Brian Ven Climaco Bag-ao

2
 Human Behavior and Social Environment ( HBSE)

TOPICS OUTCOMES NO. OF

ITEMS
III. Social 1. Explain selected theoretical perspectives and
Deviation and approaches on social deviation.
Social Work
20
2. Discuss selected categories of social work deviation
to social welfare and social work practices.

3. Evaluate forms of deviation behavior E.G. Psychiatric,

Disorders, Drug and Substance Abuse, Prostitution,
Rape Incest and other forms of sexual violence.

3
4
Theories help us know which way to go
& how to get there!
 Based on the belief that human behavior is
dynamic
 Developed through internal & external forces

 Influenced by the interaction of person,

environment, & time
 A person is shaped by an ever changing environment &
the environment is shaped by the person
 Both are shaped by “time”
What does “multidimensional” mean?
What is its purpose?
Why do we study it?
 A system of thoughts & interrelated
concepts

 Includes general propositions

 intended to explain or predict phenomena
in specific situations
 Psychoanalysis
 Theories of development
 Maslow Hierarchy of Needs
 Learning/Social perspective Learning
 Attachment Theory
 Strength Perspective
 The person is the problem or pathology
named” (Saleebey, 1997b, p. 5).

 the person becomes defined by that label (now the

person is just a schizophrenic) and consequently
all that person’s experiences, feelings, desires, etc
become defined in terms of that label.
 Problem-based assessment encourage
individualistic rather than ecological accounts
of clients” (Saleebey, 1997b, p. 6). Contextual
issues influencing a client become lost when the
focus is on the pathology of the client.
Why do
people
commit
crimes?
Are all
people
deviant?
 Nutshells of Multidemensional perspective
 Theories of poverty
 What is social deviance?Who are to be considered
as deviants?

 What are the causations of such behavior based on

theories?

 How do we critique what we learn?

For understanding why absolute
poverty exists.
 1. Poverty Caused by Individual Deficiencies
-Religious doctrine
-and blind, crippled, or deformed people were
believed to be punished by God for either their or
their parents’ sins.

“ Moral failings. “They live in a deserved hell on earth.”

The economic theory believes that

 When some people choose short term and low-payoff

returns.

 The poor lack incentives for improving their own

conditions.

 Therefore, focused goals and hard work is the answer

2. Poverty Caused by Cultural Belief Systems that
Support Sub-Cultures of Poverty

 This theory suggests that poverty is created by the

transmission over generations of a set of beliefs, values,
and skills that are socially generated but individually
held.

 Individuals are not necessarily to blame because they

are victims of their dysfunctional subculture or culture.
3. Poverty Caused by Economic, Political, and Social
Distortions or Discrimination

 Discrimination ( social stigma because of race, gender

disability, religion, or other groupings, leading them to
have limited opportunities regardless of personal
capabilities)

 Poor people fall behind regardless of how competent

they may be .
 Structural barriers preventing poor families from
getting better jobs, complicated by limited numbers of
jobs near workers and lack of growth in sectors
supporting lower skilled jobs (Tobin 1994).

 Fringe benefits including health care and promotions

have also become scarce for low skilled workers.
4. Poverty Caused by Geographical Disparities
 The lack of infrastructure that allows development of
human resources limits economic activity that might
use these resources.
 Migration and Immigration always happens

5. Poverty Caused by Cumulative and Cyclical

Interdependencies
Personal and community well being are closely linked in
a cascade of negative consequences,
In Metro Manila, the self-rated poverty (SRP) threshold—the
"minimum monthly budget self-rated poor families say they need
for home expenses in order not to consider themselves poor"—rose
to P20,000 in March 2023 from P15,000 in December 2022I

Source; PSA 2023

Deviant – is the person involved in deviance
Goode, Erich
Deviant behavior – behavior which does not conform to social
expectation.
- behavior that is regarded as wrongdoings
that generate negative reactions in persons who witness or
hear about it.

Social Deviance /Deviance – disapproved behavior and traits,

characteristics or conditions that generate a similar
condemnatory, rejection reaction in others.
- is an action that is likely to generate, or has generated
reactions to the actor by or from certain audiences.
Social Control

• Social control is enforcing norms through either internal

or external means.
– Primary means is self-control
– Other agents use sanctions
• Police, religious figures, family, peer group, and public
opinion
• Behavior that violates society’s basic norms jeopardizes
the social order.
Sanctions
Positive sanctions Negative sanctions
• Positive sanction: An action that • Negative sanction: A punishment
rewards a particular kind of or the threat of punishment used to
behavior enforce conformity.
• Examples include: a teacher giving • Examples include: a parking ticket,
good grades, cheers from ridicule
teammates

Formal sanctions Informal sanctions

• Formal sanction: A reward or • Informal sanction: A spontaneous
punishment given by a formal expression of approval or
organization or regulatory agency disapproval given by an individual
or group
• Examples include: schools giving
high or low grades, a business • Examples include: standing
giving a raise or firing a worker ovations, gossip
Some things/types of person regarded as
deviant?
Homosexuals, prostitute/prostituted
women, drug addicts, radicals,
criminals, liars, atheists, card players,
bearded men, perverts, obesity, etc.
4 Factors of Deviance
 NORMS
 The Doer/s
 AUDIENCE
 The likelihood of negative reactions
 Important Ideas to consider in Deviance
 An act can be criminal and deviant
 An act can be deviant but not criminal.
 behavior or conditions that harm
others
 Something offends God, or is a
violation of certain religious principles
that makes it deviant.
 It deviates criminal code.
Characteristics of Deviance
 Deviance is Universal, but there are no
universal forms or deviance.
 Deviance is a social definition. It is not a
quality of the act; it is how we define it. It is not
the act; it is how we label it.
 Social groups make rules and enforce them,
rules are socially constructed, and social groups
utilize social control mechanism to ensure they
are adhered to.
 Deviance is contextual.
Five Naïve, Misleading Definitions of
Deviance

•Absolutist Definition
•Statistical Definition
•Social and Individual Harm
•An act’s criminal
•Positive deviance
Two Fruitful definitions of Deviance

•The Normative Definition- deviance

can take place in secret; an act or conditions
that nobody knows about except the
violator. This definition presumes that this
observers capable of seeing any and all
actions, even if they are secret, and making
accurate judgment about their deviant
status in a given society.
The Reactive Definitions. It argues
that the key characteristics of deviance may
be found in actual, concrete instances of a
negative reaction to behavior.

To qualify as deviance, the action must be

observed and generate condemnation or
punishment for the actor or individual.
Audience
• The actor, participants or possessors
• Victims
• Social intimates of the actor
• Witnesses and bystanders
• Agents of formal social control
• The detached or distant observers
1.) The cause is within the deviant; the goal was
to discover individual characteristics
contributing to becoming involved in deviant
behavior. In short, this first approach
concerned explaining the deviant by means of
biological and psychological positivism.
2.) The other approach stressed the importance
of social factors as a cause of deviance. The goal
was to explain both the existence of deviant
behaviors and its distribution in society.
1.) Rational Choice Theory/ Free Will Causation
According to Beccaria, humans are
fundamentally rational and hedonistic.
They possess free will and make deliberate
decisions to behave based upon a
c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e p a i n a n d p l e a s u re
involved.
 Classical
 Neo Classical
 Pre-conventional (0-9) / children
 Judgment based solely on a person’s own needs and
perceptions
 Conventional (10 -15) / adult
 Expectations of society and law are taken into account
 Post-Conventional (16+) / few/rare
 Judgment based on abstract, personal principles
not necessarily defined by society’s laws.
 Stage 1 (Pre conventional 0-9 )
 Punishment-obedience orientation
 Fear of authority and avoidance of punishment are
reasons for behaving morally.
 Stage 2 (Pre conventional 0-9)
 Personal reward orientation/ egotistical
 Is motivated by vengeance or “an eye for an eye” philosophy
 Believes that the end justifies the means
 Satisfying personal needs determines moral choice.
 Stage 3 (Conventional)
 Good boy-nice girl orientation
 Maintaining the affection and approval of friends and
relatives motivates good behavior
 Finds peer approval very important

 Stage 4 (Conventional)
 Law and order/authority orientation
 A duty to uphold rules and laws for their own sake
justifies moral conformity
 Stage 5 (Post conventional)
 Social contract orientation
 Stage 6 (Post conventional)
 Morality of individual principles and conscience
Criticized Kohlberg as he obtained all the
findings from men and generalized the
findings to all genders and stated experiences
of girls and boys .
Social Domain Theorists stated through social
interactions, individual obtain a lot of information
and moral thinking were also based on social
interactions.
2.) Heredity and Mental Deficiencies
 Heredity concerns the process of passing
characteristics from one generation to
another: Mental deficiencies are specific
characteristics that may or may not be seen
by the theorists as inherited.
 Theorist believed in this idea that
criminality was inherited and also the
mental defectiveness which played an
important role in criminal behavior.
3.) SOMATOLOGY
Willian Sheldon
 refers to the science of classifying human
physical characteristics by examining the
relationship between body type or physique
and particular patterns of mental and
behavioral characteristics or temperaments.
Endomorphic Body Type:
 soft body
 underdeveloped muscles
 round shaped
 over-developed digestive
system

Associated personality
traits:
 love of food
 tolerant
 love of comfort
 sociable
 good humored
 relaxed
 need for affection
Mesomorphic Body Type:

 hard, muscular body

 overly mature appearance
 rectangular shaped
 thick skin
 upright posture
Associated personality traits:
 adventurous
 desire for power and dominance
 courageous
 indifference to what others think or
want
 assertive, bold
 zest for physical activity
 competitive
 love of risk and chance
Ectomorphic Body Type:
 thin
 flat chest
 delicate build
 young appearance
 tall
 lightly muscled
 stoop-shouldered
 large brain
Associated personality traits:
 self-conscious
 preference for privacy
 introverted
 socially anxious
 artistic
 mentally intense
 emotionally restrained
4.) XYY CHROMOSOMES SYNDROME

 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs

–human cells each parents having donated
one of each pair.
 Every normal cell in a woman’s body
contains two X chromosomes, and each cell
in a male has one X and one Y.
LGBTQI (Intersexed) A+
2.) The other approach stressed the importance
of social factors as a cause of deviance. The goal
was to explain both the existence of deviant
behaviors and its distribution in society.
 Functionalist
 Strain Theory
 Innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion
 Control Theory
 Attachment, commitment, involvement, belief.
 Symbolic Interactionism
 Differential Theory
 Labeling Theory
 Primary & secondary deviance
 Conflict
 Conflict theory of deviance
 Emile Durkheim (1858-1917, pictured left)
was the first sociologist to study crime
and significantly influenced the
functionalist theory that would follow.

Durkheim saw crime as a particular

problem of modernity (the transformation
into an industrialised society).

Crime and Deviance Chapter 5:

8/20/2023 Functionalist and Subcultural Theory 65
 Emile Durkheim developed the term
anomie to explain why some people
became dysfunctional and turned to crime.

Anomie means being insufficiently

integrated into society’s norms and values.

Anomie causes society to become less integrated

and more individualistic.

Crime and Deviance Chapter 5:

8/20/2023 Functionalist and Subcultural Theory 66
 Crime and deviance associated with
decline of mechanical solidarity
Durkheim saw prevalent in pre-
industrial societies.

In such societies crime was not

absent altogether but the uniformity
of roles, status and values of the
close-knit community promoted
conformity.

Crime and Deviance Chapter 5:

8/20/2023 Functionalist and Subcultural Theory 67
 In times of social change
individuals may become unsure
of prevailing norms and rules.

They are consequently more at

risk of breaking them.

There is a weaker collective

conscience of shared values
to guide actions.

Durkheim saw Anomie expressed not just through crime, but

also by suicide, marital breakdown, and industrial disputes.
Crime and Deviance Chapter 5:
8/20/2023 Functionalist and Subcultural Theory 68
6.) Anomie- Emile Durkheim
 simply defined , a state where norms
(expectations on behavior) are confused ,
unclear or not present
 normlessness
 A breakdown in the cultural structure,
occurring particularly when there is an acute
disjunction between cultural norms and
goals and the societies structural capacities
of members of the groups to act in accord
with them.
Merton’s STRAIN THEORY
Merton’s theory involves the interaction of 2
social components:

 Culture goals – the aspirations and aims

that define success in society.
 Institutionalized means – the socially
acceptable methods and ways available for
achieving goals.
 There are 4 adaptations apart from
conformity that can be defined as deviant:
a.) INNOVATION – is the adaptation in which
most property crimes would be found. It
occurs when persons accept without
qualification the importance of attaining
the goals and will use any means regardless
of their prosperity, morality, or legality to
achieve those goals.
b.) RITUALISM – is a behavioral alternative
in which great aspirations are abandoned in
favor of careful adherence to the available
means. Early morning classes often
considered ritualists. Attendance is not a
means for them to attain success; they are
there simply because they should be.
c.) RETREATISM – is the category containing
the mentally disordered, drug addicts,
alcoholics and any other groups that has
apparently withdrawn from the competitive
struggle. Thus persons do not strive for the
goals that society encourages, nor do they
obey rules of how to act. They seek their
own private rewards and live by rules
peculiar to their style of living.

d.) REBELLION – involves not only a
rejection of the goals and means, but the
intention of replacing those goals and
means by altering the social structure.
MERTON

Goal + Institutionalized means

Goal + Status frustration + illegitimate means

Merton developed ‘strain theory’ to reflect the strain between
goals and means with a five-fold 'anomic paradigm‘:

Responses Means Goals

Conformists + +
Innovators - +
Ritualists + -
Retreatists - -
Rebels +/- +/-
Crime and Deviance Chapter 5:
8/20/2023 Functionalist and Subcultural Theory 77
Comments /Criticism of Anomie:
 Middle class Bias
 Irrelevance of anomie from more forms of
deviation
 Absence of value consensus
7.) CONTROL THEORY – Travis Hirschi
 according to this theory , the social
environment does not push one toward
deviant behavior; rather, it fails to restrain
one from so behaving
 Deviance is not caused by the present values,
beliefs or other motivating factors, but by
the absence of values and beliefs that
normally forbid delinquency
 Attachment, Commitment, Involvement,
Belief
 Another key sociologist to be influenced by
Emile Durkheim and the concept of anomie is
Travis Hirschi .

To answer this, he argues, we

need to understand what forces
maintain conformity for most
people in society.
He asks the question:
why don't more people Rather than the factors that
commit crime than they drive a minority into deviant
do? behaviour.
Crime and Deviance Chapter 5:
8/20/2023 Functionalist and Subcultural Theory 80
He identified four bonds of attachment that help bind society
together:

Attachment: the extent Commitment: the personal

to which we care about investment we put into our lives;
other people's opinions in other words, what we have to
and desires. lose if we turn to crime and get
caught.

Involvement: how integrated are Belief: how committed are

we so that we neither have the individuals to upholding
time nor inclination to behave in society's rules and laws?
a deviant/criminal way.

Crime and Deviance Chapter 5:

8/20/2023 Functionalist and Subcultural Theory 81
 Most of us do not engage in deviant or
criminal acts because of strong bonds with
or ties to conventional, mainstream social
institutions. If these bonds are weak or
broken, we will be released from society’s
rules and will be free to deviate.
 Society or neighborhood is able to invest its
citizens or residents with a stake worth
protecting, it will have lower rates of crime
vs. society where strong bond is not present
or relatively low.
8.) DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION
THEORY- Edwin Sutherland
 The explanation of crime lay not in biology
but in the social world and that crime is
transmitted through intimate personal
groups.
 Some groups are organized fro criminal
activities and some are organized against
these activities.
Propositions of Differential Association Theory

 Crime is learned
 Criminal Behavior is learned in interaction
with other persons in a process of
communication.
 The principal part of learning criminal
behavior occurs within intimate personal
groups. Impersonal communication such as
television, magazines and the like play only
a secondary role in the learning of crime.
 When criminal behavior is learned, the
learning includes techniques of crime,
which are sometimes complicated, simple,
the motives and drives.
9.) Labeling Theory
 Deviance is not a quality of the act the person
commits but rather a consequence of the
application by other rules and sanction to an
“offender”.
 Any word attached to a person sometimes
become a self-fulfilling prophecy.
NEUTRALIZATION THEORY by Skye and
Matza
 focus here is on the learned justifications of
the criminal for his already committed
offence.
 Deviators therefore look for loopholes and
explanations to justify or neutralize their
own deviant action.
NEUTRALIZATION THEORY by Skye and
Matza
 focus here is on the learned justifications of
the criminal for his already committed
offence.
 Deviators therefore look for loopholes and
explanations to justify or neutralize their
own deviant action.
Sykes and Matza distinguish between five
types:
1. Denial of responsibility
2. Denial of injury
3. Denial of the victim
4. Condemnation of the condemners
5. Appeal to higher loyalties:
Sykes and Matza explains techniques of
Neutralization:
Denial of responsibility
We are just “simply borrowing the money and will pay it back in time,”
(Walters, 2002:13),

Denial of injury
i.e EMBEZZLEMENT – “No One Will Be Hurt anyway

Denial of the victim

“Sykes and Matza explain that an offender tends to justify his
criminal actions by neutralizing and rationalizing them in
which he is able to maintain his level of self-esteem.

Neutralization is viewed as necessary in committing white-

collar crimes since the offender would tend not to hurt his
esteem in the undertaking of the offense.
THEORIES OF PUNISHMENT
There are five kinds or theories of
punishment. They are:-
1.Deterrent Theory- they deserve
 -to create fear so as NOT to commit crime
 -General
 - Specific
2.Preventive Theory. (Bentham) or
Incapacitation theory . I.e imprisonment / death penalty .
 - The main idea is to keep away offenders from society by
keeping others safe from society.
3.Reformative/ Rehabilitation Theory.
 - crime is a social disease, criminals should be
treated; do not give sever punishment ; Aim to
strengthen the character of the doers;
 - love the sinner but not the sin
4.Retributive Theory.-
Lex Taliones principle / they deserve. -Not
supportive by social reformists.
5.Expiatory Theory.
 -when doers expiates/ repents, he/she
must be forgiven;
 -repentance;
10.) Shaming Theory (John Braithwaite )
 Expression of social disapproval designed to
invoke remorse in the wrongdoers.
 Two types:
1. Disintegrative shaming= punished to be
stigmatized, rejected or ostracized to banish
in the society
2. Reintegrative shaming = hating the sin but
loving the sinner.
Social Learning Theories
 How is deviance learned? All behavior (including deviance) is
learned through social interaction

 Differential Association: individuals learn deviance in

proportion to the number of deviant acts they are exposed
to
 Primary relationships with parents, siblings, and close
friends have the greatest impact on our behavior.
 “birds of a feather flock together”
 Primary Deviance
 Deviance involving occasional breaking of norms that are
NOT a part of a person’s lifestyle or self-concept (do not
consider themselves as criminals)
 Example: Honor roll student comes home past curfew one night
 Secondary Deviance
 Deviance in which an individual’s life and identity are
organized around breaking society’s norms
 Example: The “robbers” in Ocean’s 11 had a criminal history because
they had broken the law on multiple occasions.
 Primary Deviance

versus

Secondary Deviance
 .
 Conflict Theory of Deviance:  Power and Deviance
view deviance as arising when  Distributed on basis of age, race,
groups with power attempt to sex, religion, and politics, and
impose their norms and values on social class
less powerful groups
 Power plays a role in creating
and enforcing rules of society
 Prevent behavior that those in  Who and what are deviant?
control see as threatening to
their interests
 Example
 Example
 Administrators>Teachers
 Lack of respect for
authority  Teachers>Students
 Destruction of property
Theories about
Power & Inequality,
Coercion & Change
 “Conflict is a struggle
 between individuals or collectivities
 over values or
 claims to status, power, & scarce resources

 in which the aims of the conflicting parties are

 to assert their values or claims over those of others”
Goodhand & Hulme (1999), p. 14
A value
is___________________?
 CLASS
 a group of people who share the same social status
 status may be due to education, family, occupation, gender,
income, ethnicity, religion

 CLASS STRUCTURE
 social hierarchy of classes in a society from high to low
 stratification of inequality
 status based on perceived power in society
 ex: economic, physical, familial, political, or religious power
 “poverty” class
 the group of people with the least economic status or power
 Developed from ideas of Karl Marx (1818-83) &
Frederick Engels (1820-95) in Europe

 They believed:
 Society is a class struggle
between the workers (wage
earners) & the capitalists (the
owners)
 Capitalists exploit the workers
 Conflict is primarily economic
 Legitimate/ positional power
 Reward power
 Coercive power
 Referent power
 Expert power
The Social Construction of Difference:
Defining Self & Others
v Social Group: “A group of people who share a range of
physical, cultural, and/or social characteristics within
one of the categories of social identity (race, ethnicity,
immigrant status, religion/spirituality, sex and gender,
sexual orientation, age, socio-economic status).”

v Master Status: “A status (based on one’s social group)

that has a profound affect on one’s life; that dominates
or overwhelms the other statuses one occupies.”

What do you think are the most influential “master

statuses” in Mindanao and in the larger Philippines?
v Ethnicity
vReligion/Spirituality
v Sex/Gender
v Sexual Orientation
v Disability/Ability
v Age
v Socio-economic Class
 One’s master status affects major life opportunities
and limits. No one who is relegated to an “outgroup”
can ignore that fact.

“One may overcome it, compensate for it, deny it,

fight or rebel against it, or accept it – but a
reaction to this reality is unavoidable.”
v “The Norm”

“A standard of rightness and often righteousness

wherein all others are judged in relation to it.”
The Norm includes those who have ability to exert
power and control (may not be numerical majority;
example of nonwhites in South Africa; women).

v “The Other”
“Those who fall outside ‘The Norm,’ yet who are
defined in relation to it.” The Other are often seen
as “abnormal,” “inferior,” “needing help,” etc., and
are often marginalized and not able to exert power
and control (may not be the numerical minority).
 One’s master status affects major life opportunities
and limits. No one who is relegated to an “outgroup”
can ignore that fact.

“One may overcome it, compensate for it, deny it,

fight or rebel against it, or accept it – but a
reaction to this reality is unavoidable.”
vA trigger is something that an individual
says or does, which makes us as members
of different social groups feel diminished,
offended, threatened, stereotyped, discounted,
or attacked. We can also be triggered by an
organizational or social policy or practice.

vTriggers do not necessarily threaten our

physical safety, but we often feel psycho-
logically threatened. We can also be triggered
on behalf of another social group - although
we may not feel personally threatened, our
sense of social justice feels violated.
  Gender is another way of segmenting people into
different categories. This is similar to race, class and
nationality.
 Class
 Race
 Age
 Gender
 Sexuality
 These different categories have enormous implications for
our different life experiences, including our sense of
identity, our job and educational opportunities and our
relationship with power.
 Gender is a way in which we draw
labels like feminine and masculine
and adding certain stereotypes.
 More power is usually applied to the males
and less to females.

 When women act masculine, they receive

more power but is seen as unnatural,
illegitimate. This is often reported with
female CEOs

 Gender is driven by cultural norms about

the masculine and feminine behaviour.
These change over time and across different
societies.
 femininity is defined as a bodily . 'sexy body' that is
presented as women's key (if not sole) source of identity.
 As part of the ‘striptease culture’ as well as to the
increasingly frequent erotic presentation of girls’,
women's and (to a lesser extent) men's bodies in public
spaces. and in news media all women’s bodies are
available.
 Belief in the social, political, and economic
equality of the sexes.
 The movement organized around this
belief.
 Feminist Theory is an outgrowth of the general
movement to empower women worldwide.

 Feminism can be defined as a recognition and

critique of male supremacy combined with efforts to
change it.
  The goals of feminism are:

 To demonstrate the importance of women

 To reveal that historically women have been subordinate to
men
 To bring about gender equity.

l Simply put:
Feminists fight for the equality of women and argue
that women should share equally in society’s
opportunities and scare resources.
 The contemporary feminism movement began
in the 1960’s.

 Divorce became commonplace

 Women were “happy housewives” no

more

 Higher level employment and fulfillment

outside the home were becoming the
norm
 Male power and privilege is the basis of social
relations
 Sexism is the ultimate tool used by men to
keep women oppressed
 Women are the first oppressed group
 Women's oppression is the most widespread
GENDER ROLE
SOCIALIZATION

Ateneo Human Rights Center, 2007.

Training Manual on Gender Sensitivity and CEDAW
 GOVERNMENT
HOME MEDIA

CHURCH

SCHOOL WORK LANGUAGE

 GOVERNMENT
HOME MEDIA

CHURCH

SCHOOL WORK LANGUAGE

HOME
Defining toys, clothes and household
chores, decision-making, etc.
SCHOOL
course, materials, curriculum etc. vs.
courses for men
CHURCH
virginity/chastity values, women should
be subordinate to men; limitations of
women’s roles
MEDIA
programs, news/articles, advertisements,
magazines, internet, etc.
WORKPLACE/WORK
unequal pay, benefits, feminization of
labor migration, position, etc.
GOVERNMENT
discriminatory laws, setting different
standards of behavior between women and
men, through penalties and sanctions
LANGUAGE
This occurs when language is
sexist, devalues members of
one sex, fosters gender
inequality and discriminates
women by rendering them
invisible or by trivializing
them, at the same time that
it perpetuates notions of
male supremacy.
The ideological content of
socialization is influenced by
the system of
patriarchy/male dominance.
 Criticism of the feminism represents a clear lack of
consensus among feminists as to the best means to
go about fighting sexism, discrimination, and
oppression.