MS WORD Shortcut keys

Description

Ctrl+0 Toggle 6pts of spacing above the paragraph.

Ctrl+A Select all contents of the page.

Ctrl+B Bold highlighted selection.

Ctrl+C Copy selected text.

Ctrl+D Open the font preferences window.

Ctrl+E Align the line or selected text to the center of the screen.

Ctrl+F Open find box.

Ctrl+I Italic highlighted selection.

Ctrl+J Align the selected text or line to justify the screen.

Ctrl+K Insert a hyperlink.

Ctrl+L Align the line or selected text to the left of the screen.

Ctrl+M Indent the paragraph. Ctrl+Alt+P Switch to the print view.

Ctrl+Shift+→ Select the word to the right.

Ctrl+N Open new, blank document window.
Ctrl+Shift+← Select the word to the left.
Ctrl+O Open the dialog box or page for selecting a file to open.
Ctrl+Shift+A Sets the selected text to all capital letters.
Ctrl+P Open the print window.
Ctrl+Shift+F Open Font window to change the font.
Ctrl+R Align the line or selected text to the right of the screen.
Ctrl+Shift+L Quickly create a bullet point.

Ctrl+S Save the open document. Like Shift+F12. Ctrl+Del Delete word to right of cursor.

Ctrl+U Underline the selected text. Ctrl+End Move the cursor to the end of the document.

Ctrl+V Paste. Ctrl+Home Move the cursor to the beginning of the document.

Ctrl+Spacebar Removes all formatting on highlighted text.

Ctrl+W Close the currently open document.
Ctrl+Enter Insert a page break.
Ctrl+X Cut selected text.
Ctrl+1 Single-space lines.
Ctrl+Y Redo the last action performed.
Ctrl+F2 Display the print preview.
Ctrl+Z Undo last action.
Ctrl+F12 Opens document.

Ctrl+Alt+D Insert endnote into document.

F1 Open help.

Ctrl+Alt+F Insert a footnote into a document. F7 Spellcheck and grammar check selected text or document.

Ctrl+Alt+P Switch to the print view. F12 Save As.

COMPUTER ERGONOMICS Elements of an Ergonomic Program
Ergonomics
- Study of how people physically interact with
their work fitting the job, the equipment and
the work environment to the worker.
- Ergonomists ensure that the designs of systems,
equipment and facilities provide the best levels
of efficiency, comfort and health and safety for
anyone using them.
- Ergonomists are also known as human factors
specialists.
- Their role involves ensuring that equipment and
products are as safe and easy to use as possible Ergonomic Considerations
- Ergonomics can promote both health and
productivity in a work environment a. Physical factors - ambient conditions; objects (tools,
- A doctor will be able to tell you what's wrong furniture, etc.)
b. Biological factors - body dimensions, body capabilities,
and suggest treatment, but an ergonomist will
physiological processes
get to the root of the issue. Healthcare c. Psychological factors - mental workload, information
providers diagnose and treat; ergonomists processing, training, motivating
assess you and your workplace. d. Work factors - job demands (time, rate, etc.)
e. Organizational factors - organization type/climate,
Origin - The name ergonomics officially proposed at a 1949 management regiment
meeting of the British Admiralty (July 12), by Prof. Hugh
Murrell. The name 'Ergonomics' officially accepted in 1950. INTRODUCTION
Computer - are electronic devices capable of performing a
The name Ergonomics was derived from the Greek words: wide range of tasks by processing and manipulating data
Ergon - work: Nomos - natural law. First use of the word according to a set of instructions.
actually can be traced to a series of four articles written by
Prof. Wojciech Jastrzebowski in Poland in 1857. Components of Computer
1. Central Processing Unit (CPU):
How does Ergonomic Work? The CPU is often referred to as the "brain" of the computer. It
- Ergonomics is a relatively new branch of science performs the actual processing of data and instructions,
which celebrated its 60th anniversary in 2019, executing calculations and managing tasks.
but relies on research carried out in many other 2. Memory :
▪ Random Access Memory (RAM): is a type of volatile
older, established scientific areas, such as
memory that provides the computer with fast and
engineering, physiology and psychology. temporary storage for data that is currently being
used or processed.
To achieve best practice design, Ergonomists use the data
▪ Read-Only Memory (ROM): This is non-volatile
and techniques of several disciplines:
memory that stores firmware and essential system
- anthropometry: body sizes, shapes; populations
instructions. It retains data even when the computer
and variations biomechanics: muscles, levers, is turned off.
forces, strength 3. Storage Devices:
- environmental physics: noise, light, heat, cold, Computers use various storage devices to store data
radiation, vibration body systems: hearing, persistently, even when the power is turned off.
4. Input Devices:
vision, sensations
These devices allow users to input data and commands into
- applied psychology: skill, learning, errors, the computer.
differences social psychology: groups, 5. Output Devices:
communication, learning, behaviours. Output devices display or present the results of processed
data to the user.
6. Motherboard:
The motherboard is the main circuit board that connects and
interconnects all the computer's components.
7. Expansion Cards: and command-line interfaces (CLIs), enabling users
These cards are inserted into slots on the motherboard to to interact with the system and software.
add extra functionality to the computer. 13. Portability: With the advent of laptops, tablets, and
8. Power Supply Unit (PSU): smartphones, computers have become more
Provides electrical power to the components in the computer. portable, allowing users to carry their computing
9. Cooling System: power with them.
Computers generate heat during operation, and cooling 14. Security Concerns: As computers are interconnected
systems (fans, heat sinks, and sometimes liquid cooling) are and handle sensitive data, security is a critical
used to prevent overheating. concern. Security measures are implemented to
protect against unauthorized access, data breaches,
Characteristics of Computers and cyberattacks.
1. Speed: Computers can execute billions of 15. Upgradability: Many components of a computer can
instructions per second, enabling fast calculations be upgraded, allowing users to improve
and data processing. This speed is crucial for tasks performance, replace outdated hardware, and keep
that require rapid analysis and response. up with technological advancements.
2. Accuracy: Computers are highly accurate in 16. Customizability: Users can customize their
performing calculations and executing instructions, computers with software, applications, and settings
as they follow predefined algorithms without human to suit their specific needs and preferences.
error or bias. 17. Environmental Impact: Computers consume energy
3. Versatility: Computers can perform a wide variety of and generate heat, contributing to environmental
tasks by running different software applications. concerns. Energy-efficient designs and responsible
They can handle tasks ranging from word processing disposal practices are important to minimize their
and graphic design to scientific simulations and data ecological footprint.
analysis.
4. Storage: Computers can store vast amounts of data, The future of Information Technology
from documents and images to videos and software. It is about adding and adopting to new capabilities that
Storage capacities have continuously increased over do more in faster ways, in removing friction and providing
time with advancements in technology. strategic business value. IT will involve smart robots,
5. Diligence: Computers can work tirelessly without biometrics and other technologies that use body
getting fatigued or bored, making them ideal for measurements and statistical analysis of people’s unique
repetitive and time-consuming tasks. physical and behavioral characteristics.
6. Automation: Computers can automate complex IT will also change the functionality of computers and the
tasks and processes, reducing the need for manual way they serve the needs and expectations of users in various
intervention. This is particularly useful in industrial, sectors like e-commerce, health, education, and government.
manufacturing, and data processing settings. IT is a complex web of systems that store and send
7. Reliability: When properly maintained, computers information, and it requires educated professionals who
are reliable tools. However, they can be susceptible develop and implement it.
to hardware failures and software glitches,
necessitating backup systems and data recovery Advantages of Computers
plans. 1. Speed and Efficiency:
8. Consistency: Computers consistently follow Computers can process information and perform tasks at
instructions, ensuring that the same task executed incredibly high speeds, far surpassing human capabilities. This
multiple times yields the same results, which is leads to increased productivity and faster decision-making.
crucial for tasks requiring precision. 2. Automation:
9. Multitasking: Modern computers are equipped with Computers enable automation of repetitive tasks, reducing
multitasking capabilities, allowing them to run human effort and minimizing errors. This is especially useful
multiple applications and processes simultaneously. in industries like manufacturing, data entry, and customer
10. Connectivity: Computers can communicate with service.
other devices and computers through networks, 3. Storage Capacity:
enabling data sharing, remote access, and Modern computers can store vast amounts of data, ranging
collaborative work. from documents to multimedia files. This data can be easily
11. Scalability: Computers can be easily upgraded and accessed and organized, making information retrieval
expanded by adding more memory, storage, or efficient.
processing power to accommodate increasing 4. Data Processing:
demands. Computers can process large amounts of data and perform
12. User Interaction: Computers offer various user complex calculations quickly and accurately. This is essential
interfaces, including graphical user interfaces (GUIs) for scientific research, financial modeling, and data analysis.
5. Communication:
Computers facilitate communication through various means, Not everyone has equal access to computers and the internet,
including email, social media, video conferencing, and instant creating a digital divide that can exacerbate socioeconomic
messaging. They have revolutionized how people connect disparities.
globally. 9. Loss of Human Interaction:
6. Global Information Access: Excessive use of computers can lead to a decline in face-to-
The internet allows computers to access information from all face social interactions, affecting communication skills and
over the world. This access to a wealth of knowledge benefits interpersonal relationships.
education, research, and staying informed. 10. Ethical Concerns:
7. Multitasking: The rise of artificial intelligence raises ethical questions
Modern operating systems enable computers to perform about issues like bias in algorithms, job displacement, and the
multiple tasks simultaneously. This is crucial for productivity, ethical use of autonomous systems in various contexts.
as users can switch between various applications seamlessly.
8. Creativity and Entertainment: Types of Computers
Computers provide tools for digital art, music composition, 1. Supercomputer
video editing, and more. They also offer entertainment the biggest and fastest computers (in terms of speed of
through gaming, streaming, and virtual experiences. processing data).
9. Education and E-Learning: • Supercomputers are the computers that are the
Computers have transformed education, offering online fastest and they are also very expensive.
courses, interactive learning platforms, and digital resources • It can calculate up to ten trillion individual
that enhance learning experiences. calculations per second, this is also the reason which
10. Medical Advancements: makes it even faster.
Computers play a vital role in medical diagnostics, imaging, • It is used in the stock market or big organizations for
research, and patient management, leading to more accurate managing the online currency world such as Bitcoin
diagnoses and better patient care. etc.
• It is used in scientific research areas for analyzing
Disadvantages of Computers data obtained from exploring the solar system,
1. Dependency: satellites, etc.
Overreliance on computers can lead to difficulties when 2. Mainframe Computer
systems fail, potentially causing significant disruptions in are designed in such a way that they can support hundreds or
various sectors like finance, transportation, and healthcare. thousands of users at the same time.
2. Health Concerns: • It is also an expensive or costly computer.
Prolonged computer use can lead to health issues such as • It has high storage capacity and great performance.
eyestrain, carpal tunnel syndrome, and sedentary lifestyle- • It can process a huge amount of data (like data
related problems. involved in the banking sector) very quickly.
3. Privacy and Security: • It runs smoothly for a long time and has a long life.
Computers store vast amounts of personal and sensitive data, 3. Minicomputer
making them susceptible to hacking, identity theft, and is a medium size multiprocessing computer. In this type of
breaches of privacy. computer, there are two or more processors, and it supports
4. Job Displacement: 4 to 200 users at one time.
Automation driven by computers can lead to job loss in • Its weight is low.
certain industries, as machines replace human workers in • Because of its low weight, it is easy to carry
tasks like manufacturing and customer service. anywhere.
5. Environmental Impact: • less expensive than a mainframe computer.
The production and disposal of computers contribute to • It is fast.
electronic waste, which poses environmental challenges due 4. Workstation Computer
to toxic materials and inefficient recycling practices. is designed for technical or scientific applications. It consists
6. Distraction and Addiction: of a fast microprocessor, with a large amount of RAM and a
Computers can be a source of distraction, leading to high-speed graphic adapter. It is a single-user computer.
decreased productivity and addictive behaviors, especially It is generally used to perform a specific task with great
with excessive use of social media and online entertainment. accuracy.
7. Cybercrime: • It is expensive or high in cost.
Computers are vulnerable to various forms of cybercrime, • They are exclusively made for complex work
including phishing, malware, ransomware, and online scams, purposes.
which can result in financial losses and compromised • It provides large storage capacity, better graphics,
personal data. and a more powerful CPU when compared to a PC.
8. Digital Divide: • It is also used to handle animation, data analysis,
CAD, audio and video creation, and editing.
5. Personal Computer (PC)
is also known as a microcomputer. It is basically a general- Hardware
purpose computer designed for individual use. cannot
Depende The software can not be
• In this limited number of software can be used. perform any
ncy executed without hardware.
• It is the smallest in size. task without
• It is designed for personal use. software.
• It is easy to use. Electronic
6. Server Computer and other
Process
are computers that are combined data and programs. materials are Created by utilizing a computer
of
Electronic data and applications are stored and shared in the used to language to write instructions.
creating
server computer. The working of a server computer is that it create
does not solve a bigger problem like a supercomputer but it hardware.
solves many smaller similar ones. Tangible Hardware is Software is intangible as we can
7. Analog Computer tangible as see and also use the software
are particularly designed to process analog data. Continuous hardware is but can’t touch them.
data that changes continuously and cannot have discrete a physical
values are called analog data. electronic
8. Digital Computer device, that
are designed in such a way that they can easily perform can be
calculations and logical operations at high speed. It takes raw touched.
data as input and processes it with programs stored in its Durability Hardware The software does not wear out
memory to produce the final output. typically with time. However, it may
9. Hybrid Computer wears out contain flaws and glitches.
is a combination of both analog and digital computers. Hybrid over time.
computers are fast like analog computers and have memory
and accuracy like digital computers. Types It has four It is mainly divided into
10. Tablets and Smartphones main 1. System software
are the types of computers that are pocket friendly and easy categories: 2. Application software.
to carry is these are handy. 1. Input
Devices
COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER 2. Output
I. Computer Hardware - Hardware refers to the Devices
3. Storage
physical components of a computer
Devices
a. Input Devices 4. Internal
b. Output Devices Components
c. Storage Devices .
d. Internal Component Virus Hardware is Software is affected
II. Computer Software - Software is a collection of effect not affected by computer viruses.
by computer
instructions, procedures, and documentation
viruses.
that performs different tasks on a computer
system. Transfer It cannot be It can be transferred via a
a. System Software transferred network means.
b. Application Software from one
place to
Paramete another
Hardware Software
rs electrically
Hardware is through the
a physical network.
part of the Machine- Only The program accepts human-
Basic Software is a set of instructions
computer Level machine- readable input, interprets it in
Definitio that tells a computer exactly language level machine-level language, and
that causes
n what to do. language is sends it to hardware for
the
processing of known to be additional processing.
data. understood
It is by
Develop hardware.
manufacture It is developed and engineered.
ment
d.
Replacem If the If the software is damaged, its FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEM
ent hardware is backup copy can be reinstalled. Process Management
damaged, it is the set of activities involve in creating, scheduling
is replaced and terminating processes.
with a new Memory Management
one. is the functionality of an operating system which
Failures Dust, Overloading, systematic error, handles or manages primary memory and moves processes
overheating, major-minor version error, and back and forth between main memory and disk during
humidity, other factors are commonly execution.
and other responsible for software failures. File Management
factors are refers to the set of processes and techniques
commonly involved in creating, organizing, accessing, manipulating and
responsible controlling files stored on storage devices
for hardware Device Management
failures. is responsible in managing device communication
Examples Ex: Ex: MS through their respective drivers.
Keyboard, Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Photos Security
Mouse, hop, MySQL, etc. uses password protection to protect user data and
Monitor, similar other techniques. it also prevents unauthorized access
Printer, CPU, to programs and user data.
Hard Job Accounting
disk, RAM, R Keeps track of time and resources used by various
OM, etc. tasks and users, this information can be used to track
resource usage for a particular user or group of users
INTRODUCTION OF OPERATING SYSTEM Secondary Storage Management
An Operating System acts as a communication Secondary storage management is an important
bridge (interface) between the user and computer hardware. aspect of operating systems. Disks are the mainly used
The purpose of an operating system is to provide a platform secondary storage devices. They provide the bulk of
on which a user can execute programs conveniently and secondary storage in operating systems today. The main
efficiently. activity that is performed in secondary storage management
An operating system is a piece of software that is disk scheduling.
manages the allocation of Computer Hardware. The Networking
coordination of the hardware must be appropriate to ensure The OS provides network connectivity and manages
the correct working of the computer system and to prevent communication between computers on a network.
user programs from interfering with the proper working of Coordination between other Software and Users
the system. Operating systems also coordinate and
The main goal of the Operating System is to make the assign interpreters, compilers, assemblers, and other
computer environment more convenient to use and the software to the various users of the computer systems.
Secondary goal is to use the resources most efficiently.
An operating system is a program on which EVOLUTION OF COMPUTING
application programs are executed and acts as a
communication bridge (interface) between the user and the
computer hardware. The main task an operating system
carries out is the allocation of resources and services, such as
the allocation of memory, devices, processors, and
information. The operating system also includes programs to
manage these resources, such as a traffic controller, a
scheduler, a memory management module, I/O programs,
and a file system.
Ex:
- Windows Mac OS Fedora
- Windows 8 Linux
- Ubuntu Android