Abstract Nanotechnology refers to the creation and utilization of materials and is expected to open new avenue to fight and prevent discase.Nanoparticles are being used in diverse purposes, for medical treatments, using in various branches of industry production such as solar and oxide fuel batteries for energy ‘storage, and also used in diverse materials of everyday use such as cosmetics or cloths catalytic bactericidal, and treatment of some cancers. Due to their exceptional properties including antibacterial activity, high thermal conductivity, nanoparticles have attracted considerable attention in recent years.In this project synthesised silver nanoparticles from the green spinach by using silver nitrate solution and green spinach leaves are dried under sun light and extracted. mix the green spinach extract with silver nitraie solution and mixed well with orbital shaker then incubated the solution and centrifuged .the supernatant was suspended and pellet was collected and dried under suntight then the silver nanoparticles was extracted.Further analysis can be done by using X-ray diffraction, SEM, TEM, spectroscopic method in course of determining the crystalline and chemical properties of AgNPs. Keywords:silver nanoparticles, silver nitrate,incubator , Green spinach ,orbital shaker and incubatorINTRODUCTION Materials in the nano dimensions (1 - 100 nm) have remarkable difference in the properties compared (o the same material in the bulk. These differences lie in the physical and structural properties of atoms, molecules, and bulk materials of the element due to difference in physiochemical properties and surface 10 volume ratio. With advancement in nanotechnology, many nanomaterials are appearing with unique properties, opening spectrum of applications and research opportunities. About five thousand years ago, many Grecks, Romans, Persians, and Egyptians used silver in one form or other to store food products.Use of silver ware during ancient period by various dynasties was common across the globe utensils for drinking and eating and storing various drinkuble and eatable items due to the knowledge of antimicrobial action. There are records regarding therapeutic application of silver in literature as earlier as 300 BC. In the Hindu religion, till date silver utensils are preferred for the “panchamrit™ preparation using curd, Ocimum sanctum and other ingredients. The therapeutic potentials of various metals are mentioned in ancient Indian Arecid medicine book medicinal literature named “Charak Samhita", Until the discovery of antibiotics by Alexzander Flemming, silver was. commonly used as. antimicrobial agent, In the recent past, silver nano particles (AgNps) have received enormous attention of the researchers due to their extraordinary defense against wide range of microorganisms and due to the appearance of drug resistance against commonly used antibiotics. The exceptional characteristics of Agnosy have made them applicable in various fields like biomedical , drug delivery , water treatment, agricultural ete. AgNps are applied in inks, adhesives, electronic devises, pastes etc. due to high conductivity. AgNps have been synthesized by physico-chemical techniques such as chemical reduction , gamma ray radiation , micro emulsion, electrochemical method, laser ablation, autoclave , microwave, and photochemical reduction . These methods have effective yield, but they are associated with the limitations like use of toxic chemicals and high operational cost and energy needs. Considering the drawbacks of physiochemical methods, cost-effective and energy efficient new alternative for AgNP synthesis using microorganisms, plant extracts and natural polymersas reducing and capping agents are emerging extremely fist. The association of nanotechnology and - green chemistryGREEN CHEMISTRY The primary requirement of green synthesis of Agop’s is silver metal ion solution and a reducing biological agent. In most of the cases reducing agents or other constituents present in the cells acts as stabilizing and capping agents, so there is no need of adding capping and stabilizing agents from outside. Metal Ion Solution The Ag’ ions are primary requirement for the synthesis of agapes which can be obtained from various water-soluble salts of silver. However, the aqueous AgNO) solution with Ag” ion concentration range between 0.1 - 10 mm (most commonly | mm) has been used by most researchers, Biological Reducing Agents The reducing agents are widely distributed in the biological systems. The Agop’s have been synthesized using different organisms belonging to four kingdoms out of five kingdom of living organisms ic., Moncra (prokaryotic organisms without true nucleus) Protista (unicellular organisms with true nucleus), fungi (eukaryotic, saprophyte/parasite), plantae (eukaryotic, autotrophs) and animalia (cukaryotic, heterotrophs). Data are not available regarding use of animal materials for the synthesis of Gap’ till date to the best of our knowledge. Duc to this limitation, green synthesis of agapes has been discussed under headings microorganisms, plants, and bio-poly-mers.Green syntheses of Agop's have been performed using plant extracts, microbial cell biomass or cell free growth medium and biopolymers. The plants used for Agno synthesis range from algac to angiosperms; however, limited reports are available for lower plants and the most suitable choice are the angiosperm plants. Parts like leaf, bark, root, and stem have been used for the Gan synthesis. The medicinally important plants like Boerhaavia diffusa, Tensor cordifolia, Aloc vera , Terminalia chebulagic Catharanthus roscus , Ocimum tubiform, Azadirachta indica, Emblica officinalis , Cocos nucifera, common spices Piper nigrum , Cinnamon zeylanicum, Some exotic weeds like Parthenium heterophorias* growing in uncontrolled manner duc to lack of natural enemies and causing health problems to have also been used for AgNP’s synthesis. The other group includes alkaloids (Papaver somniferum) and essential ils (Mentha piperita) producing plants. All the plant extracts played dual role of potential reducing and stabilizing agents with an exception in few cases where external chemical agents like sodium-do-decy! sulphate were used for stabilization the AgNPs. Metabolites, proteins, and chlorophyll present in the plant extracts were found to be acting as capping agents for synthesized AgNPs. The preferred solvent for extracting reducing agents from the plant iin most of the cases however, there are few reports regarding the use of organic solvents like methanol, ethanol, and ethyl acetate, Some researchers pre-treated the plants matcrials in saline or acetone almospheres before extraction. Overall, even though the extracting solvents differed, the nanoparticle suspensions have made in aqueous medium only. Synthesis using plant extracts generaic 3‘nanoparticles of well-defined shape, structure, and morphology in compared to those obtained through the utilization of bark, tissue, and whole plant. The AgNPs synthesis by microbes is strenuous compared to the use of plant extracts and biopolymers as reducing and capping agents mainly to the difficulty in growth, culture maintenance, and inoculums size standardization, Several fungal and bacterial species have been successfully used in the synthesis. The AgNPs synthesis mainly followed one of the two distinct routes, ing microbial ecll biomass directly. The microbes synthesize AgNP intracellularly as well as extracellularly. The Intracellular synthesis of AgNPs was observed by few researchers. AgNPs synthesis supports better control on size and shape of AgNPs, due to easy down streaming and larger adaptability to mano systems. However, extracellular AgNP synthesis has been widely reported. One af the commonly used flingal genera for synthesizing AgNPs is Fusarium. No special capping agent was used in the work of many rescarchers for stabilizing synthesized AgNPs, except Perni ct al.and Shahverdi etal.who used L-cystine and piperitone as stabilizing agents, respectively? Among the wide varieties off biopolymers used for AgNP synthesis, almost all played the dual role of reducing and stabilizing agents except for using starch as a capping agentsPROPERTIES OF SILVER NANO PARTICLES Physical and chemical properties of AgNPs— including surface chemistry, size, size distribution, shape, particle morphology, particle composition, coating/capping, agglomeration, dissolution rate, particle reactivity in solution, efficiency of ion release, cell type, and finally type of reducing agents used for synthesis—are crucial factors for determination of cytotoxicity For cxample, using biological reducing agents such as culture supernatants of various Bacillus species, AgNPs can be synthesized in various shapes, such as spherical, rod, octagonal, hexagonal, triangle, flower-like, and soon Previous studies supported the assertion that smaller size particles could cause more toxicity than larger, because they have larger surface area Shape is equally ‘important to the determination of toxicity . For example, in the biomedical field, various types of nanostructures have been used, including nanocubes, nanoplates, nanorods, spherical nanoparticles, Nower-like, and so on AgNP toxicity mainly depends on the availability of chemical and or biological coatings on the nanoparticle surface. AgNP surfiice charges could determine the toxicity effect in cells, For instance, the positive surface charge of these NPs renders them more suitable, allowing them to stay for a long time in blood stream compared to negatively-charged NPs which is a major route for the administration of anticancer agents. Colloidal silver nanoparticles are widely used for its unique properties in catalysis , chemical sensing, biosensing, photonics, electronics, and pharmaceuticals. The diversity und importance of these applications has generated a great deal of interest in developing versatile methods to synthesize silver nanoparticles with well defined and controlled properties, Several approaches used to date includes reduction in solutions; chemical and photochemical reaction in reverse micelles; thermal decomposition of silver compounds; radiation assisted, electrochemical; and recently, biosynthesis using living plant system, Some well known examples of biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles are gold nano-triangles using Lemmon grass and tamarind leaf extract Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using green spinach leaf Recently synthesis of silver nanoparticles at room temperature from the extract of parthenium hysterophorous leaves has been reported but not studied in detailed the photoluminescence property as well as the variation of particle size with the reaction temperature and time of reaction. The medical properties of silver have been known for over 2,000 years, Since the ninctcenth century, silver-based compounds have becn used in many antimicrobial applications. Nanoparticles have been known to be used for 5numerous physical, biological, and pharmaceutical applications. Silver nanoparticles are being used as antimicrobial agents in many public places such as railway stations and elevators in China, and they are said to show good antimicrobial action. It is a well-known fact that silver ions and silver-based compounds are highly toxic to microorganisms whic! ‘ude 16 major species of bacteria. This aspect of silver makes it an excellent choice for multiple roles in the medical field, Silver is generally used in the nitrate form to induce antimicrobial effect, but ‘when silver nanoparticles are used, there is a huge increase in the surface area available for the microbe to be exposed to. Though silver nanoparticles find use ‘in many antibacterial applications, the action of this metal on microbes is not fully known. It has been hypothesized that silver nanopanticles can cause cell lysis or inhibit cell transduction. There are various mechanisms involved in cell lysis and growth inhibition. There are many ways depicted in various literatures to synthesize silver nanoparticles. These include physical, chemical, and biological methods. The physical and chemical methods are numerous in number, and many of these methods are expensive or use toxic substances which are major factors that imake them ‘not so favored’ methods of synthesis. An alternate, feasible method to synthesize silver nanoparticles is to employ biological methods of using microbes and plants.Silver nanoparticles find use in many fields, and the major applications include their use as catalysts, as optical sensors of zeptomole (10 ') concentration, in textile engineering. in electronics, in optics, and most importantly in the medical field as a bactericidal and as a therapeutic agent. Silver ions are used in the formulation of dental resin composites; in coatings of medical devices; as a bactericidal coating in water filters; as an antimicrobial agent in air sanitizer sprays, pillows, respirators, socks, wel wipes. detergents, soaps, shampoos, toothpastes, washing machines, and many other consumer products: as bone cement; and in many wound dressings to name a few. Though there are various benefits of silver nanoparticles, there is also the problem of nanotoxicity of silver. There are various literatures that suggest that the nanoparticles can cause various environmental and health problems, though there is a need for more studies to be conducted to conclude that there is a real problem with silver nanopanicles.This review provides an idea of the antimicrobial properties silver possesses as 4 nanoparticle, the various methods employed to synthesize silver nanoparticles, and an overview of their applications in the medical field and discusses the toxicity of silver nanoparticles. The focus is on the characteristics of silver nanoparticles which make them excellent candidates for use in the medical field besides delving into the unique ability of certain biological systems to synthesize silver nanoparticles and looks at the chances of these particles to induce toxicity in humans and the environment.The exact mechanism which silver nanoparticles employ to cause antimicrobial effect is not clearly known and is a debated topic. There are however various theories on the action of silver nanoparticles on microbes to cause the microbicidal effect. Silver nanoparticles can anchor to the bacterial cell wall and subsequently penetrate it, thereby causing structural changes in the cell membrane like the permeability of the cell membrane and death of the cell. There is formation of “pits” on the cell surface, and there is accumulation of the nanoparticles on the cell surface. The formation of free radicals by the silver ‘manoparticles may be another mechanism by which the cells die. There have been electron spin fesonance spectroscopy studies that suggested that there is formation of free radicals by the silver nanoparticles when in contact with the bacteria, and these free radicals can damage the cell membrane and make it potous which can ultimately lead to cell death. Wt has also been proposed that there can be release of silver ions by the nanoparticles. and these ions can interact with the thiol groups of many vital enzymes and inactivate them. The bacterial cells in contact with silver take in silver ions, which inhibit several functions in the cell and damage the cells. Then, there is the generation of reactive oxygen species, which are produced possibly through the inhibition of a respiratory enzyme by silver ions and attack the cell itself, Silver is a soft acid, and there is a natural tendency of an acid to react with a base, in this case, a soft acid to react with a soft base. The cells are majorly made up of sulfur and phosphorus which are soft bases. The action of these nanoparticles on the cell can cause the reaction to take place and subsequently lead to cell death. Another fact is that the DNA has sulfur and phosphorus as its major components; the nanoparticles can act on these soft bases and destroy the DNA which would lead to cell death. The interaction of the silver nanoparticles with the sulfur and phosphorus of the DNA can lead to problems in the DNA replication of the bacteria and thus terminate the microbes.It has also been found that the nanoparticles can modulate the signal transduction in bacteria, It is a well-established fact that phosphorylation of Protein substrates in bacteria influences bacterial signal transduction. Dephosphorylation is noted only in the tyrosine residues of gram-negative bacteria. The phosphotyrosine profile of bacterial peptides is altered by the nanoparticles. It was found that the nanoparticles dephosphorylate the peptide substrates on tyrosine residues, which leads to signal transduction inhibition and thus the stoppage of growth. It is however necessary to understand that further research is required on the topic to thoroughly establish the claims. Nanoparticles are of great scientific interest as they bridge the gap between bulk materials and atomic or molecular structures. Among — various nanoparticles, metal nanoparticles are the most promising ones and this is due to their anti-bacterial propertics which, occurs because of the high surface to volume ratio. Change in the size or surface of the composition can change the physical and chemical properties of the nanoparticles. In recent decades, the application of metal nanoparticles is very common due (o their wide applications in various industries. By reaching nanoparticles size in a certain range (1-100 nm), their physical, chemical and electrical properties will change. These properties depend on silver nanoparticles size and characteristics such as melting temperature, magnetic behavior, redox potential and their color can be controlled by changing their size and shapes. In recent years silver nanoparticles have attracted a lot of attentions due to their good conductivity. chemical stability, use as catalysts and their applications in various industries including the medical sciences, in order to deal with HIV virus, food industries as anti- bacterial agents in food packing, anti-bacterial properties and also their unique electrical and optical qualitics.Studying the mechanism of antibacterial activity of silver ions and silver nanoparticles showed that this property is related to the morphological and structural changes in the bacterial cell. Studies have shown that the size, morphology, stability and (chemical and physical) properties of the metal nanoparticles are influenced strongly by the experimental conditions, the kinetics of interaction of metal ions with reducing agents, and adsorption processes of stabilizing agent with metal nanoparticles. Generally, specific control of the shape, size and distribution of the produced nanoparticles is achieved by changing the methods of synthesis, reducing and stabilizing factor. Incredible propertics of nanomaterials strongly depend on size and, shape of NPs, their interactions with stabilizers and surrounding media and also on their Preparation method. So, controlled synthesis of nanocrystals is a key challenge to reach their (nanoparticles) better applied characteristics. The optical,electronical, magnetic, and catalytic properties of nanoparticles depend on their size, shape, and chemical environment. In recent years, new methods have been Proposed to synthesize non-spherical nanoparticles both planar (triangles. $ or 6 diagonal, round surfaces, etc.) and three dimensional (cubic, pyramid, etc.). Spherical particles with the minimum surface for a given volume are thermodynamically more stable and if the reduction of one-capacity silver ions is performed under controlled thermodynamic conditions, the main product will be spherical nanoparticles. The shapes of nanopanicles depend on their interaction with stabilizers and the inductors around them and also their Preparation method, It is also known that reaction rate is influenced by the shape of synthesized silver nanoparticles. Xu et al. studied the oxidation of styrene over three shapes (nano cube, semi round and triangular nano plate) of silver nanoparticles for this purpose. The results of this study showed that the reaction rate in cubic nanoparticles is 14 limes more than triangular nanoplates and 4 times higher than the semi-spherical nanoparticles. (@)is an important ficld of modem rescarch dealing with designsynthesis, and manipulation of particle structures ranging from approximately 1-100 nm. Nanoparticles (NPs) have wide range of applications in areas such as health care, cosmetics, food and feed, environmental health, mechanics, optics, biomedical sciences, chemical industries, electronics, spuce industries, drug- gene delivery, energy science, optoelectronics, catalysis, single electron transistors, light emitters, nonlinear optical devices, and photo-clectrochemica! applications. NANO BIOTECHNOLOGY Nanobiotechnology is a rapidly growing sciemtific fieldof producing and constructing devices. An important area of research in nanobiotechnology is the synthesis of NPs with different chemical compositions, sizes, and morphalogies, and controlled dispersities. Nanobiotechnology has turned up as an elementary division of contemporary nanotechnology and untied novel epoch in the fields of material science receiving global attention duc to its ample applications, It is a multidisciplinary approach resulting from the investigational use of NPs in biological systems including the disciplines of bialogy, biochemistry, chemistry, engineering. physics, and medicine. Moreover, the nanobio- technology also serves as an imperative technique in the development of clean, nontoxic, and eco-friendly procedures for the synthesis and congregation of metal NPs having the intrinsic ability to reduce metals by specific metabolic pathways. Nowadays. there is a growing need to develop eco-friendly processes, which do not use toxic chemicals in the synthesis protocols. Green synthesis approaches include mixed valence polyoxometalates, polysaccharides, Tollens, biological, and irmadiation method which have advantages over conventional methods involving chemical agents associated with environmental toxicity. Selection of salvent medium and selection of eco-friendly nontoxic reducing and stabilizing agents are the most important issues which must be considered in green synthesis of NPs, The Ag NPs were reported to possess anii-bacterial.antiviral(Rogers}, anti- fungal activities. Synthesis of nanoparticles using plants or microorganisms. can potentially climinate this problem by making the nanoparticles more biocompatible. Indeed, over the past several years, plants, algae. fungi, bacteria, and viruses have been used for low-cost, energy-efficient, and non-toxic production of metallic nanoparticlesAristolochia indica commonly known us Eeswara mooligai, has been used as a traditional medicine to treat on the sting of scorpion or centipede and on insect bites. The hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Aristolochia indica were found to possess adulticidal, repellent and larvicidal activities against adult and carly fourth-instar larvae of Culex gelidus and Culex quinquefasciatus and the bio insecticidal effects of methanol extract of Aristolochia bactica showed larval growth inhibition against Tribolium castaneum (Jbilou et The recent reports include the synthesis of nanoparticles using medicinal plants (Mukunthan and Elumalai This stands as a great application in the field of nanomedicine. Medicinal property of the extract and nano-silver could play vital role in treatment of many diseases. Silver metal has been used widely across the civilizations fordifferent purposes. Many societies use silver as jewellery, roan-mentation and fine cutlery. Silver as jewellery, wares and cut-leery was considered to impart health benefits to the users. Silver has a long history of anti-microbial use to discourageAntimicrobial activities of silver nanoparticles synthesized using plant extracts.Biological entity Test microorganisms Method ReferencesAllernanthera dentate Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosaKlebsiclla pneumonia and, Enterococcus faeea lisBerkadiadiffiuse ‘Aeromonas hydrophite, Pseudomonasfuorescence und Flavobacterium Brachyphyllum Tribulus Terrestre’s Streptococcus pyrogens, Pseudomonas acruginosa, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus Kirby-Bauer Cocoas nucifera Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas acruginosa and Salmonella Paratyphoid Aloe vera E. coli Standard plate count Solanumsthorium P. acruginosa, S. aureus, A, flavus and Aspergillus Niger Dise diffusion Trian ThemaDeandra E. coli and P. aeruginosa Disc diffusion ArgemoneMexicana Escherichia coli; Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Aspergillus flavus Disc diffusion for bacteria and food poisoning for fungi Abutiton indicum S. typhi, E. coli, S, aureus and B. substiles Cymbopogoncitrates P, acruginosa, P. mirabilis, E. coli, Shigella Flexner, S. someone and Klebsiella pneumonia* Dise diffusion # Sven Soniahyperabundances A. Niger, Fusarium exospore, Uvularia © lunate and Rhizopus arthizal « Dise diffusion. Plants extract mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Phoenicians who used silver as a natural biocide to coat milk bottles. Silver is. a ‘well-known antimicrobial agen against a wide range of over 650 microorganisms from different classes such as gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, fungi or viruses. More recently the metal is finding use in the form of silver nanoparticles. In ‘ancient Indian medical system (calledAyurveda), silver has been described as therapeutic agent for many diseases. In 1884, during childbirth it became a common practice to administer drops of aqueous silver nitrate to new-bum’s cyes to prevent the transmission of Neisseria gonorrhea from infected mothers. Out of all the metals with antimicrobial properties, it was found that silver has the most effective antibacterial action and is least toxic to animal cells. Silver became commonly used in medical treatments, such as those of wounded soldiers in World War |, to deter microbial growth .The medical properties of silver have been known for over 2000 years Silver is generally used in the nitrate form to induce antimicrobial effect but When silver nanoparticles are used, there is a huge increase in the surface arca avail-able for the microbes to be exposed to. Silver nanoparticle synthesized using plant extracts (from different sources) haven used for analyzing theit antimicrobial activities against different microbes The antimicrobial properties of silver nanoparticles depend on Size and environmental conditions Capping agent. The exact mechanisms of antimicrobial or toxic activity silver nanoparticles are still_in_ investigation. The positive charge on the Ag ions is suggested . For silver to have any antimicrobial properties, it must be in its ionized form. In its ionized form, silver is inert but on meeting moisture it releases silver ions. Ag+ ions are able to form complexes with nucleic acids and preferentially interact with the nucleosides rather than with the phosphate groups nucleic acids. Thus, all forms of silver or silver containing commit observed antimicrobial properties are in one word another 2sources of silver ions; these silver ions maybe incorporated into the substance and released slowly wide as with silver sulfadiazine, or the silver ions cun come from ionizing the surface of a solid piece of silver as with silver nanoparticles, There is some literature showing the electrostatic attraction between positively charged nanoparticles and negatively charged bacterial cells and they requested to be most suitable bactericidal agent. These nanoparticles have been shown to accumulate inside the membrane and can subsequently penetrate into the cells causing damage to cell wall or cell membranes. It is thought that silver atoms bind to thiol groups (ASH) of enzymes form-Ing stable Sag bonds with thiol containing compounds and then it causes the deactivation of enzymes in the cell membrane that involve in trans membrane energy generation and ion transport, It was proposed that Ag(1) ion enters the cell and intercalates between the purine and pyrimidine base pairs dis-rusting the hydrogen bonding between the ‘two anti-parallel strands and denaturing the DNA molecule. Bacterial cell lysis could be one of reason for its antibacterial. Gram-positive bacteria are less susceptible to Ag+ tangram-negative bacteria. This is due to; the gram-positive bac-trial cell wall made up of peptidoglycan molecules and has more peptidoglycan than gram-negative bacteria. As cell wall of gram positive is thicker, as peptidoglycan is negative charged and silver ions are positively charged; more silver may get stuck by peptidoglycan in gram-positive bacteria than gramenegative bacteria. The decreased liability of gram-positive bacteria can also simply be explained by the fact that the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria is thicker than that gram-negative bacterium. Other mechanisms involving inter-action of silver molecules with biological macromolecules such as enzymes and DNA through an electron-release mechanism or free radical production have been proposed. Theo cell wall synthesis as well as protein synthesis shown to be induced by silver nanoparticles has been suggest by some literatures with the proteomic data having evidence of accumulation of envelope protein precursor or destabilization outer membrane, which finally leads to ATP leaking. Nano silver is a much effective and a fast-acting fungicide against a broad spectrum of common fungi including gene Rauch as Aspergillus, Candida and Saccharomyces . The multi- resistant pathogens due to antigenic shifts and/or drifts are ineffectively managed with current medications. This resistance to medication by pathogens has become a stemproblem in public health; therefore, there is a strong require-mint to develop new bactericides and virucides. Silver is having a long history of use ax an antiseptic and disinfectant andcan interact with desulphated bonds of the glycoprotein/protcin contents of microorganisms such as viruses, bac-tera and fungi. Both silver nanoparticles and silver ions change the three-dimensional structure of proteins by interfering with disulphate bonds and block the functional operations of the microorganism .Advancement of this route (green synthesis) over chemical and physical method is that it is cost effective, environment friendly, easily sealed up for large scale synthesis and there is no need to use high energy, pressure, temperature and toxic chemicals. These of environmentally benign materials like bacteria, fungi, plant extracts and enzymes for the syntheses of silver nanoparticles offers numerous benefits of eco-friendly and compatibility for pharmaceutical and other biomedical applications as they do not use toxic chemicals for the synthesis protocol, These disadvantages insisted the use of novel and well refined methods that opened doors to explore benign and green routes for symhesizing nanoparticles VITAMINSIN SPINACH: Spinach is a superior supplier of vitamin K, vitamin A, manganese, magnesium, folic acid, iron, vitamin C, vitamin B2, and potassium, and it includes a lot of dictary fiber, vitamin B6, vitamin E, and omega-3 fatty acids, which are essential for the maintenance, improvement «and regulation of human tissues. Raw spinach is 91% water, 4% carbohydrates, 3% protein, and contains negligible fat, In a 100 g (3.5 02) serving providing only 23 calories, spinach has a high nutritional value, especially when fresh, frozen, steamed, or quickly boiled. It is a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin K, magnesium, manganese, iron and folate. Spinach is a moderate source (10-19% of DV) of the B vitamins, riboflavin and vitamin B6, vitamin E, calcium, potassium, and dietary fiber. Although spinach is touted as being high in iron and calcium content, and is often served and consumed i raw form, raw spinach contains high levels of oxalates, which black absorption of calcium and iron in the stomach and small intestine. Spinach cooked in several changes of water has much lower levels of oxalates and is better digested and its nutrients absorbed more comp In addition to preventing absorption and use, high levels of oxalates remove iron from the bodyA quantity of 100 g of spinach contains over four times the recommended daily intake of vitamin K. For this reason, individuals taking the anticoagulant warfarin — which acts by inhibiting vitamin K — are instructed to minimize consumption of spinach (as well as other dark green leafy vegetables) to avoid blunting the effect of warfarin. The larger portion of dietary iron (nonheme) is absorbed slowly in its many food sources, including spinach. This absorption may vary widely depending on the presence of binders such as fiber or enhancers, such as vitamin C. Therefore, the body's absorption of non-heme iron can be improved by consuming foods that are rich in vitamin C. However, spinach contains high levels of oxalate. Oxalates bind to iron to form ferrous oxalate and remove iron from the body. Therefore, a diet high in oxalate (or phosphate or phytate) leads to a decrease in iron absorption, Spinach also has a high calcium content, However, the oxalate content in spinach likewise binds with calcium, decreasing its absorption. By way of ‘comparison, the body can absorb about half of the calcium present in broccoli, yet only around 5 percent of the calcium in spinach. Oxalate is one of a number of factors that can contribute to gout and kidney stones. Equally or more notable factors contributing to calcium stones are genetic tendency, high intake of animal protein, excess calcium intake, excess vitamin D, prolonged immobility, hyperparathyroidism, renal tubular acidosis, and excess dietary fiber (Williams, 1993), Oxalic acid also is the same substance that renders spinach its slightly bitter taste, which some prize and others find disagreeable. A distinction can be made between older varicties of spinach and more modem varicties. Older varieties tend to bolt too carly in warm conditions. Newer varieties tend 19 grow more rapidly but have less of an inclination to run up to seed. The older varictics have narrower leaves and tend to have a stronger and more bitter taste. Most newer varieties have broader leaves and round seeds.here are three basic types of Spinach: Savoy has dark green, crinkly and curly leaves. It is the type sold in fresh bunches in most supermarkets. One heirloom variety of savoy is Bloomsdale, which is somewhat resistant to bolting.REVIEW OF LITEARTURE ‘Characteristics and antibacterial activity of green synthesized sliver Nano particles using red spinach: Published online:22 Jan 2019 (ls fatiman & zera Helga vurida irgani aftrid ) The basic principle of the synthesis is the capability of flavonoid and alkanoid to reduce metal ion precursor such as a silver Nano particles Green synthesis of AGNPS is inntresting since many studies reported the characteristics of synthesized nanoparticles as function of kind of plant extract composition. Methods af synthesis, green synthesized AGNPs has been reported to have antibacterial, fungal, anticancer and antioxidant activities. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles with different shapes: Published online : 8 December 2019, The synthesis of silver nanoparticles is very common due to their numerous applications in various fields. Silver nanoparticles have unique properties such as: optical and catalytic Properties, which, depend on the size and shape of the produced nanoparticles. The production of silver nanoparticles with different shapes which have various uses in different fields such as medicine, are noted by many researchers. These properties depend on silver nanoparticles size and characteristics such as melting temperature, magnetic behavior, redox potential and their color can be controlled by changing their size and shapes (Gurunathan et al., 2009).and their applications in various industries including the medical sciences, in order to deal with HIV virus, food industries as anti-bacterial agents infoodpacking (Ahmad et al., 2003), anti-bacterial properties (Hill, 1939) and also their unique electrical and optical qualities.BIOLOGICAL SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES BY USING ONION: Published online:2, April-June 201 A Saxena, RM Tripathi, RP Singh For the synthesis of silver nanoparticles we use onion (Allium cepa) as a plant extract For the synthesis of silver nanoparticles, silver nitrate (AgNO3) is used. Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry is performed. ‘SEM analysis and tem analysis of silver Nano particles. Silver nanoparticles exhibits strong antibacterial activity due to their well- developed surface which provides maximum contact’ with the environment.Antibacterial effect of silver nanoparticles were studied by using optical intensity as function of time for 25 hours with different concentration of silver nanoparticles. Concentration of silver nanoparticles increases there is reduction in the bacterial growth curve of E.coli and Salmonella typhimurium,We used onion (Allium cepa) extract as a reducing and capping agent to minimize the serious environmental pollution problems.By using onion extract has desired quality with low cost and convenient methods. These nanoparticles at concentration SOug/ml were showed complete antibacterial activity against E.coli and Salmonella typhimurium. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles mediated by fungi: Published online :22 October 2019 The use of fungi as reducing and stabilizing agents in the biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles isattractive due (o the production of large quantities of proteins. high yields, casy handling, and low toxicity of the residues.Silver nanoparticles synthesized using fungi enable the control of pathogens, with low toxicity and good biocompatibility. These findings open perspectives for future investigations concerning the use of these nanoparticles as antimicrobials in the areas of health and agriculture, Silver nanoparticles synthesized using fungi have various potential applications in the areas of health, agriculture, and pest control. vHowever, synthesis based on fungi may be advantageous in terms of production, due to the large quantities of metabolites produced. Another factor to consider is the capacity of fungi to produce antibiotics that could be contained in the capping and act in synergy with the nanoparticle core. BIO TEMPLATES IN THE GREEN SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANO’ PARTICLES: Published online:28 July 2010 S.PKamala Nalini “Green” nanoparticle synthesis has been achieved using environmentally acceptable solvent systems and eco-friendly reducing und capping agents. Numerous microorganisms and plant extracts have been applied tw synthesize inorganic nanostructures cither intracellularly or extracellularly. The use of nanoparticles derived from noble metals has spread too many areas including jewellery, medical fields, electronics, water treatment and sport utilities, thus improving the longevity and comfort in human life. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Tectona grandis seeds extract: Published online: 22 January 2019 Akhil Rautela, Jyoti Rani & Mira Debnath (Das) Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles makes use of plant constituents, like carbohydrates, fats, enzymes, flavonoids, terpenoids, polyphenols, and alkaloids, as reducing agents to synthesize silver nanoparticles. Nanoparticles was confirmed by visual detection in which the colorless solution gets changed to a brown-colored solution. Further characterization was done by UV-visible spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR analysis, SEM/EDS, FESEM, and TEM. Size of silver nanoparticles was found to be 10-30 nm approximately as determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Well diffusion method showed the antimicrobial effect of AgNPs on different microorganisms with the zone of inhibition of 16 mm for Staphylococcus aureus, 12. mm for Bacillus cereus, and 17. mm for E, coli when SO yg of AgNPs was used.Mode of action of antimicrobial activity of nanoparticles was investigated by determining leakage of reducing sugars and proteins, suggesting that AgNPs were able to destroy membrane permeability. Mechanism of action of antimicrobial activity was found to be the change in permeability of membrane by detecting the release of reducing sugars and proteins through leaky membrane, which was detected by DNS and Bradford's method, respectively. The role of tannic acid and sodium citrate in the synthesis of silver Nano particles: Published online : 04 August 2017 The significance of a sodium citrate and tannic acid mixture in the synthesis of spherical silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Monodisperse AgNPs were synthesized via reduction of silver nitrate using a mixture of two chemical agents: sodium citrate and tannic acid. The oxidation and reduction potentials of silver, tannic acid and sodium citrate in their mixtures were determined using cyclic voltammetry. Typical AgNP chemical synthesis uses cither tannic acid or citrate as a reducing and stabilizing agent. Tannic acid contains a central core of glucose that is linked by ester bonds to polygalloyl ester chains. At its natural pH, tannic acid is a weak reducing agent (Tian et al. 2007) that is known to hydrolyse under acidic/basic conditions into glucose and gallic acid units (Bors .2001) Tunnic acid in the solution containing sodium citrate undergoes oxidation the most readily. Oxidation starts at a potential of 0.195 V. This value is 0.115 V smaller than in the case of the solution containing tannic acid alone. The reason for such a change in the potential might be the interaction between the particles of tannic acid and citrate anions. Probably, these are interactions of the type of hydrogen bonds between the hydroxyl groups of tannic acid particles and the oxygen atoms of carbony! groups of citrates The formation of stable citric acid (CA)-TA complexes was also confirmed by quantum calculations.Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles makes use of plant constituents, like carbohydrates, fats, enzymes, flavonoids, tcrpenoids, polyphenols, and alkaloids, as reducing agents to synthesize silver nanopanicles, Nanoparticles was confirmed by visual detection in which the colorless solution gets changed to a brown-colored solution. 9Further characterization was done by UV-visible spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR analysis, SEM/EDS, FESEM, and TEM. Size of silver nanoparticles was found to be 10-30 nm approximately as determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Well diffusion method showed the antimicrobial effect of AgNPs on different microorganisms with the zone of inhibition of 16 mm for Staphylococcus aureus, 12 mm for Bacillus cereus, and 17mm for E. coli when 0. pg of AgNPs was used. GREEN SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANO PARTICLES USING THE PLANT EXTRACT OF SALVIA SPINOSA Published online: 04 December 2018 Saba Pirtarighat, Maryam Ghannadnia The ability of plant extract of Salvia spinosa grown under in vitro condition for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) for the first time. The surface plasmon resonance found at 450 nm confirmed the formation of Ag NPs. MorcoverThe extract of various plants grown in farms is used permanently for the biosynthesis of nanoparticles, but whether the plants grown under in vitro condition have this ability or not is still under scrutiny. ‘The main purposes of this work are considering the potential of the plant extract ‘of S. spinosa grown in vitro in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium for the biosynthesis of Ag NPs and investigation of their antibacterial activities against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative species of bacteria.The antibacterial activity of the biosynthesized Ag NPs against Gram-positive and -negalive bacteria species was done by disk diffusion method. Experimented bacteria were Bacillus subt {accession number: M59 KP406766), Bacillus vallismortis (accession number; M92 KP406765) and Escherichia coli (PTCC; 1276). Morcover, bactericidal activity assessment of the biosynthesized Ag NPs showed their inhibitory function against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In this study, possible functional groups and effective compounds responsible in reduction of silver ions were assigned. The speculated mechanism in this work elucidates the involvement of carboxylic acid functional group presented in carnosic acid and Mavonoids. in the bioreduction process and the stabilization of biosynthesized Ag NPs. 2»PARTHENIUM LEAF EXTRACT MEDIATED SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES: Published online :1, March 2009 (VYOM PARASHAR, RASHMI PARASHARA , BECHAN SHARMA, AVINASH C. PANDEY) synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Parthenium leaf extract have been prepared by bringing fresh leaves of Parthenium hysterophorus Silver nanoparticles are single crystalline in nature,Eco-friendly nanoparticles in bactericidal, wound healing and other medical and electronic applications, makes this method potentially exciting for the large-scale synthesis of other inorganic matcrials (nanomaterials). Toxicity studies of Parthenium, Use of agricultural waste (coconut shell) for the synthesis of sitver nanoparticles: Published online : November 2018, ‘SimranSinsinwar Extract of an agricultural waste, coconut (Cocos nucifera) shell is uscd 10 synthesize AgNPs anther antibacterialeffect wasinvestigated against selected human pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium. The AgNPs synthesized using coconut shell extractdegradation might be the possible mechanism of antibacterial action of CSE-AgNPs. Different concentrations of AgNPs (0.078-2.5 mg/ml) showed no toxicity against human PBMC cell line. Hence,such highly effective CSE- AgNPs could be explored as antibacterial agent. Carnivorous plants used for green synthesis of silver nanoparticies: Published online: 1, January 2020, (RafalBanasiuk,DariaSwigon) The anti-oxidative potential of four camivorous plants to produce uniform and biologically active silver nanoparticles. Since the 12th century carnivorous plants have been used for the treatment of illnesses such as dry cough, bronchitis, whooping-cough, asthma, urinal tract infections or even headache. nThis is due to their secondary metabolite composition that comprises of flavonoids, naphthoquinanes, anthocyanins, phenolic compounds, and organic acidsCarnivorous plants belong to a group of endangered species however they can be obtained with a high yield through vegetative reproduction in in vitro cultures, This technique allows to increase the propagation rate of valuable, genetically identical plants from even a single plant. Camivorous plants were used in the pre-antibiotic era and now can return in a modem form to combat antibiotic resistant pathogens. This is one of the most energy-consuming technological processes that strongly contributes to the profitability of the reaction. Lowering the energy consumption can be beneficial concerning both in the ecological and economical aspects. Bearing in mind silver ion toxicity and biological variability of plant extracts, it is prudent to use an additional capping agent to facilitate the reaction process without the necd for full extract standardisation Several modifications. Plants: Drosera indica, Drosera binata, Drosera spatulata, and Dionaea muscipula. AgNPs synthesized with the use of camivorous plants extracts were characterized by using transmission electron microscopy ‘The chromatographic separation was carried out using Beckmann Gold System Since the 12th century carnivorous plants have been used for the treatment of illnesses such as dry cough, bronchitis, whooping-cough, asthma, urinal tract infections or even headache. Lemon peels mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles and its antidermatophytic activity: Published online : 24 April 2014 (S.Najimu NishaaO.S.Aysha) The extract of lemon peel was prepared and mixed with | mM AgNO3 solution The bioreduction of Ag+ ion in solution.Skin scales were collected from Paticnts with suspected dermatophytosis and the dermatophytes were isolated and identified. The AgNPs produced from lemon pecls showed good activity against the isolated dermatophytes.The present research work emphasizes the use of lemon peels for the effective synthesize of AgNPs and could be used against the dermatophytes which are found to develop drug resistant towards broad-spectrum antibiotics. The biosynthesis of AgNPs using lemon peel extract is very simple and economic. The use of environmentally benign and renewable plant material offers enormous benefits of eco-friendliness. ARTE! iI ACAPILLARIES EXTRACTSAS A GREEN FACTORYFOR THE SYNTHESISOF SILVER NANOPARTICLESWITH ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES: Published online : 9, September 2012 ( Park, Youmie; Noh, Hwa Jung: Han, Lina; Kim, Hyun-Seok; Kim, Yong-Jac; Choi, Jac Sue; Kim, Chong-Kook; Kim, Yeong Shik; Cho, Seontto)Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles that uses extracts from the acrial part of Artemisia capillaris. Both water and 70% ethanol extracts successfully generated silver nanoparticles.The formation of silver nanoparticles was confirmed by surface plasmon resonance bands, Fourier transform-infrared spectra, high resolution-transmission electron and atomic force microscopic images. A remarkable enhancement (approximately 12-fold) was observed against Pseudomonas acruginosa, Escherichia coli, Emterobacter cloacac, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Klebsiella areogenes when compared with the extract alone.Silver nanoparticles produced by the 70% ethanol extract showed slightly higher antibacterial activity than those generated with the water extract. The correlation between tatal flavonoid content of each extract and the antibacterial activity did not exert any significant relationships.This report suggests that plant extracts have the potential to be used as powerful reducing agents forproduction of biocompatible silver nanoparticles BThe present research work emphasizes the use of lemon peels for the effective synthesize of AgNPs and could be used against the dermatophytes which are found 1o develop drug resistant towards broad-spectrum antibiotics. The biosynthesis of AgNPs using lemon peel extract is very simple and ‘economic. The use of environmentally benign and renewable plant material offers enormous benefits of eco-friendliness. ARTEMISIACAPILLARIES EXTRACTSAS A GREEN FACTORYFOR THE SYNTHESISOF SILVER NANOPARTICLESWITH ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES: Published online : 9, September 2012 (Park, Youmie; Noh, Hwa Jung: Han, Lina; Kim, Hyun-Seok; Kim, Yong-Jae; Choi, Jae Sue; Kim, Chong-Kook; Kim, Yeong Shik; Cho, SconHo)Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles that uses extracts from the acrial part of Artemisia capillaris, Both water and 70% ethanol extracts successfully generated silver nanoparticles. The formation of silver nanoparticles was confirmed by surface plasmon resonance bands, Fourier transform-infrared spectra, high resolution-transmission electron and atomic force microscopic images. A remarkable enhancement (approximately 12-fold) was observed against Pseudomonas acruginosa, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacac, Klebsiella ‘oxytoca, and Klebsiella arcogenes when compared with the extract alone.Silver nanoparticles produced by the 70% ethanol extract showed slightly higher antibacterial activity than those generated with the water extract. The correlation between total flavonoid content of each extract and the antibacterial activity did not exert any significant relationships. This report suggests that plant extracts have the potential to be used as powerful reducing agents forproduction of biocompatible silver nanoparticles 2aMATERIALSAND METHODS: Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using the spinach leave extract freshly collected fromFresh spinach was collected from the local market and The silver nitrate was used as a precursorand remaining equipment was used in department of biotechnology Andhra Loyola college Vijayawada before the experiment the all glass ware was washed well and maintained sterilized conditions before doing the experiment. PREPARATION OF GREEN SPINACH EXTRACT: Collect the freshly collected green spinach leaves and chop in fine picces and then wash with ethy! alcoho! then wash with water and dry the leaves under sunlight for two days then leaves become dry now taken the leaves and weighed it for 4.471 grams make into fine Paste with the help of NaQH and distilled water and dissolved in 50 m! distilled water. 24Other side we weighed 0.01-gram of silver nitrate and dissolved in 25 ml of distilled water and mix well In another side we weighed 0.01-gram of silver nitrate and dissolved in 25 ml of distilled water and mix well. Then we take green spinach solution and kept on a water bath at 100 ¢ and we mixed the solution on a water bath until obtaining the extractfor 2-3 hours SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANO PARTICLES: Then we take the green spinach extract and mixen with the silver nitrate solution for well mixing we had kept on orbitalshaker for 1-2 hours it was mixed well by keeping in orbital shaker. 5When the green spinach solution and silver nitrate solution mixed well after this We kept the solution for incubation for 24-48 hours For incubation after incubation the solution color was changed then done another process. %CENTRIFUAGATION: The solution was taken in centrifuge tubes and kept in centrifuge and then we centrifuged with 15000 rpmforonchour later repeatedthe centrifugation for fine Now supernatant and pellet was obtained then we collected the pellet and kept it for drying under sun for 2-3 days. After drying 1-2 days the black colored silver particles was obtained then send for analysis for secing silver nanoparticles. Observation : 2we have observed the black round tiny silver particles after keeping in the sun light 28Result and discussion ‘The silver particles was formed we synthesizedthe silver nano particles from the: green spinach.From this silver particles we ean see silver nano particles by different analysis here the silver nitrate acts a8 reagent in this experiment but normally silver nitrate was sterilizing agent in plant biotechnology we used it hhas a reagent to obtain the silver particles this obtain silver particles was very use full to diabetics and cancer patients in their treatment light amount of silver particles was used to cure the disease and we used green spinach green spinach was rich in vitamins and it was good for health. = The major advantage of biological methods is the availability of amino acids, proteins, or secondary metabolites present in the synthesis process, the climination of the extra step required for the prevention of particle aggregation, and the use of biological molecules for the synthesis of AgNPs is eco-friendly and pollution-free. Biological methods seem to provide contralled particle size and shape, which is an important factor for various biomedical applications ‘Using bacterial protein or plant extracts as reducing agents, we can control the shape, size, and monodispersity of the nanoparticles. The other advantages of i | methods are the availability of a vast array of biological resources, a , and the ready solubility of prepared nanoparticles in waterCONCLUSION: The isolation of silver mano: particles was very use full in biology ficld and many research s doing under silver nano particles to treat many diseases like diabetics and cancer etc.and green spinach is contains many vitamins it is good for healthThis review comprehensively addressed synthesis, characterization. and bio-applications of silver nanoparticles, with special emphasis on anticancer activity and its mechanisms and therapeutic approaches for cancer using AgNPs. Recently, both academic and Industrial research has explored the possibility of using AgNPs as a next-generation anticancer therapeutic agent, due to the conventional side effects of chemo- and radiation therapy. Although AgNPs play an important role in clinical research, several factors need to be considered, including the source of raw materiats, the method of production. stability, bio-distribution, controlled release, accumulation, cell-specific targeting, and finally toxicological issues to human beings. The development of AQNPs as anti-angiogenic molecules is one of the most interesting approaches. for cancer treatment and other angiogenesis-related diseases: il can overcome poor delivery and the problem of drug resistance. Further, it could provide a ‘new avenue for other angiogenic diseases, such as atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetic retinopathy, psoriasis, endometriosis, and adiposity.in addition, the potential use of AgNPs for cancer diagnosis and treatment is immense: to address this issue, a variety of modalities have been developed. Although various methods are available, the synergistic effects of AgNPs and antibiotics on antibacterial agents or multiple therapeutic agents on antl- cancer activity/tumor reduction are still obscure. Therefore, more studies are required to explain the synergistic effect of the two different cytotoxic agents: at a single time point. These kinds of studies could provide understanding, mechanisms, and efficiency of the synergistic effect of two different agents or multiple agents: thus, they would help to develop a novel system bearing multiple components with synergistic effects for the treatment of various types of cancer. Although AgNPs have been focused on therapeutic purposes, further research is inevitable in animal models to confirm the mechanisms and to gain a comprehensive picture of biocompatibility vs. toxicity of AgNPs.Finally, if we succeed in all these studies, it would help the researchers of the nanascience and nanotechnology community to develop safer, biocompatible, efficient cancer or anti-angiogenic agents containing AgNPs. Eventually, to ensure the biosafety ofthe use of AgNPs in humans, studies dealing with biocompatibility of AgNPs- n