehensive
self, the center of personality that is
largely unconscious.
Analytical Psychology - psychologically healthy person: e ego
takes a secondary position to the
● assumption that occult phenomena can and do unconscious self.
influence the lives of everyone.
● consciousness plays a relatively minor role in
● each of us is motivated not only by repressed analytical psychology, and an overemphasis on
experiences but also by certain emotionally toned expanding one‟s conscious psyche can lead to
experiences inherited from our ancestors. psychological imbalance.

Collective unconscious - inherited images ● Healthy individuals are in contact with their
- elements that we have never experienced conscious world, but they also allow
individually but which have come down to us themselves to experience their unconscious
from our ancestors. self and thus to achieve individuation.
- his theory is a compendium of opposites.
People are both introverted and extraverted;
rational and irrational; male and female; Personal Unconscious
conscious and unconscious; and pushed by
past events while being pulled by future
● embraces all repressed, forgotten, or
expectations.
subliminally perceived experiences of one
particular individual.

Levels of the Psyche ● contains repressed infantile memories and

impulses, forgotten events, and experiences
● the mind, or psyche, has both a conscious and originally perceived below the threshold of our
an unconscious level. consciousness.
● the most important portion of the unconscious
springs not from personal experiences of the ● is formed by our individual experiences and is
individual but from the distant past of human therefore unique to each of us.
existence, a concept Jung called the collective
unconscious. ● some images in the personal unconscious can
● lesser importance to Jungian theory are the be recalled easily, some remembered with
conscious and the personal unconscious. difficulty, and still others are beyond the reach
of consciousness.

Conscious ● Complexes - contents of the personal

unconscious.
- individualized components of the
● Conscious images - sensed by the ego
personal unconscious.
- an emotionally toned conglomeration of
● Unconscious elements - no relationship with
associated ideas.
the ego.
Ex: a person‘s experiences with Mother may
become grouped around an emotional core so
 that the person‘s mother, or even the word Archetypes:
“mother‖, sparks an emotional response that
blocks the smooth flow of thought. ● ancient or archaic images that derive from the
- largely personal, but they may also be collective unconscious.
partly derived from humanity‟s collective
experience. ● emotionally toned collections of associated
- partly conscious and may stem from images.
both the personal and the collective
unconscious ● generalized and derive from the contents of the
Ex: mother complex comes not only from one‟s collective unconscious.
personal relationship with mother but also from
the entire species‟ experiences with mother. ● man can perceive his instinctual patterns in the
form of archetypal representations.

Collective Unconscious ● have a biological basis but originate through

the repeated experiences of humans‟ early
● has roots in the ancestral past of the entire ancestors.
species.
● cannot be directly represented, but when
● physical contents are inherited and pass from activated, it expresses itself through several
one generation to the next as psychic potential. modes, primarily dreams, fantasies, and
delusions.
● contents are more or less the same for people
in all cultures. ● Instinct - an unconscious physical impulse
toward action.
● contents do not lie dormant but are active and
influence a person‟s thoughts, emotions, and ● Dreams - main source of archetypal material.
actions. - proof for the existence of the archetype.
- produce motifs that could not have been
● is responsible for people‟s many myths, known to the dreamer through personal
legends, and religious beliefs. It also produces experience.
“big dreams”, that is, dreams with meaning - motifs often coincide with those known
beyond the individual dreamer and that are to ancient people or to natives of
filled with significance for people of every time contemporary aboriginal tribes.
and place.
● hallucinations of psychotic patients also
● does not refer to inherited ideas but rather to offered evidence for universal archetypes.
humans‟ innate tendency to react in a particular
way whenever their experiences stimulate a ● Jung placed primary emphasis on the collective
biologically inherited response tendency. unconscious and used personal experiences to
Ex: young mother may unexpectedly react with round out the total personality.
love and tenderness to her newborn 33 infant,
even though she previously had negative or ● Jung‟s differentiation of the collective
neutral feelings toward the fetus. Humans, like unconscious into autonomous forces called
other animals, come into the world with inherited archetypes, each with a life and a personality of
predispositions to act or react in certain ways if its own.
their present experiences touch on these
biologically based predispositions.
 Persona ● few men become well acquainted with their
anima because this task requires great courage
and is even more difficult than becoming
● side of personality that people show to the
acquainted with their shadow.
world.

● to master the projections, men must overcome

● mask worn by actors in the early theater.
intellectual barriers, delve into the far recesses
of their unconscious, and realize the feminine
● if we identify too closely with our persona, we
side of their personality.
remain unconscious of our individuality and are
blocked from attaining self-realization.
● process of gaining acquaintance with his anima
was Jung‟s second test of courage. Like all
● if we over identify with our persona, we lose
men, Jung could recognize his anima only after
touch with our inner self and remain dependent
learning to feel comfortable with his shadow.
on society‟s expectations of us.

● originated from early men‟s experiences with

● To become psychologically healthy, Jung
women—mothers, sisters, and lovers—that
believed, we must strike a balance between the
combined to form a generalized picture of
demands of society and what we truly are.
woman.
Ex: A man is especially inclined to project his
anima onto his wife or lover and to see her not
Shadow
as she really is but as his personal and
collective unconscious have determined her.
● archetype of darkness and repression.
● insinuations of the anima, the mouthpiece of
● qualities we do not wish to acknowledge but the unconscious, can utterly destroy a man.
attempt to hide from ourselves and others.

● to be whole, we must continually strive to know Animus

our shadow and that this quest is our first test
of courage.
● masculine archetype in women.
● to come to grips with the darkness within we
● symbolic of thinking and reasoning.
are to achieve the ―realization of the
shadow.
● capable of influencing the thinking of a woman,
yet it does not actually belong to her.
● most of us never realize our shadow but
identify only with the bright side of our
● belongs to the collective unconscious and
personality.
originates from the encounters of prehistoric
women with men.
Ex: In every female-male relationship, the
Anima
woman runs a risk of projecting her distant
ancestors‟ experiences with fathers, brothers,
● all humans are psychologically bisexual and lovers, and sons onto the unsuspecting man.
possess both a masculine and a feminine side.
● responsible for thinking and opinion in women.
● irrational moods and feelings.
● the irrational thinking and illogical opinions ● A person dominated by this may gather a large
often attributed to women. following of disciples by using verbiage that
sounds profound because the collective
● appears in dreams, visions, and fantasies in a unconscious cannot directly impart its wisdom
personified form. to an individual.

● danger to society comes when people become

Great Mother swayed by the pseudo knowledge of a powerful
prophet and mistake nonsense for real wisdom.
● everyone possesses this.
● personified in dreams as father, grandfather,
teacher, philosopher, guru, doctor, or priest.
● associated with both positive and negative
feelings. (loving and terrible mother)
● symbolized by life.
2 opposing forces
● Fertility and nourishment - she is capable of
producing and sustaining life. Hero
- symbolized by a tree, garden, plowed
field, sea, heaven, home, country, ● represented in mythology and legends as a
church, and hollow objects such as powerful person, sometimes part god, who
ovens and cooking utensils. fights against great odds to conquer or
vanquish evil in the form of dragons, monsters,
● Power and destruction - she may also serpents, or demons.
devour or neglect her offspring.
- godmother, the Mother of God, Mother ● immortal person with no weakness cannot be a
Nature, Mother Earth, a stepmother, or a hero.
witch.
● our model for the ideal personality.
● view of a personal loving and terrible mother is
from the archetype projected upon her.
Self
● fertility and power combine to form the concept
of rebirth.
● innate disposition wherein each person
possesses an inherited tendency to move
● Rebirth - represented by such processes as
toward growth, perfection, and completion.
reincarnation, baptism, resurrection, and
individuation or self-realization.
● most comprehensive of all archetypes.

● archetype of archetypes because it pulls

Wise Old Man together the other archetypes and unites them
in the process of self-realization.
● archetype of wisdom and meaning.
● possesses conscious and personal
● symbolizes humans’ preexisting knowledge of unconscious components, but it is mostly
the mysteries of life. formed by collective unconscious images.

● unconscious and cannot be directly ● includes both personal and collective

experienced by a single individual. unconscious images and thus should not be
 confused with the ego, which represents Dynamics of Personality:
consciousness only.

Causality and Teleology:

● the self is almost never perfectly balanced,
each person has in the collective unconscious
a concept of the perfect, unified self. ● motivation spring from both past causes or from
teleological goals.
● Mandala - self’s ultimate symbol.
- a circle within a square, a square within ● Causality - present events have their origin in
a circle, or any other concentric figure. previous experiences.
- represents the strivings of the collective
unconscious for unity, balance, and ● Jung criticized Freud for being one-sided in his
wholeness. emphasis on causality and insisted that a
- represents the perfect self, the causal view could not explain all motivation.
archetype of order, unity, and totality.
- psychotic patients experience an ● Teleology - present events are motivated by
increasing number of mandala motifs in goals and aspirations for the future that direct a
their dreams at the exact time that they person‟s destiny.
are undergoing a period of serious
psychic disorder and that this ● human behavior is shaped by both causal and
experience is further evidence that teleological forces and that causal explanations
people strive for order and balance. must be balanced with teleological ones.

● self includes both the conscious and

unconscious mind, and it unites the opposing Progression and Regression
elements of psyche—male and female, good,
and evil, light, and dark forces.( represented by ● people must adapt not only to their outside
the yang and yin, whereas the self is usually environment but to their inner world as well to
symbolized by the mandala). achieve self-realization.

● latter motif stands for unity, totality, and ● Progression - adaptation to the outside world
order—that is, self-realization. involves the forward flow of psychic energy.
- inclines a person to react consistently to
● complete self-realization is seldom if ever a given set of environmental conditions.
achieved, but as an ideal it exists within the
collective unconscious of everyone. ● Regression - adaptation to the inner world
relies on a backward flow of psychic energy.
● to actualize or fully experience the self, people - backward step in the successful
must overcome their fear of the unconscious; attainment of a goal.
prevent their persona from dominating their
personality; recognize the dark side of
themselves (their shadow); and then muster Psychological Types
even greater courage to face their anima or
animus.
● grow out of a union of two basic attitudes:
(introversion and extraversion) & 4 separate
functions: thinking, feeling, sensing, and
intuiting.
 Attitudes - not identical to the physical stimulus but
is simply the individual‟s perception of
● predisposition to act or react in a characteristic sensory impulses.
direction. - perceptions are not dependent on
logical thinking or feeling but exist as
● each person has both an introverted and an absolute, elementary facts within each
extraverted attitude, although one may be person.
conscious while the other is unconscious.
Sensation - receives physical stimuli and
● psychologically healthy people: attain a balance transmits them to perceptual consciousness.
of the two attitudes, feeling equally comfortable
with their internal and their external worlds. Extraverted sensing - perceive external stimuli
objectively, in much the same way that these
● Jung held that Freud‟s theory was extraverted stimuli exist in reality.
because it reduced experiences to the external - sensations are not greatly influenced by
world of sex and aggression. their subjective attitudes.
- Adler‟s theory was introverted because - essential in such occupations as
it emphasized fictions and subjective proofreader, house painter, wine taster,
perceptions. or any other job demanding sensory
discriminations congruent with those of
Introversion - turning inward of psychic energy most people.
with an orientation toward the subjective.
- tuned in to their inner world with all its Introverted sensing - y influenced by their
biases, fantasies, dreams, and subjective sensations of sight, sound, taste,
individualized perceptions. touch.
- perceive the external world, of course, - guided by their interpretation of sense
but they do so selectively and with their stimuli rather than the stimuli
own subjective view. themselves.
Ex: Portrait artists, especially those whose
Extraversion - turning outward of psychic paintings are extremely personalized rely on
energy so that a person is oriented toward the this.
objective and away from the subjective.
● Thinking - enables them to recognize its
● both can combine with any one or more of four meaning.
functions, forming eight possible orientations, - logical intellectual activity that produces
or types. can combine with any one or more of a chain of ideas.
four functions, forming eight possible - can be either extraverted or introverted,
orientations, or types. depending on a person‘s basic attitude.

● A person who has theoretically achieved Extraverted thinking - rely heavily on concrete
self-realization or individuation would have all thoughts, but they may also use abstract ideas if
four functions highly developed. these ideas have been transmitted to them.

4 functions: Introverted thinking - react to external stimuli,

but their interpretation of an event is colored
more by the internal meaning they bring with
● Sensing - tells people that something exists.
them than by the objective facts.
- Inventors and philosophers are often
introverted thinking types because they
 react to the external world in a highly - perception beyond the workings of
subjective and creative manner, consciousness.
interpreting old data in new ways. - based on the perception of absolute
elementary facts, ones that provide the
● Feeling - tells them its value or worth. raw material for thinking and feeling.
- to describe the process of evaluating an - more creative, often adding or
idea or event. subtracting elements from conscious
- valuing. sensation.
- the evaluation of every conscious
activity, even those valued as indifferent. Extraverted intuitive - oriented toward facts in
- these evaluations have no emotional the external world.
content, but they are capable of - suppress many of their sensations and
becoming emotions if their intensity are guided by hunches and guesses
increases to the point of stimulating contrary to sensory data.
physiological changes within the person. Ex: inventors who must inhibit distracting
- the process of evaluating an idea or sensory data and concentrate on unconscious
event. solutions to objective problems.

Emotions - not limited to feelings; any of the Introverted intuitive - guided by unconscious
four functions can lead to emotion when their perception of facts that are basically subjective
strength is increased. and have little or no resemblance to external
reality.
Extraverted feeling - use objective data to - subjective intuitive perceptions are often
make evaluations. remarkably strong and capable of
- not guided by their subjective opinion, motivating decisions of monumental
but by external values and widely magnitude.
accepted standards of judgment. Ex: mystics, prophets, surrealistic artists, or
- at ease in social situations. religious fanatics.
- well liked because of their sociability, but
in their quest to conform to social
standards, they may appear artificial, Stages of Development
shallow, and unreliable.
- businesspeople or politicians because
● grouped into four general periods.
these professions 38 demand and
reward the making of value judgments
● compared the trip through life to the journey of
based on objective information.
the sun through the sky, with the brightness of
the sun representing consciousness.
Introverted feeling - value judgments primarily
on subjective perceptions rather than objective
Early morning sun - childhood, full of potential,
facts.
but still lacking in brilliance (consciousness).
- ignore traditional opinions and beliefs,
and their complete indifference to the
Morning sun - youth, climbing toward the
objective world (including people) often
zenith, but unaware of the impending decline.
causes persons around them to feel
uncomfortable and to cool their attitude
Early afternoon sun - middle life, brilliant like
toward them.
the late morning sun, but obviously headed for
the sunset.
● Intuition - to know about it without knowing
how they know.
 Evening sun - old age, its once bright a mate, raise a family, and make a place in the
consciousness now markedly dimmed. world.

● period of increased activity, maturing sexuality,

Childhood growing consciousness, and recognition that
the problem-free era of childhood is gone
forever.
3 substages
● major difficulty is to overcome the natural
● Anarchic - chaotic and sporadic tendency (found also in middle and later years)
consciousness. to cling to the narrow consciousness of
- islands of consciousness may exist, but childhood, thus avoiding problems pertinent to
there is little or no connection among the present time of life.
these islands.
- experiences sometimes enter Conservative principle - desire to live in the
consciousness as primitive images, past.
incapable of being accurately
verbalized.
Middle Life
● Monarchic - development of the ego and by
the beginning of logical and verbal thinking.
● begins at approximately age 35 or 40, by which
- children see themselves objectively and
time the sun has passed its zenith and begins
often refer to themselves in the third
its downward descent.
person.
- islands of consciousness become larger,
● period of tremendous potential, increasing
more numerous, and inhabited by a
anxieties.
primitive ego.
- the ego is perceived as an object, it is
● if retain the social and moral values of their
not yet aware of itself as perceiver.
early life, they become rigid and fanatical in
trying to hold on to their physical attractiveness
● Dualistic - ego as perceiver arises when the
and agility.
ego is divided into the objective and subjective.
- children now refer to themselves in the
● finding their ideals shifting, they may fight
first person and are aware of their
desperately to maintain their youthful
existence as separate individuals.
appearance and lifestyle.
- islands of consciousness become
continuous land, inhabited by an
● People who have lived youth by neither childish
ego-complex that recognizes itself as
nor middle aged values are well prepared to
both object and subject.
advance to middle life and to live fully.

are capable of giving up the extraverted goals

Youth of youth and moving in the introverted direction
of expanded consciousness.
● from puberty until middle life.
● psychological health is not enhanced by
● young people strive to gain psychic and success in business, prestige in society, or
physical independence from their parents, find satisfaction with family life.
● must look forward to the future with hope and ● based on the principle that complexes create
anticipation, surrender the lifestyle of youth, measurable emotional responses.
and discover new meaning in middle life.
● Jung used a list of about 100 stimulus words
chosen and arranged to elicit an emotional
Old Age reaction.
instructed the person to respond to each
stimulus word with the first word that came to
● experience a diminution of consciousness just
mind.
as the light and warmth of the sun diminish at
recorded each verbal response, time taken to
dusk.
make a response, rate of breathing, and
galvanic skin response.
● Death - the goal of life and that life can be
fulfilling only when death is seen in this light.

Dream Analysis
Self-Realization
● people used symbols to represent a variety of
concepts (not sexual ones) to try to comprehend
● psychological rebirth/individuation.
the innumerable things beyond the range of
human understanding.
● becoming an individual or whole person.

● our unconscious and spontaneous attempt to

● process of integrating the opposite poles into a
know the unknowable, to comprehend a reality
single homogeneous individual.
that can only be expressed symbolically.
● People who have gone through here have
● purpose is to uncover elements from the
achieved realization of the self, minimized their
personal and collective unconscious and to
persona, recognized their anima or animus,
integrate them into consciousness in order to
and acquired a workable balance between
facilitate the process of self realization.
introversion and extraversion.

● natural condition of humans is to move toward

● have elevated all four of the functions to a
completion or self-realization.
superior position, an extremely difficult
accomplishment.
● if a person‟s conscious life is incomplete in a
certain area, then that person‟s unconscious self
● almost never achieved before middle life and
will strive to complete that condition through the
then only by men and women who are able to
dream process.
remove the ego as the dominant concern of
Ex: if the anima in a man receives no conscious
personality and replace it with the self.
development, she will express herself through
dreams filled with self-realization motifs, thus
balancing the man‘s masculine side with his
Methods of Investigation:
feminine disposition.

Word Association Test

Active Imagination
● to uncover feeling-toned complexes.
● used during his own self-analysis as well as with
many of his patients.
● requires a person to begin with any - can be either a help or a hindrance to
impression— a dream image, vision, picture, or treatment, depending on whether it
fantasy—and to concentrate until the impression leads to a better relationship between
begins to “move”. doctor and patient.
person must follow these images to wherever
they lead and then courageously face these
autonomous images and freely communicate Critiques
with them.
● regarded himself as a scientist and insisted
that his scientific study of religion,
Psychotherapy mythology, folklore, and philosophical
fantasies did not make him a mystic.
● four basic approaches to therapy, representing
four developmental stages in the history of ● theory is nearly impossible to either verify
psychotherapy. or falsify.

4 basic approaches ● moderate rating on its ability to generate

research due to the Myers-Briggs Type
Indicator has yielded a substantial number
● Confession of a pathogenic secret - cathartic
of investigations.
method practiced by Josef Breuer and his
patient Anna O. For patients who merely have a
● moderate rating on its ability to organize
need to share their secrets.
knowledge.
- effective

● low rating in practicality, on internal

● Interpretation, explanation, and elucidation -
consistency, and rating on parsimony.
gives the patients insight into the causes of their
neuroses, but may still leave them incapable of
solving social problems.
Concept of Humanity
● Third stage - the approach adopted by Adler
and includes the education of patients as social ● saw humans as complex beings with many
beings. opposing poles.

● Transformation - the therapist must first be ● view of humanity was neither pessimistic
transformed into a healthy human being, nor optimistic, neither deterministic nor
preferably by undergoing psychotherapy. purposive.
Only after transformation and an established
philosophy of life is the therapist able to help ● people are motivated partly by conscious
patients move toward individuation, wholeness, thoughts, partly by images from their
self-realization. personal unconscious, and partly by latent
Especially employed with patients who are in the memory traces inherited from their
second half of life and who are concerned with ancestral past.
realization of the inner self, with moral and
religious problems, and with finding a unifying ● motivation comes from both causal and
philosophy of life teleological factors.

● Countertransference - to describe a therapist‟s ● theory leans strongly in the direction of

feelings toward the patient. biology.
● collective unconscious, which is
responsible for so many actions, is part of
our biological inheritance.