24.

DIFFERENTIAL
E Q U AT I O N S

1. INTRODUCTION
An equation containing an independent variable, dependent variable and differential coefficients is called a
differential equation.
2 3 3
dy  d2 y   dy   d4 y  dy
(i) = sin x (ii)   + x  = 0 (iii)  4  −4 5 cos 3 x
=
dx  dx2   dx   dx  dx
   

2. ORDER OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest derivative occurring in the differential equation. For
example, the order of the above mentioned differential equations are 1, 2, and 4 respectively.

3. DEGREE OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

The degree of a differential equation is the degree of the highest order derivative when differential coefficients
are free from radicals and fractions. For example the degrees of above differential equations are 1, 2, and 3
respectively.

Table 24.1: Degree of differential equation

Differential Equation Order of D.E. Degree of D.E

dy
+ 4y = sin x 1 1
dx
4
 d2 y   dy 5
 2  +  − y = ex 2 4
 dx   dx 
 

d2 y dy
− + 3y =
cos x 2 1
dx 2 dx

dy x4 − y 4
= 1 1
dx xy x2 + y 2 ( )
2 4 . 2 | Differential Equations

Differential Equation Order of D.E. Degree of D.E

2
dy  dy 
y =+
x a2   + b2
dx  dx 
2 1 2
 dy  dy
⇒ (x – a ) 
2 2
 –2xy +(y2 – b2)=0
dx
  dx

3/2 2 3
  dy  
2
d y   dy    d2 y 
2 2
= 1+   ⇒ 
 − 1+  0
= 2 2
 dx2    dx  
dx2   dx     

4. CLASSIFICATION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Differential equations are first classified according to their order. First-order differential equations are those in
which only the first order derivative, and no higher order derivatives appear. Differential equations of order two or
more are referred to as higher order differential equations.
A differential equation is said to be linear if the unknown function, together with all of its derivatives, appears in
the differential equations with a power not greater than one and not as products either. A nonlinear differential
equation is a differential equation which is not linear.
e.g. y’ + y = 0 is a linear differential equation,
y” + yy’ + y2 = 0 is a non linear differential equation,

Procedure to form a differential equation that represents a given family of curves

Case I:
If the given family F1 of curves depends on only one parameter then it is represented by an equation of the form
F1(x, y, a) = 0  … (i)
For example, the family of parabolas y2 = ax can be represented by an equation of the form
f(x, y, a): y2 = ax
Differentiating equation (i) with respect to x, we get an equation involving y’, y, x and a.
g(x, y, y’, a) = 0  … (ii)
The required differential equation is then obtained by eliminating a from equation (i) and (ii) as
F(x, y, y’) = 0  … (iii)

Case II:
If the given family F2 of curves depends on the parameters a, b (say) then it is represented by an equation of the
form F2(x, y, a, b) = 0  … (iv)
Differentiating equation (iv) with respect to x, we get an equation involving y’, x, y, a, b.
g(x, y, y’, a, b) = 0  … (v)
Now we need another equation to eliminate both a and b. This equation is obtained by differentiating equation (v),
wrt x, to obtain a relation of the form h(x, y, y’, y”, a, b) = 0  … (vi)
The required differential equation is then obtained by elimination a and b from equations (iv), (v) and (vi) as F(x, y,
y’, y”) = 0  … (vii)
 M a them a ti cs | 24.3

Note: The order of a differential equation representing a family of curves is the same as the number of arbitrary
constants present in the equation corresponding to the family of curves.

5. FORMATION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

If an equation is dependent and dependent variables having some arbitrary constant are given, then the differential
equation is obtained as follows:
(a) Differentiate the given equation w.r.t. the independent variable (say x) as many times as the number of
arbitrary constants in it.
(b) Eliminate the arbitrary constants.
dy d2 y
(c) Hence on eliminating arbitrary constants results a differential equation which involves x, y, , …….
m dx dx2
d y
(where m=number of arbitrary constants).
dxm

Illustration 1: Form the differential equation corresponding to y2 = m(a2 – x2), where m and a are arbitrary
constants.  (JEE MAIN)

Sol: Since the given equation contains two arbitrary constant, we shall differentiate it two times with respect to x
and we get a differential equation of second order.
We are given that y2 = m(a2 – x2) … (i)
Differentiating both sides of (i) w.r.t. x, we get
dy dy
2y = m(–2x) ⇒ y = –mx  … (ii)
dx dx
2
d2 y  dy 
Differentiating both sides of (ii) w.r.t. to x, we get y +   = –m … (iii)
 dx 
2
dx
 d2 y  dy 2  dy
From (ii) and (iii), we get, x  y +   = y
 dx   dx
 dx 2

This is the required differential equation.

Illustration 2: Form diff. equation of ax2 + by2 = 1  (JEE MAIN)

Sol: Similar to the above problem the given equation contains two arbitrary constants, so we shall differentiate it
two times with respect to x and then by eliminating a and b we get the differential equation of second order.

dy
ax2 + by2 = 1 ⇒ 2ax + 2by =0 ⇒ a + b (yy” + (y’)2) = 0
dx
2
y ⇒ d2 y  dy  y dy
Eliminating a and b we get y’ = yy” + (y’)2 y +   – =0
x dx2  dx  x dx

Illustration 3: Form the differential equation corresponding to y2 = a(b2 – x2), where a and b are arbitrary
constants.  (JEE MAIN)

Sol: Similar to illustration 1.

We have, y2 = a(b2 – x2) … (i)
2 4 . 4 | Differential Equations

In this equation, there are two arbitrary constants a, b, so we have to differentiate twice, Differentiating the given
dy dy
equation (i) w.r.t. ‘x’. We get 2y = –2x.a ⇒ y = –ax  … (ii)
dx dx
2
d2 y dy dy d2 y  dy 
Differentiating (ii) with respect to x, we get y + . −a ⇒ y
= +  = −a  … (iii)
dx2 dx dx dx2  dx 
Substituting the value of a in (ii), we get
2 2
dy  d2 y  dy   dy d2 y  dy  d2 y  dy  dy
y
=  y +    2 x ⇒ y
= xy +   ⇒ xy + x  − y 0
=
dx  dx
2
 dx   dx dx2  dx  dx 2
 dx  dx

Illustration 4: Find the differential equation of the following family of curves: xy = Aex + Be–x + x2  (JEE MAIN)

Sol: Here in this problem A and B are the two arbitrary constants, hence we shall differentiate it two times with
respect to x and then by eliminating constant terms we will get the required differential equation.
Given: xy = Aex + Be–x + x2  … (i)
dy
Differentiating (i) with respect to ‘x’, we get x + y = Aex – Be–x + 2x
dx
Again differentiating with respect to ‘x’, we get

d2 y dy dy d2 y dy
x +1 + 1. = Aex + Be–x + 2 ⇒ x +2 = xy – x2 + 2
dx 2 dx dx dx 2 dx

Illustration 5: Prove that x2 – y2 = c(x2 + y2)2 is a general solution of the differential equation
(x3 – 3xy2)dx = (y3 – 3x2y)dy  (JEE ADVANCED)

Sol: Here only one arbitrary constant is present hence we shall differentiate it one time with respect to x and then
by substituting the value of c we shall prove the given equation.
Let us find the differential equation for x2 – y2 = c(x2 + y2)2
... (i)

Differentiating (i), with respect to ‘x’, we get 2x – 2y

dy
dx
( 

)
=c.2 x2 + y 2  2x + 2y
dy 
 
dx 
... (ii)

Substituting the value of c from (i) in (ii), we get

x2 − y 2
⇒ x=
−y
dy
(x 2
) 
+ y 2  2x + 2y
dy 
⇒

(x2 + y2)  x − y
dy 
 = (x – y )
2 2

 2x + 2y
dy 

dx
(x ) dx  dx dx 
2
2
+ y2    
dy dy
⇒ [2y(x2 – y2) + y(x2 + y2)] = x(x2 + y2) – 2x(x2 – y2) ⇒ (3x2y – y3) = 3xy2 – x3
dx dx
⇒ (x3 – 3xy2)dx = (y3 – 3x2y)dy As this equation matches the one given in the problem statement. Hence the given
equation is the solution for the differential equation.
Hence proved.

Illustration 6: Find the differential equation of the family of curves y = ex(acosx + bsinx) (JEE ADVANCED)

Sol: Since given family of curves have two constants a and b, so we have to differentiate twice with respect to x.
We have, y = ex(acosx + bsinx)  … (i)
 M a them a ti cs | 24.5
Differentiating (i) with respect to x, we get
dy
=ex(acosx + bsinx) + ex(–asinx + bcosx) = y + ex (–asinx + bcosx)
dx
dy
⇒ – y = ex(–asinx + bcosx) … (ii)
dx
Differentiating (ii) with respect to x, we get
d2 y dy dy
– = ex(–asinx + bcosx) + ex(–acosx – bsinx) = – y – ex (acos x + bsinx)
dx 2 dx dx
d2 y dy dy ∴ d2 y dy
⇒ − =– y – y [ ex(a cosx + bsinx) = y] ⇒ −2 + 2y = 0
dx 2 dx dx dx 2 dx

This is the required differential equation.

Illustration 7: Find the differential equation of all circles which pass through the origin and whose centers lie on
the y axis.  (JEE ADVANCED)

Sol: As circles passes through the origin and whose centers lie on the y axis hence g = 0 and point (0, 0) will satisfy
general equation of given circle.
The general equation of a circle is
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0  … (i)
Since it passes through origin (0, 0), it will satisfy equation (i)
⇒ (0)2 + (0)2 + 2g.(0) + 2f.(0) + c = 0 ⇒ c=0
⇒ x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy = 0
This is the equation of a circle with center (–g, –f) and passing through the origin.
If the center lies on the y-axis, we have g = 0,
⇒ x2 + y2 + 2.(0).x + 2fy = 0 ⇒ x2 + y2 + 2fy = 0 … (ii)
Hence, (ii) represents the required family of circles with center on y axis and passing through origin.
Differentiating (ii) with respect to x, we get
  dy  
 x + y.   
2x + 2y
dy
+ 2f
dy 
= 0 ⇒ f = –  dx  

dx dx   dy  
  dx  

Substituting this value of f in (2), we get

  dy  
 x + y.   
x2 + y2 – 2y   dx   = 0 ⇒ (x2 + y2) dy – 2xy – 22  dy  = 0 ⇒ (x2 – y2) dy – 2xy = 0
2y  
  dy   dx dx
     dx 
dx
   
This is the required differential equation.

MASTERJEE CONCEPTS

Curves representing the solution of a differential equation are called integral curves.
Nitish Jhawar (JEE 2009, AIR 7)
2 4 . 6 | Differential Equations

6. SOLUTIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Finding the dependent variable from the differential equation is called solving or integrating it. The solution or the
integral of a differential equation is, therefore, a relation between the dependent and independent variables (free
from derivatives) such that it satisfies the given differential equation.
Note: The solution of the differential equation is also called its primitive.
There can be two types of solution to a differential equation:
(a) General solution (or complete integral or complete primitive)
A relation in x and y satisfying a given differential equation and involving exactly the same number of arbitrary
constants as the order of the differential equation.
(b) Particular solution
A solution obtained by assigning values to one or more than one arbitrary constant of general solution

dy
Illustration 8: The general solution of x2 dx = 2 is  (JEE MAIN)

Sol: First separate out x term and y term and then integrate it, we shall obtain result.
dy 2 2 2
= ⇒ dy = dx Now integrate it. We get y = – +c
dx x 2
x 2 x

Illustration 9: Verify that the function x + y = tan–1y is a solution of the differential equation y2y’ + y2 + 1 = 0
 (JEE MAIN)
Sol: By differentiating the equation x + y = tan–1y with respect to x we can prove the given equation.
We have, x + y = tan–1y ... (i)
Differentiating (i), w.r.t. x we get

dy 1 dy dy  1 + y 2 − 1 
1+ = ⇒ 1+   =0
dx 1 + y 2 dx dx  1 + y 2 
dy
⇒ (1 + y2) + y2 dx = 0 ⇒ y2y’ + y2 + 1 = 0

 dy 
Illustration 10: Show that the function y = Ax +  2x + 2y  is a solution of the differential equation
 dx 
2
d y dy
x2 2 + x dx – y = 0  (JEE MAIN)
dx
B
Sol: Differentiating y = Ax + twice with respect to x and eliminating the constant term, we can prove the given
equation. x

dy
We have, y = Ax + ⇒ xy = Ax2 + B  ... (i)
dx
dy
Differentiation (i) w.r.t. ‘x’. we get ⇒ x + 1.y = 2Ax ... (ii)
dx
Again differentiating (ii) w.r.t., ‘x’, we get
dy
x +y
d2 y dy dy d2 y dy dx d2 y dy
⇒ x. + + = 2A ⇒ x +2 = ⇒ x2 +x −y =0
dx 2 dx dx dx 2 dx x dx 2 dx

dy
Which is same as the given differential equation. Therefore y = Ax + is a solution for the given differential
equation. dx
 M a them a ti cs | 24.7

dy
x2 + 1 log  x2 + 1  show that (x2 + 1)
Illustration 11: If y. = + xy + 1 = 0 (JEE MAIN)
  dx

x2 + 1 log  x2 + 1 − x  one time with respect to x, we

Sol: Similar to the problem above, by differentiating y. =
 
will prove the given equation.

We have, y. 2
x= + 1 log  x2 + 1   ... (i)
 
Differentiating (i), we get

(1 / 2)  2 x/ x2 + 1  – 1
dy 1 2x dy x x − x2 + 1
x2 +1 + y=  +  ⇒ = x2 + 1 ;
dx 2 2 dx x2 + 1 x2 + 1  x2 + 1 − x 
2
x +1 x +1 − x
 
2
dy x − x +1 dy dy
(x2 +1) + xy = ; (x2 + 1) + xy = –1; (x2 + 1) + xy + 1 = 0
dx x2 + 1 – x dx dx

Illustration 12: Show that y = acos(logx) + bsin(logx) is a solution of the differential equation:
d2 y dy
x2 2 + x dx + y = 0  (JEE ADVANCED)
dx

Sol: As the given equation has two arbitrary constants, hence differentiating it two times we can prove it.
We have, y = acos(logx) + bsin(logx) ... (i)
dy asin(logx) bcos(logx)
Differentiating (i) w.r.t ‘x’. we
= get ; – +
dx x x
dy
x = –asin(logx)+bcos(logx)  ... (ii)
dx
Again differentiating with respect to ‘x’, we get

d2 y dy acos (logx ) bsin (logx )

x = + −
dx2 dx x x
d2 y dy d2 y dy d2 y dy
⇒ x2 +x = –[acos(logx) + bsin(logx)] ⇒ +x = –y ⇒ +x +y=0
dx 2 dx dx 2 dx dx 2 dx
Which is same as the given differential equation
Hence, y = acos(logx) + bsin(logx) is a solution of the given differential equation.

7. METHODS OF SOLVING FIRST ORDER FIRST DEGREE DIFFERENTIAL

EQUATION

7.1 Equation of the Form dy/dx = f(x)

To solve this type of differential equations, we integrate both sides to obtain the general solution as discussed
below
dy
= f (x) ⇒ dy = f(x)dx
dx
Integrating both sides we obtain
= ∫ dy ∫ f ( x ) dx + c ⇒ y= ∫ f(x)dx + c
2 4 . 8 | Differential Equations

dy 2
Illustration 13: The general solution of the differential equation = x5 + x2 – is  (JEE MAIN)
dx x

Sol: General solution of any differential equation is obtained by integrating it hence for given equation we have to
integrate it one time to obtain its general equation.
dy 2
We have: = x5 + x2 –
dx x
 2 1 x 6 x3
Integrating, y = ∫  x5 + x2 –  dx + c = ∫ x5
dx + ∫ x 2
dx − 2 ∫x dx + c
C ⇒ y = + – 2log|x| + c
 x 6 3
Which is the required general solution.

d2 y
Illustration 14: The solution of the differential equation cos2x = 1 is  (JEE MAIN)
dx2

Sol: By integrating it two times we will get the result.

d2 y d2 y
cos2x =1 ⇒ = sec2x
2 2
dx dx
dy
On integrating, we get = tanx + c1
dx
Integrating again, we get y = log(secx) + c1x + c2

7.2 Equation of the form dy/dx = f(x) g(y)

To solve this type of differential equation we integrate both sides to obtain the general solution as discussed below
dy
=f(x)g(y) ⇒ g(y)−1 dy =f(x)dx
dx
Integrating both sides, we get ∫ (g(y))−1 dy = ∫ f(x)dx

Illustration 15: The solution of the differential equation log(dy/dx) = ax + by is  (JEE MAIN)
dy
Sol: We can also write the given equation as = eax + by . After that by separating the x and y terms and integrating
dx
both sides we can get the general equation.
dy dy 1 1
= eax + by ⇒ =eax + by ⇒ e–bydy = eax dx ⇒ − e−by = eax + c
dx dx b a
dy
Illustration 16: The solution of the differential equation =ex+ y + x2ey is  (JEE MAIN)
dx

Sol: Here first we have to separate the x and y terms and then by integrating them we can solve the problem above.
dy
The given equation is = ex+y + x2ey
dx

⇒
dy
dx
= ex.ey + x2ey ⇒ e–ydy = (ex + x2)dx, Integrating, ∫e
−y
( )
dy =∫ ex + x2 dx + c

e− y x3 1 1 1 x3
⇒ + ex + + c ⇒ − = ex + x3 + c ⇒ ex + + =C
−1 3 ey 3 ey 3
 M a them a ti cs | 24.9

7.3 Equation of the Form dy/dx = f (ax+by+c)

dy 1  dy 
To solve this type of differential equation, we put ax + by + c = v and
=  − 0
dx b  dx 
dy
\ = dx
a + bf ( v )
dy
So solution is by integrating ∫
a + bf ( v ) ∫
= dx

dy 2
Illustration 17: (x + y)2 dx = a  (JEE MAIN)

dy dt
Sol: Here we can’t separate the x and y terms, therefore put x + y = t hence = − 1 . Now we can easily
separate the terms and by integrating we will get the required result. dx dx

 dt  dt a2 a2 + t2 t2dt
Let x + y = t ⇒ t2  dx − 1  = a2 ; = +1 = ⇒ ∫ =x+c
  dx t2 t2 t2 + a2
dy x+y
⇒ t – a tan–1 dx = x + c ⇒ y − atan−1 =c
a

dx x + y −1
Illustration 18: =  (JEE MAIN)
dx x + y +1
Sol: Put x + y +1 = t2 and then solve similar to the above illustration.
let x + y +1 = t2
 dt  t2 − 2 2tdt t2 + t − 2 2t2
⇒  2t − 1 = ⇒ = ⇒ ∫ (t− 1)(t+ 2) dt= x+c
 dx  t dx t

 1 4  2ln | t − 1 | 8ln | t + 2 |
⇒ 2∫  1 + −  dt =
x+c ⇒ 2t + − x+c
=
 3(t − 1) 3(t + 2)  3 3

2ln | x + y + 1 − 1 | 8ln | x + y + 1 + 2 |
⇒ 2 x + y +1 + − = x+c
3 3

dy
Illustration 19: = cos(10x + 8y). Find curve passing through origin in the form y = f(x) satisfying differential
dx
equations given  (JEE MAIN)

Sol: Here first put 10x + 8y = t and then taking integration on both sides we will get the required result.
Let 10x + 8y = t
dy dt dy dt
⇒ 10 + 8 = ⇒ – 10 = 8cost ⇒ ∫ 8 cos t + 10 ∫ dx =x+c
dx dx dx
dp 1 + p2 dy dt 2dp
=p tant / 2 = ⇒=
dx 2(1) dx dx 1 + p2
2dp
1 + p2 2dp dp
∴∫ + 10 = ∫ =∫ =x+c
 1 − p2  1p2 + 18 p2 + 9
8
 1 + p2   tan(t / 2) 
⇒ tan−1(P/ 3) =x + c ⇒ tan−1 
   =x + c
 3 
 tan(t / 2) 
⇒ tan−1(P/ 3) =x + c ⇒ tan−1   =x + c ⇒ 3tan(x =
+ c) tan(10x + 84)
 3 
⇒ 3tan(x =
+ c) tan(10x + 84)
2 4 . 1 0 | Differential Equations

7.4 Parametric Form

Some differential equations can be solved using parametric forms.
Case I:
x = rcosθ y = rsinθ
Squaring and adding x2 + y2 = r2  ... (i)
−y
tanθ = ∫e dy =∫ (ex + x2 )dx + c  ... (ii)
xdx + ydy = rdr  ... (iii)
e− y x3
sec2θ dθ = = ex + + c ⇒ xdy – ydx = x2sec2θ dθ x = rcosθ; xdy – ydx = r2dθ
–1 3
Case II:
If x = rsecθ, y = rtanθ
x – y = r 
2 2 2
... (i)
1 1
=ex + x3 + c = sinq  ... (ii)
e y 3
⇒ xdx – ydy = rdr; xdy – ydx = cosθ x2 dq ⇒ xdy – ydx = r2secqdq

Illustration 20: Solve xdx + ydy = x(xdy – ydx) (JEE MAIN)

Sol: By substituting x = r cosθ and y = r sinθ the given equation reduces to rdr = rcosθ(r2dθ). Hence by separating
and integrating both sides we will get the result.
Let x = rcosθ, y = rsinq
Hence the given equation becomes rdr = rcosθ(r2dθ)

dr 1 1 y
− = sin θ + c ⇒ − = +c
∫ r=
2 ∫ cos θdθ r
⇒
x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2
dy
x+y 2 2
Illustration 21: Solve dx = 1 − x − y  (JEE ADVANCED)
dy x2 + y 2
x −y
dx
Sol: Similar to the problem above, by substituting x = r cosθ and y = r sinθ the given equation reduces to

r dr 1 − r2
= . Hence by integrating both sides we will get the result.
r 2 dθ r
dy
x+y 2 2
dx = 1 − x − y xdx + ydy 1 − x2 − y 2
⇒ =
dy x2 + y 2 xdy − ydx x2 + y 2
x −y
dx
Let x = rcosθ, y = rsinq

rdr 1 − r2 dr
= ⇒ ∫ =θ+c ⇒ sin–1r = θ + c
2
r dθ r 1−r 2

y
⇒ sin−1=
x2 + y 2 sin−1 +c
x2 + y 2
 M a them a ti cs | 24.11

xdx + ydy ydx − xdy

Illustration 22: =  (JEE ADVANCED)
2
x +y 2 x

Sol: Similar to the above illustration.

Let x = rcosθ, y = rsinq

rdr r2 dr
⇒ − = ⇒ ∫ sec θdθ + ∫ =0
2
r dθ r cos θ r
⇒ log(secθ + tanθ) + logr = c ⇒ x2 + y 2 + y  x2 + y 2  + Cx =
0
 

7.5 Homogeneous Differential Equations

A differential equation in x and y is said to be homogeneous if it can be y = f(x)
dy f ( x, y )
put in the form = , where f(x, y) and g(x, y) are both homogeneous P(x,y)
dx g ( x, y )
function of the same degree in x and y.
dy f ( x, y )
To solve the homogeneous differential equation = ,
dx g ( x, y )
dy dy
substitute y = vx and so = v+x
dx dx
dy dx dv
Thus differential reduces to the form v + x = f(v) ⇒ = x
dx x f(v) − v
dy dv
Therefore, solution=
is ∫ ∫ f (v) − v + c Figure 24.1
x

Illustration 23: Find the curve passing through (1, 0) such that the area bounded by the curve, x-axis and 2
ordinates, one of which is constant and other is variable, is equal to the ratio of the cube of variable ordinate to
variable abscissa. (JEE MAIN)
x
y3
Sol: By differentiating ∫ ydx = , we will get the differential equation.
c
x
x
y3 x,3y 2 y '− y 3 ,1 dy x2 + y 2
A = ∫ ydx = ⇒y= ⇒ x2 = 3xyy’ – y2 ⇒ =
c
x x2 dx 3xy
(On differentiating the first integral equation w.r.t x)
dt 1 + v2 3v 1 3
Put y = vx; v + x = ⇒ ∫ 1 − 2v 2 dv = ∫ x dx ⇒ − log 1 − 2v 2 = logx + logc ⇒ (x2 – 2y2)3 = cx2
dx 3v 4

Given this curve passes through (1, 0). So, c=1 Hence the equation of curve is (x2 – 2y2)3 = cx2

dy y y
Illustration 24: The solution of differential equation = + tan is  (JEE MAIN)
dx x x

Sol: Here by putting y = xv and then integrating both sides we can solve the problem.
dy dv
Put y = xv ⇒ = v+x
dx dx
dv dv
Hence the given equation becomes x + v = v + tanv ⇒ x =tanv
dx dx
y
sin  
⇒
dv
=
dx
⇒ log sinv = logx + logc ⇒
sin v
=c⇒  x  = c ⇒ cx = sin  y 
 
tan v x x x x
 2 4 . 1 2 | Differential Equations

dy y 2 − 2xy − x2
Illustration 25: Solve = given y at x = 1 is –1 (JEE ADVANCED)
dx y 2 + 2xy − x2

Sol: Similar to the problem above, by putting y = vx, we can solve it and then by applying the given condition we
will get the value of c.
Let y = vx

dv  v 2 – 2v – 1  dv (v 3 + v 2 + v + 1)
⇒ v+x =   ⇒x = –
dx  v 2 + 2v – 1  dx v 2 + 2v – 1
 
v 2 + 2v − 1 2v(v + 1) – (v 2 + 1)
⇒ ∫ dv = c – logx ⇒ ∫ dv = c – logx
( v + 1) ( v2 + 1) (v + 1)(v 2 + 1)

⇒ log 
(
 v2 + 1 x 
)
 = logc ⇒
(v 2
−1 x ) =c⇒
x2 + y 2
=c
 v +1 
 
( v + 1) y+x

⇒ k(x2 + y2) = x + y
Given at x = 1, y = – 1 ⇒ 2k = 0. Hence the required equation is x + y = 0

2
 dy  dy
Illustration 26: Solve y   + 2x – y = 0 given y at x = 1 is 5 (JEE ADVANCED)
dx
  dx

−b ± b2 − 4ac dy −2x ± 4x2 + 4y 2

Sol: As we know, when ax2 + bx + c =0 then x = . Hence from given equation =
2a dx 2y
so by putting y = vx and integrating both side, we will get the result.

 dy  dy
Given y   + 2x –y=0
 dx  dx

dY −2x ± 4x2 + 4y 2 dy −x ± x2 + y 2
⇒ = ⇒ =
dX 2y dx y
Let y = vx

dv ± v 2 + 1 − 1 dv ± v2 + 1 − 1 − v2
⇒ x
= −v ⇒x =
dx v dx v

vdv vdv
⇒ ∫ = logx + C ⇒ ∫ = logx + C
± v + 1   v 2 + 1 + 1 

2 2 2
± v + 1 − (1 + v )
 

⇒ – ln   v 2 + 1 + 1  = logx + C ⇒ x   v 2 + 1 + 1  = c
   
dy 7X – 3Y
Given at x = 1, y = v = = ⇒ C=  6 + 1
dx –3X + 7Y

⇒  y 2 + x2 + =
x  6 +1

This is the required equation.

Note: The obtained solution has 4 equations.
 M a them a ti cs | 24.13

7.6 Differential Equations Reducible to Homogenous Form

dv a1 x + b1 y + c1 a b
A differential equation of the form = , where 1 ≠ 1 can be reduced to homogeneous form by
dx a2 x + b2 y + c θ2 b2
adopting the following procedure
dy dy
Put x = X + h, y = Y + k, so that =
dx dx

dY a1 X + b1 Y + (a1h + b1k + c1 )
The equation then transforms to =
dX a2 X + b2 Y + (a2h + b2k + c2 )

Now choose h and k such that a1h + b1k + c1 = 0 and a2h + b2k + c2 = 0. Then for these values of h and k the
equation becomes

dy a1 X + b1 Y
=
dx a2 X + b2 Y
This is a homogeneous equation which can be solved by putting Y = vX and then Y and X should be replaced by
y – k and x – h.

dy ax + by + c a b
Special case: If = and = = m say, i.e. when coefficient of x and y in numerator and
dx a' x + b' y + c' a' b'
denominator are proportional, then the above equation cannot be solved by the method discussed before because
the values of h and k given by the equation will be indeterminate. In order to solve such equations, we proceed as
explained in the following example.

dy 3x − 6y + 7
Illustration 27: Solve =  (JEE MAIN)
dx x − 2y + 4

Sol: Here the coefficient of x and y in the numerator and denominator are proportional hence by taking 3 common
from 3x – 6y and putting x – 2y = v and after that by integrating we will get the result.

dy 3x − 6y + 7 3 ( x − 2y ) + 7 dy dy
= = ; Put x – 2y = v ⇒ 1 – 2 =
dx x − 2y + 4 x − 2y + 4 dx dx

dv  3v + 7 
Now differential equations reduces to 1 − 2
= 
dx  v+4 
dv  v+2  2 
⇒ = −5   ⇒ ∫  1 + v + 2  dv =
−5∫ dx
dx v+4

⇒ v + 2log v + 2 =−5x + c ⇒ 3x − y + log x − 2y + 2 =c

Illustration 28: Solution of differential equation (3y – 7x + 7)dx + (7y – 3x + 3) dy = 0 is (JEE MAIN)

Sol: By substituting x = X + h, y = Y + k where (h, k) will satisfy the equation 3y – 7x + 7 = 0 and 7y – 3x + 3 =0 we

can reduce the equation and after that by putting Y = VX and integrating we will get required general equation.
dy 7x − 3y − 7
The given differential equation is =
dx −3x + 7y + 3
Substituting x = X + h, y = Y + k, we obtain

dY (7X – 3Y) + (7h − 3k – 7)

=  ... (i)
dX (–3X + 7Y) + (–3h + 7k + 3)
2 4 . 1 4 | Differential Equations

Choose h and k such that 7h – 3k – 7 = 0 and –3h + 7k + 3 = 0.

This gives h = 1 and k = 0. Under the above transformations, equation (i) can be written as

dY dV dY 7X − 3Y
Let Y = VX so that = V+X , we get =
dX dX dX –3X + 7Y

dV −3V + 7 dV 7 − 7V 2 dX 7 2V 3
V+X = ⇒X = ⇒ –7 = . dV − dV
dX 7V − 3 dX 7V − 3 X 2 V2 − 1 2
V −1
Integrating, we get
7 3 V −1
–7logX = log(V2 – 1) – log – logC ⇒ C = (V + 1)5 (V – 1)2X7 ⇒ C = (y + x – 1)5 (y – x + 1)2
2 2 V +1
Which is the required solution.

7.7 Linear Differential Equation

A differential equation is linear if the dependent variable (y) and its derivative appear only in the first degree. The
general form of a linear differential equation of the first order is
dy
+ Py = Q ….. (i)
dx
where P and Q are either constants or functions of x.

This type of differential equation can be solved when they are multiplied by a factor, which is called integrating
factor.
Pdx  dy 
Multiplying both sides of (i) by e∫ , we get e∫ 
pdx
+ Py  = Qe∫
pdx

 dx 
On integrating both sides with respect to x, we get

ye∫ ∫ Qe∫ + c which is the required solution, where c is the constant and e∫
Pdx Pdx pdx
= is called the integrating factor.

dy 1 ey
Illustration 29: Solve the following differential equation: + =  (JEE MAIN)
dx x x

dy e− y 1
Sol: We can write the given equation as e− y + = . By putting e–y = t, we can reduce the equation in the
dx x x
dt
form of + Pt = Q hence by using integration factor we can solve the problem above.
dx

dy 1 ey dy e− y 1
We have, + = ⇒ e− y + =  ... (i)
dx x x dx x x
dy dt t 1 dt 1 1
Put e–y = t. so that in equation (i), we get – + =⇒ − 
− t= ... (ii)
dx dx x x dx x x
This is a linear differential equation in t.
 1
1 1 ∫  − dx −1 1
Here, P = − and Q = − ∴ I.F. = e∫
Pdx
= e  x  = e− log x = elog x =
x x x
dy 3x – 6y + 7 3(x − 2y) + 7
∴ The solution of (ii) is, t.(I.F.)
= = =
dx x − 2y + 4 x − 2y + 4

1 1 1 t 1 e− y 1
t =∫  −  dx + C ⇒ = +c ⇒ = +C
x x x x x x x
 M a them a ti cs | 24.15

x
y(x)
Illustration 30: The function y(x) satisfy the equation y(x) + 2x ∫ 1 + x2 dx = 3x 2
+ 2x + 1. Prove that the substitution
x 0
y(x)
z(x) = ∫1 dx converts the equation into a first order linear differential equation in z(x) and solve the original
0 + x2
equation for y(x)  (JEE MAIN)
y (x)
Sol: By putting z’(x) = we will get the linear differential equation in z form and then by applying integrating
1 + x2
factor we get the result.
d(x)
Let z’(x) = ⇒ z’(x) × (1 + x2) + 2x(z(x)) = 3x2 + 2x + 1
1 + x2
dz 2x 3x2 + 2x + 1
⇒ + z =  ... (i)
dx 1 + x2 x2 + 1
This is a first order linear differential equation in z.
2x
∫ dx
∴ I.F. = e∫ = e ∫ ( Q × I.F ) dx + c
Pdx 1 + x2 = 1 + x2 ∴ Solution of (i) is z(I.F.) =

x3 + x 2 + x x 4 x3 x 2
⇒ z (1 + x2) = ∫ (x2 + 1)dx + C ⇒ z (1 + x2) = + + + C and y = 3x2 + 2x + 1 – 2xz
x2 + 1 4 3 2

Illustration 31: Solve the differential equation ysin2x.dx – (1 + y2 + cos2x)dy = 0 (JEE MAIN)
dt
Sol: Similar to illustration 28, by putting –cos 2x = t, we can reduce the equation in the form of + Pt = Q hence
by using integration factor we can solve the problem given above. dx

We have, ysin2x.dx – (1 + y2 + cos2x)dy = 0

dx cos2x 1 + y 2
⇒ sin2x. − = ... (i)
dy y y
dx dt dt 2  1 + y2 
Putting –cos 2x = t so that 2sin2x = in equation (i), we get + t=
2 
dy dy dy y  y 
 
2 1 + y2
Here, P = and Q = 2
y y
2
∫y
∫ Pdy e=
dy
∴ I.F. = e= y2 ∴ The solution is t.(I.F.) = ∫ (Q × I.F.)dy + C

1 + y2 2 y4
⇒ t.y2 = 2 ∫ .y dy = 2 ∫ y + y 3 dy ⇒ t.y2 = y2 + +C
y 2
y2
On putting the value of t, we get –.cos2x = 1 + + Cy −2
2
dx
Illustration 32: Solve ylogy + x – logy = 0  (JEE MAIN)
dy
dx
Sol: By reducing the given equation in the form of Q we can solve this as similar to above illustrations.
+ Px =
dy
dx dx x 1
We have, ylogy +x –logy = 0 ⇒ + =
dy dy y log y y
This is a linear differential equation in x.
1
1 1 ∫ dy
Here P = , Q = ; I.F. = e y log y = elog(logy) = logy
y log y y
2 4 . 1 6 | Differential Equations

1 1
The solution is, x(I.F.) = ∫ ( Q × I.F. ) + C ; xlogy = ∫ y (log y ) dy + c =
2
(log y)2 + C
1 1
x= log y + C
2 log y

dx
Illustration 33: Solve (x + 2y3) = y (JEE ADVANCED)
dy
dx
Sol: By reducing given equation in the form of + Px = Q and then using the integration factor we can solve this.
dy
dx dx x + 2y 3 x dx 1
(x + 2y3) =y⇒ = = + 2y 2 ⇒ 2y 2
− x=
dy dy y y dy y
1
– ∫ dy 1
y
I.F = e = ;
y
1
Solutions is x. = y2 + C
y

Alternate method: xdy + 2y3dy = ydx

ydx − xdy x x

⇒ 2ydy = ⇒ 2ydy = d   ⇒ y2 = +C
y 2
y y

Illustration 34: Let g(x) be a differential function for every real x and g’(0) = 2 and satisfying g(x+y) = eyg(x) +
2exg(y) ∀ x and y. Find g(x) and its range.  (JEE ADVANCED)

g ( x + h) − g ( x )
Sol: By using g’(x) = lim and solving we will get g(x).
b →0 h
g ( x + h) − g ( x )
g’(x) = lim
b →0 h
e g(x) + 2ex g(h) − g(x)
h
eh − 1 g(h)
⇒ g’(x) = lim ⇒ g’(x) = g(x) lim + 2ex lim ⇒ g’(x) = g(x) + 2ex
h→0 h h→0 h h→0 h

At x = 0, g(x) = 0 ⇒ g(0) = 0
dy
– y = 2ex ⇒ I.F. = e–x
dx
Solution is y.e–x = 2x + C
g(0) = 0 ⇒ C = 0 ⇒ g(x) = 2xex
g’(x) = 2ex + 2xex = 2ex(x + 1)
g’(x) = 0 at x = -1; g(–1) = –2/e
 2 
⇒ Range of g(x) =  − e , ∞ 
 

dy
Illustration 35: Find the solution of (1 – x2) + 2xy = x 1 − x2  (JEE ADVANCED)
dx
dy
Sol: By reducing given equation in the form of + Py = Q and then by using integration factor i.e.
dx
 dy 
e∫ + Py  = Qe∫ we can solve the problem.
Pdx pdx

 dx 
 M a them a ti cs | 24.17

2x
dy 2x x 1 − x2 ∫ 2 dx 1
e∫
Pdx
+ y = ; I.F. =
= e=1− x
dx (1 − x )
2
1−x 2
1 − x2

1 x 1 x −1 −2x
2 ∫
Solution
= is y. y ∫ dx + c = ∫ (1 – x2 )3/2 dx + C = dx + c
( )
3/2
1 − x2 1 − x2 1 − x
2
1 − x2
-1
1 1
y = +c
(
1 − x2 ) 1 − x2 -1

Figure 24.3

MASTERJEE CONCEPTS

Every linear differential equation is of degree 1 but every differential equation of degree 1 is not linear
Shivam Agarwal (JEE 2009, AIR 27)

7.8 Equations Reducible to Linear form

(a) Bernoulli’s Equation

dy
A differential equation of the form + Py = Qyn, where P and Q are function of x and y is called Bernoulli’s
dx
equation. This form can be reduced to linear form by dividing yn and then substituting y1–n = v
dy
Dividing both sides by yn, we get, y–n dx + P.y–n+1 = Q
dy dv dv
Putting y–n+1 = v, so that , (1 – n)y–n dx = , we get + (1 – n)P.y = (1 – n)Q
dx dx
Which is a linear differential equation
dy
(b) If the given equation is of the form + P. f(y) = Q.g(y), where P and Q are functions of x alone, we divide the
dx
– ln(1–x2 ) 1
e∫
Pdx
equation by f(y), and then we get= e=
1 − x2
f (y)
Now substitute = v and solve.
g( y )

dy
Illustration 36: Solve = xy + x3 y 2  (JEE MAIN)
dx
1 dy 1 −1
Sol: By rearranging the given equation we will get – x = x3 and then by putting = t and using the
y 2 dx y y
integration factor we can solve it.
dy dy 1 dy 1
= xy + x3 y 2 ⇒ x3 y 2
− xy = ⇒ – x = x3
dx dx y 2 dx y
−1 dy
put = t ⇒ + tx = x3
y dx
2 /2 2 /2 x2 /2
This is a linear differential equation with I.F. = ex ⇒ t ex 3
∫ e x dx
=
2 4 . 1 8 | Differential Equations

Illustration 37: Find the curve such that the y intercept of the tangent is proportional to the square of ordinate of
tangent (JEE MAIN)
dy −1
Sol: Here X = 0 and Y= y – mx i.e. x – y = –ky2. Hence by putting = 1 and applying integration factor we
dx y
will get the result.
dy
X = 0 ⇒ Y= y – mx ⇒ x – y = –ky2
dx
1 dy 1 1 –k
⇒ – . =
y 2 dx y x x

−1 dt t –k
Put =t ⇒ + =
y dx x x

⇒ I.f. = x
−x
⇒ Solution is t.x = –kx + C ⇒ = –kx + C
y

7.9 Change of Variable by Suitable Substitution

Following are some examples where we change the variable by substitution.

dy
Illustration 38: Solve ysinx = cos x(sinx – y 2 )  (JEE MAIN)
dx
dt
Sol: Here by putting y2 = t, the given equation reduces to + ( 2cot x ) t = 2cosx and then using the integration
dx
factor method we will get result.
dy
ysinx = cos x(sinx – y 2 )
dx
1 dt
Let y2 = t ⇒ sinx = cosx (sinx – t)
2 dx
dt dt
= 2cos x − (2cot x)t
⇒ ⇒ + ( 2cot x ) t = 2cosx
dx dx

I.F. = sin2x
2
⇒ Solution is tsin2x = ∫ 2cos x.sin xdx

2sin3 x
y 2=
sin2 x +c
3

dy
= ex − y (ex − ey ) 
Illustration 39: Solve (JEE MAIN)
dx

Sol: Simply by putting ey = t and using the integration factor we can solve the above problem.
dy
( )
2
dy ex − ex e y
= ex − y (ex − ey ) ⇒ e= y
dx
dx
dy
Put ey = t ⇒ + tex = (ex)2;
dx
x
I.F. = e∫
edx
= ee
x x
Solution is tee = ∫ (ex )2 .ee dx
 M a them a ti cs | 24.19

MASTERJEE CONCEPTS

If we can write the differential equation in the form

f(f1(x, y) d(f1(x, y)) + φ(f2(x, y)d(f2(x,y)) + …… = 0, then each term can be easily integrated separately. For
this the following results must be memorized.
(i) d(x + y) = dx + dy (ii) d(xy) = xdy + ydx

 x  ydx − xdy  y  xdy − ydx

(iii) d  = (iv) d  =
y y2 x x2

 x2  2xydx − x2dy  y 2  xydx − y 2dx

(v) d  = (vi) d  =
 y  y2  x  x2
   
 x2  2xy 2dx − 2x2 ydy  y 2  xydx − 2xy 2dx
(vii) d  = (viii) d  =
 y2  y4  x  x4
   
 x  ydx − xdy  y  xdy − ydx
(ix) d  tan−1  = (x) d  tan−1  =
 y  x2 + y 2  x x2 + y 2

xdy + ydx   x   ydx − xdy

(xi) d[log(xy)] = (xii) d  log    = ‘
xy  y  xy

  y   xdy − ydx
1
2
(  xdx + ydy
(xiii) d  log x2 + y 2  =
 x2 + y 2
) (xiv) d log    =
  x  xy

 1  xdy + ydx  ex  yex dx − ex dy

(xv) d −  = (xvi) d =
 xy  x2 y 2  y  y2
 
 ey  xey dy − ey dx
(xvii) d  = (xviii) d(xmyn) = xm–1yn–1 (mydx + nxdy)
 x  x2
 
dt t 1 x + y  xdy − ydx
(xix) d + (xx) d  log = 2
dx x 2 x−y x − y2
1 −n
d f ( x, y )  f ' ( x, y ) 1 1 1  1  dx dy
(xxi) = (xxii) d −  = d  − d  = −
1−n
( f ( x, y ) ) y x y  x  x2 y 2
n

Shrikant Nagori (JEE 2009, AIR 30)

8. EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

The differential equation Mdx + Ndy = 0, where M and N are functions of x and y, is said to be exact if and only if
∂M ∂N
=
∂y ∂x

Rule for solving Mdx + Ndy = 0 when it is exact

(a) First integrate the terms in M w.r.t. x treating y as a constant.
(b) Then integrate w.r.t. y only those terms of N which do not contain x.
2 4 . 2 0 | Differential Equations

(c) Now, sum both the above integrals obtained and quote it to a constant i.e. ∫ Mdx + ∫ Ndy =
k , where k is a constant.
(d) If N has no term which is free from x, the ∫ Mdx = c (y constant)

Following exact differentials must be remembered:

xdy − ydx y ydx − xdy x

(i) xdy + ydx = d(xy) (ii) = d   (iii) = d 
x y
2 2
x y
xdy + ydx dx + dy xdy − ydx  y
(iv) = d(logxy) (v) = dlog(x + y) (vi) = d  n 
xy x+y xy  x
ydx – xdy  x xdy − ydx  y ydy − xdx  y
(vii) = d  n  (viii) = d  tan−2  (ix) = d  tan−1 
xy  y
2
x +y 2
 x 2
x +y 2
 x

 ex  yex dy − ex dy
(x) d  =
 y  y2
 

9. ORTHOGONAL TRAJECTORY
Definition 1: Two families of curves are such that each curve in either family is orthogonal (whenever they intersect)
to every curve in the other family. Each family of curves is orthogonal trajectories of the other. In case the two
families are identical then we say that the family is self-orthogonal
Slope –1/dy/dx
= -1/dy/dx
Slope =

Slope = dy/dx
Slope = dy/dx

Figure 24.4: Orthogonal trajectories

MASTERJEE CONCEPTS

Orthogonal trajectories have important application in the field of physics. For example, the equipotential
lines and the streamlines in an irrotational 2D flow are orthogonal.
Ravi Vooda (JEE 2009, AIR 71)

9.1 How to Find Orthogonal Trajectories

Suppose the first family of curves F(x, y, c) = 0  ... (i)
To find the orthogonal trajectories of this family we proceed as follows. First, differentiate (i) w.r.t. x to find
G(x, y, y’, c) = 0  ... (ii)
Now eliminate c between (i) and (ii) to find the differential equation H(x, y, y’) = 0  ... (iii)
 M a them a ti cs | 24.21

The differential equation for the other family is obtained by replacing y’ with –1/y’. Hence, the differential equation
the orthogonal trajectories is H(x, y, –1/y’) = 0  ... (iv)
General solution of (iv) gives the required orthogonal trajectories.

Illustration 40: Find the orthogonal trajectories of a family of straight lines through the origin.  (JEE MAIN)
Sol: Here as we know, a family of straight lines through the origin is given by y = mx.
Hence by differentiating it with respect to x and eliminating m we will get an ODE of this family and by putting –1/y’
in place of y’ we will get an ODE for the orthogonal family.
The ODE for this family is xy’ – y = 0
The ODE for the orthogonal family is x + yy’ = 0
Integrating we find x2 + y2 = c, which are family of circles with center at the origin.

10. CLAIRAUT’S EQUATION

The differential equation
y = mx + f(m),  ... (i)

dy
where m = is known as Clairaut’s equation.
dx

To solve (i), differentiate it w.r.t. x, which gives

dy dm df(m)
=m+x +
dx dx dx
dm dm
⇒ x + f '(x) =0
dx dx
dm
either = 0 ⇒ m = c ... (ii)
dx

or x + f’(x) = 0  ... (iii)

MASTERJEE CONCEPTS

•• If m is eliminated between (i) and (ii),the solution obtained is a general solution of (i)
•• If m is eliminated between (i) and (iii), then the solution obtained does not contain any arbitrary
constants and is not the particular solution of (i). This solution is called singular solution of (i)
Chinmay S Purandare (JEE 2012, AIR 698)
2 4 . 2 2 | Differential Equations

PROBLEM SOLVING TACTICS

Think briefly about whether you could easily separate the variables or not. Remember that means getting all the x
terms (including dx) on one side and all the y terms (including dy) on the other. Don’t forget to convert y’ to dy/dx
or you might make a mistake.
If it’s not easy to separate the variables (usually it isn’t) then we can try putting our equation in the form y’ + P(x)y = Q(x).
In other words, put the y’ term and the y term on the left and then you may divide so that the coefficient of y’ is 1.
 ex  xey dy − ey dx
Then we can use the trick of the integrating factor in which we multiply both sides by . d   = . This
 x  x2
 
makes things much simpler, but it’s best to see why from doing problems, not from memorizing formulas.

FORMULAE SHEET

(a) Order of differential equation: Order of the highest derivative occurring in the differential equation

(b) Degree of differential equation: Degree of the highest order derivative when differential coefficients are free
from radicals and fractions.
dy
(c) General equation : = f (x) ⇒ y = ∫ f ( x ) dx + c
dx
dy
(d) = f(ax + by + c) , then put ax + by + c = v
dx
dy
(e) If =f(x)g(y) ⇒ g(y)−1 dy =f(x)dx then ∫ (g(y))−1 dy = ∫ f(x)dx
dx

(f) Parametric forms

y
Case I: x = rcosθ, y = rsinθ ⇒ x2 + y2 = r2; tanθ = ; xdx + ydy = rdr; xdy – ydx = r2dq
x
y
Case II: x = rsecθ, y = rtanθ ⇒ x2 – y2 = r2; = sinθ; xdx – ydy = rdr; xdy – ydx = r2secqdq
x
dy f ( x, y ) dx dv
(g) If = , then substitute y = vx ⇒ ∫ =∫ +c
dx g ( x, y ) x f (v) − v

dv a1 x + b1 y + c1
(h) If = , then substitute x = X + h, y = Y + k
dx a2 x + b2 y + c2

dY a1 X + b1 Y + (a1h + b1k + c1 )
⇒ =
dX a2 X + b2 Y + (a2h + b2k + c2 )

choose h and k such that a1h + b1k + c1 = 0 and a2h + b2k + c2 = 0.

dy
ye∫ ∫ Qe∫
Pdx Pdx
(i) If the equation is in the form of + Py = Q then= +c
dx