1. Florence Nightingale’s theory focused on environment.

Which of the following did she define and describe in her

theory?
a. Food, air, water, elimination, and shelter
b. Ventilation, warmth, light, diet, cleanliness, and noise
c. Physical, emotional, mental and spiritual
d. Physiologic, safety, love & belongingness, self-esteem, and self-actualization
ANSWER: B In Florence Nightingale’s theory she has focused on ventilation, warmth, light, diet or nutrition, cleanliness
and elimination of noise. Letter A leans more into the physiologic needs of a patient. Letter C is not related to any
nursing theories. Letter D is talking about Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.

2. In Jean Watson’s Theory of Human Caring, she has stated that nursing is concerned with the following EXCEPT
a. Promoting health c. Caring for the sick
b. Preventing illness d. Identifying the basic needs
ANSWER: D Choices A, B, and C is in Jean Watson’s statement that says, “Nursing is concerned with promoting health,
preventing illness, caring for the sick, and restoring health.” Letter D is not included in this statement.

3. According to Jean Watson, which one is central to nursing practice and promotes health better than a simple medical
cure?
a. Caring c. Dedication
b. Compassion d. Empathy
ANSWER: A According to Jean Watson’s theory caring should be central or essential to the nursing practice. She did not
indicate compassion, dedication, and empathy in her theory.
Jean Watson contends that caring regenerates life energies and potentiates our capabilities. The benefits are
immeasurable and promote self-actualization on both a personal and professional level. Caring is a mutually beneficial
experience for both the patient and the nurse, as well as between all health team members.
Watson's caring theory contains three major elements: (1) the carative factors, (2) the transpersonal caring
relationship, and (3) the caring occasion/caring moment

4. In Jean Watson’s theory she has stated to focus on which of the following?
a. Treatment of diseases c. Health promotion
b. Rehabilitation d. Control of environment
ANSWER: C In Jean Watson’s theory, she has focused on health promotion in order for the people to achieve a great
well-being and avoid the occurrence of illnesses.

5. In Patricia Benner’s nursing theory she has described the advanced-beginner nurse as
a. They are taught general rules to help perform tasks, and their rule-governed behavior is limited and inflexible.
b. Shows acceptable performance, and has gained prior experience in actual nursing situations.
c. Generally, has two or three years’ experience on the job in the same field.
d. Perceives and understands situations as whole parts.
ANSWER: B RATIO: Choice A is pertaining to a nurse novice. While Letter C is talking about a competent nurse. Letter D
meanwhile is describing a proficient nurse. Expert nurses no longer rely on principles, rules, or guidelines to connect
situations and determine actions

6. How many levels of nursing experience did Patricia Benner identify?

a. 3 c. 5
b. 4 d. 7
ANSWER: C Patricia Benner has identified 5 levels of nursing experience namely the novice nurse, the competent nurse,
the proficient nurse, and the expert nurse.

7. According to Katie Eriksson’s nursing theory, she said to take which of the following into use when caring for the
human being in health and suffering?
a. Charity c. Comfort
b. Chastity d. Caritas
ANSWER: D In Katie Eriksson’s theory she has used caritas which is Latin for “Love for all” when caring for the human
being in health and suffering.

8. Which of the following is NOT a part of Dorothea Orem’s nursing theory?

a. The theory of self-care c. The 21 nursing problems
b. The self-care deficit theory d. The theory of nursing systems
ANSWER: C A, B, and D is included in Dorothea Orem’s nursing theory. Letter C is identified by another nursing
theorist, Faye Abdellah.
9. This theory from Dorothea Orem focuses on the performance or practice of activities that individuals initiate and
perform on their own behalf to maintain life, health and well-being.
a. Theory of self-care c. The theory of nursing systems
b. The self-care deficit theory d. All of the above
ANSWER: A Letter B (Self-care deficit theory) delineates when nursing is needed. Nursing is required when an adult (or
in the case of a dependent, the parent or guardian) is incapable of or limited in the provision of continuous effective
self- care. Letter C (The theory of nursing systems) This theory is the product of a series of relations between the
persons: legitimate nurse and legitimate client. This system is activated when the client’s therapeutic self-care demand
exceeds available self-care agency, leading to the need for nursing.

10. In Martha E. Roger’s Theory of Human Beings she defined nursing as

a. “The act of assisting others in the provision and management of self-care to maintain or improve human
functioning at home level of effectiveness.”
b. “Unique profession in that is concerned with all of the variables affecting an individual’s response to stress.”
c. “An art and science that is humanistic and humanitarian.”
d. “Health care profession that focuses on human life processes and patterns and emphasizes promotion of health for
individuals, families, groups, and society as a whole.”
ANSWER: C Letter A is from Dorothea Orem’s theory, Letter B is from Betty Neuman’s theory, while Letter D is from
Sister Callista Roy’s theory.

11. Which of the following sentences is NOT a concept related to Florence Nightingale’s theory?
a. "Poor or difficult environments led to poor health and disease"
b. "Environment could be altered to improve conditions so that the natural laws would allow healing to occur"
c. The goal of nursing is “to put the patient in the best condition for nature to act upon him”
d. "Human beings are open systems in constant interaction with the environment"
ANSWER: D Letter D is from Imogene King’s Goal Attainment theory. The rest of the choices are related concepts to
Florence Nightingale’s Theory.

12. In Martha E. Roger’s the Science of Unitary Human Beings contains two dimensions: the science of nursing, which is
the knowledge specific to the field of nursing that comes from scientific research; and
a. Art of nursing c. Behavioral Systems Model
b. Adaptation Model d. Carative caring
ANSWER: A The art of nursing, which involves using the science of nursing creatively to help better the life of the
patient. Letter B is from Sister Callista Roy, Letter C is from Dorothy Johnson, and Letter D is from Katie Eriksson.

13. What are the five variables identified in Betty Neuman’s System model?
a. Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent, and Genital
b. Physiologic, safety and security, love and belongingness, self-esteem, and self actualization
c. Ventilation, warmth, light, diet, cleanliness, and noise
d. Physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual
ANSWER: D Letter A is from Sigmund Freud’s Psychosexual Theory, Letter B is from Maslow’s Heirarchy of Needs, Letter
C is from Florence Nightingale’s nursing theory.

14. In Betty Neuman’s model, the focus is on the client as a system (which may be an individual, family, group, or
community) and on the client’s responses to
a. Illness c. Needs
b. Stressors d. Health promotion
ANSWER: B In Neuman’s System Model, she defined nursing as a “unique profession in that is concerned with all of
the variables affecting an individual’s response to stress.”

15. In Imogene King’s nursing theory, her model focuses on the attainment on which of the following?
a. Goal c. Balanced nutrition
b. Well-being d. Basic needs
ANSWER: A
RATIO: Imogene M. King’s Theory of Goal Attainment focuses on this process to guide and direct nurses in the nurse-
patient relationship, going hand-in-hand with their patients to meet the goals towards good health.

16. Which of the following is the theory associated with Sister Callista Roy?
a. Behavioral System Model c. Adaptation Model of Nursing
b. Theory of Carative Caring d. Theory of Bureaucratic Nursing
ANSWER: C Letter A is from Dorothy Johnson’s theory, Letter B is from Katie Eriksson, while Letter D is from Marilyn
Ann Ray. In Adaptation Model, Roy defined nursing as a “health care profession that focuses on human life processes
and patterns and emphasizes promotion of health for individuals, families, groups, and society as a whole.”
17. In Dorothy Johnson’s Behavioral System Model, she defined which of the following statements?
a. “Nursing is a science and the performing art of nursing is practiced in relationships with persons
(individuals, groups, and communities) in their processes of becoming.” - Parse
b. “participation in care, core and cure aspects of patient care, where CARE is the sole function of nurses,
whereas the CORE and CURE are shared with other members of the health team.” Lydia Hall
c. “People may differ in their concept of nursing, but few would disagree that nursing is nurturing or caring for someone
in a motherly fashion.” Ernestine Wiedenbach
d. “an external regulatory force which acts to preserve the organization and integration of the patients’
behaviors at an optimum level under those conditions in which the behavior constitutes a threat to the
physical or social health, or in which illness is found.”
ANSWER: D Letter A is from Rosemarie Rizzo Parse’s Theory of Human Becoming, Letter B is from Lydia Hall’s Core,
Care and Cure Theory, while Letter C is from Ernestine Wiedenbach’s The Helping Art of Clinical Nursing.

18. According to Myra Levine’s theory, she states that nursing is

a. An art
b. Human interaction
c. Concerned with promoting health, preventing illness, caring for the sick, and restoring health.
d. Science and the performing art of nursing is practiced in relationships with persons (individuals, groups,
and communities) in their processes of becoming.”
ANSWER: B According to the Conservation Model, “Nursing is human interaction.” Logically congruent, is externally
and internally consistent, has breadth as well as depth, and is understood, with few exceptions, by professionals and
consumers of health care.

19. In Hildegard Peplau’s Theory of Interpersonal Relations, she has identified four components which are
a. Digestion, respiration, elimination, and sleep
b. Person, environment, health, and nursing
c. Orientation, identification, exploitation, and resolution
d. Air, food, water, and shelter
ANSWER: B The four components of the theory are: person, which is a developing organism that tries to
reduce anxiety caused by needs; environment, which consists of existing forces outside of the person, and put in the
context of culture; health, which is a word symbol that implies forward movement of personality and nursing, which is a
significant therapeutic interpersonal process that functions cooperatively with other human process that make health
possible for individuals in communities. The nursing model identifies four sequential phases in the interpersonal
relationship: orientation, identification, exploitation, and resolution.

20. Which phase of interpersonal relations in Peplau’s Theory of Interpersonal Relations should the nurse establish
rapport with the client?
a. Orientation c. Exploitation
b. Identification d. Resolution
ANSWER: A Establishment of rapport is done during the orientation phase, in the identification phase the nurse
identifies the major problems of the client, while in the exploitation phase the nurse works with the client with problem
solving, and the last stage which is the resolution phase is where the nurse evaluates and ends her professional
relationship with the client.

21. The nursing theorist who identified the 5 stages of the nursing process is
a. Lydia Hall c. Ida Jean Orlando
b. Madeleine Leininger d. Imogene King
ANSWER: C
RATIO: Lydia Hall’s theory is the Core, Care, Cure model, Madeleine Leininger’s theory is about transcultural nursing, and
Imogene King’s theory is all about Goal Attainment. Ida Jean Orlando identified the 5 stages of the nursing process
namely: (1) Assessment, (2) Diagnosis, (3) Planning, (4) Implementation, and (5) Evaluation.

22. According to Joyce Travelbee’s theory, nursing is accomplished through

a. Human-to-human relationships c. Manipulation of the environment
b. Nurse-patient relationship d. Promoting health
ANSWER: A States in her Human-to-Human Relationship Model that the purpose of nursing was to help and support an
individual, family, or community to prevent or cope with the struggles of illness and suffering and, if necessary, to find
significance in these occurrences, with the ultimate goal being the presence of hope. Nursing was accomplished through
human-to-human relationships.

23. In Lydia Hall’s Core, Care, Cure model, she has identified the core as which of the following?
a. Primary role of a professional nurse such as providing bodily care for the patient
b. The patient receiving nursing care
c. The aspect of nursing which involves the administration of medications and treatments
d. the purpose of nursing was to help and support an individual, family, or community
ANSWER: B The “care” circle defines the primary role of a professional nurse such as providing bodily care for the
patient. The “core” is the patient receiving nursing care. The “cure” is the aspect of nursing which involves the
administration of medications and treatments.

24. Faye Glenn Abdellah’s 21 nursing problems were categorized into which of the following?
a. Physical, sociological, and emotional needs c. Physiological, psychological, and spiritual
b. Prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation d. Food, air, and water
ANSWER: A The 21 nursing problems fall into three categories: physical, sociological, and emotional needs of patients;
types of interpersonal relationships between the patient and nurse; and common elements of patient care. She used
Henderson’s 14 basic human needs and nursing research to establish the classification of nursing problems.

25 Nurse Edberg is about to perform physical assessment of the abdomen. Which order of assessment must Nurse
Edberg do?
a. Inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation c. Inspection, auscultation, percussion, and palpation
b. Auscultation, percussion, palpation, and inspection d. Any order that the nurse desires
ANSWER: C Letter C is the correct order that must be done in order to avoid any alterations in the bowel sounds.
Letter A is done for the rest of the body.

26. Nurse Ann is going to assess a newly admitted client who is suspected to have Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever.
Which of the following should she record as subjective data?
a. Body temperature of 38.8 degrees Celsius c. Patient’s complaint about abdominal pain
b. Complete blood count result d. Client’s blood pressure of 110/78
ANSWER: C Subjective data also known as symptoms are things that the patient alone can feel and observe. The other
choices will fall under objective data or also known as signs, these are things that the medical worker can assess from
the patient.

27. Which of the following is the purpose of physical examination?

a. To obtain subjective data from the patient
b. To know about the patient’s chief complaint
c. To determine changes in a patient’s health status and how to respond to a problem as well as promote healthy
lifestyles and wellbeing
d. To evaluate the outcome of the nursing interventions
ANSWER: C Letter A, B, and D will fall into Letter C’s statement. It is the duty of the nurse to do physical examination in
order to assess the patient’s health status and formulate a plan on how to address any changes in the normal bodily
functioning of the patient.

28. A student nurse is instructed to perform an intramuscular injection by using the Z-track method. The student nurse
must know that the purpose of doing the Z-track method is
a. To enhance blood flow to the injection site
b. To allow faster absorption of the drug into the muscle
c. To prevent drug leakage into the subcutaneous tissue, helps seal the drug in the muscle, and minimizes
skin irritation.
d. To allow faster drug clearance.
ANSWER: C The Z-track method is a type of IM injection technique used to prevent tracking (leakage) of the medication
into the subcutaneous tissue (underneath the skin). During the procedure, skin and tissue are pulled and held firmly
while a long needle is inserted into the muscle.

29. Nurse Aladdin Abdulrahman is reviewing the patient’s blood pressure after administering an oral antihypertensive
30 minutes before. The nurse is employing which stage of the nursing process?
a. Nursing diagnosis c. Implementation
b. Planning d. Evaluation
ANSWER: D By reviewing the effects of a drug that was administered prior, the nurse here is employing the final step of
the nursing process which is evaluation.

30. A patient named Jasmine Allamudin is in the bathroom when Nurse Belle enters to give a prescribed medication.
What should the nurse in charge do?
a. Wait for the patient to return to her bed then leave the medication at her bedside.
b. Return shortly to the patient’s room and remain there until the patient takes her medication.
c. Tell the patient to be sure to take the medication and then leave it at her bedside.
d. Leave the medication at her patient’s bedside.
ANSWER: B This ensures that the patient is compliant by taking the medication at the right time. The nurse must see to
it that medications are really taken by the patients.
31. Dr. Rodrigo Robredo orders heparin, 7500 units, to be administered subcutaneously every 6 hours. The vial reads
10000 units per milliliter. Nurse Leni should anticipate giving how much heparin for each dose?
a. 0.25 ml c. 0.75 ml
b. 0.5 ml d. 1.25 ml

ANSWER: C Doctor’s order/Stock Dose x Quantity (in ml)

7500 units/10000 units x 1 ml = 0.75 ml (cancel out the units).

32. A patient named Panfilo dela Rosa is suffering from hypoxia. The physician is most likely to order which of the
following tests?
a. Arterial blood gas analysis c. Chest X-ray
b. Total hemoglobin and hematocrit d. Complete blood count

ANSWER: A In order to totally know the patients O2 and CO2 levels in his blood the most accurate test to do this
would be through ABG analysis. Choices B, C, and D will not measure the oxygen and carbon dioxide saturation in the
blood.

33. Nurse Ishbelle uses a stethoscope to auscultate a female patient’s chest. Which statement about the stethoscope
with the bell and the diaphragm is true?
a. The bell detects thrills best c. The diaphragm detects high-pitched sounds best
b. The bell detects high-pitched sounds best d. The diaphragm detects low-pitched sounds best
ANSWER: C The diaphragm is used when detecting high-pitched sounds while the bell is used for detecting low-pitched
sounds.

34. Nurse Vincent is teaching the community about the importance of exercise to prevent the occurrence of type II
diabetes mellitus.
a. Primary prevention c. Tertiary prevention
b. Secondary prevention d. Passive prevention
ANSWER: A Promoting the community’s well-being in order to prevent the occurrence of diseases would be primary
prevention, secondary prevention is done when a medical worker gives the patient a treatment for a certain disease,
while tertiary prevention involves rehabilitation of patients with chronic illnesses or who has debilitating conditions.
There is no passive prevention.

35. When observing universal precaution, the nurse must always practice which of the following to prevent the
transmission of infection?
a. Having a proper diet c. Taking supplemental vitamins and minerals
b. Maintain adequate exercise d. Practice hand hygiene at all times
ANSWER: D The primary mandate of universal precaution to prevent the transmission of infection would always be
handwashing. By practicing handwashing, people can eliminate the transmission of contagious or communicable
diseases.

36. Nurse Jason is going to feed the patient via the nasogastric tube. Which nursing action is essential in performing
enteral feeding?
a. Elevating the head of the bed c. Warming the formula before administering it
b. Positioning the patient to the left side d. Hanging a full day’s worth of formula at one time
ANSWER: A The nurse must make sure that before feeding the patient via the nasogastric tube, the nurse must
properly position the head of the bed in an elevated position. With this position, the feeding will easily go down the tube
due to gravity.

37. Nurse Joy is going to administer a tablet via the sublingual route. She should instruct her patient to place the
tablet on the:
a. Inside of the cheek c. Roof of the mouth
b. Floor of the mouth d. Top of the tongue
ANSWER: B The sublingual route is under the tongue or also known as the floor of the mouth. Drug administration
inside of the cheek would be the buccal route.

38. Which of the following best describes Kussmaul respirations?

a. Increased rate and depth of breathing over a prolonged period of time. In response to metabolic acidosis,
the body's attempt to blow off CO2 to buffer a fixed acid such as ketones.
b. Gradual increase in volume and frequency, followed by a gradual decrease in volume and frequency, with
apnea periods of 10 - 30 seconds between cycle.
c. Short episodes of rapid, deep inspirations followed by 10 - 30 second apneic period.
d. Only able to breathe comfortable in upright position (such as sitting in chair), unable to breath laying
down.
ANSWER: A Letter A best describes Kussmaul respirations. Letter B is describing Chyne-Stokes Respirations. Letter C is
describing Biot’s respirations, while Letter D describes orthopnea.

39. Doctor Rodrigo Robredo has ordered dextrose 5% in water, 1000 ml to be infused over 8 hours. The I.V. tubing is
delivering 15 drops per milliliter. Nurse Bong should run the infusion rate at:
a. 15 drops per minute
b. 21 drops per minute
c. 31 drops per minute
d. 125 drops per minute
ANSWER: C
volume in ml x drop factor = gtt/min
_______________________
Time in hrs x 60 min

1000 ml x 15 gtt/ml = 15000 gtts = 31.25 gtts/min

8 x 60 480 min

40. Which of the following is true about the working phase of the nurse-patient relationship?
a. Obtain subjective data c. Greet the patient
b. Make the patient comfortable d. Establish rapport

ANSWER: A RATIO: Obtaining data is one of the things done in the working phase of the nurse-patient relationship. The
remaining choices are done during the orientation phase of the relationship.

41. Which of the following interventions is considered as a primary level of prevention?

a. Using physical therapy to help the patient cope with above-the-knee amputation.
b. Obtaining a breast biopsy to detect breast cancer
c. Administering an anti-Hepatitis B immunization to an infant
d. Administering Ceftriaxone (Rocephin) to a patient who has gonorrhea
ANSWER: C
RATIO: Letter A is under tertiary level of prevention. Letter B and D is under secondary level of prevention.

41. Nurse JM is tasked to do a nursing care plan in the ward. The identification of actual or potential health problems
is done during which step of the nursing process?
a. Assessment c. Planning
b. Nursing diagnosis d. Implementation
ANSWER: B In the nursing diagnosis stage of the nursing process this is where the nurse identifies the problems of the
patient and prioritizes them in what the nurse sees fit.

42. A female patient named Mikasa Ackerman has been found to be suffering from deep-vein thrombosis. Which
nursing diagnosis should Nurse Eren prioritize at this time?
a. Altered peripheral tissue perfusion related to venous congestion
b. Risk for injury related to edema
c. Fluid volume excess related to peripheral vascular disease
d. Impaired gas exchange related to decreased blood flow
ANSWER: A Due to the deep-vein thrombosis, there is an alteration in the patient’s tissue perfusion resulting into the
congestion of blood in the leg veins of the patient. Since blood flow is obstructed, pooling of blood in the lower
extremities will occur.

43. Nurse Erina has found out that after giving proper interventions to Soma who has fever brought about by
meningitis, the patient’s fever has not subsided yet. She is revising patient Soma’s nursing care plan. During
which step of the nursing process does revision take place?
a. Nursing diagnosis c. Evaluation
b. Planning d. Assessment
ANSWER: C During the evaluation step of the nursing process, the nurse determines whether the goals established in
the care plan have been achieved and evaluates the success of the plan. If a goal is unmet or partially met, the nurse
reexamines the data and revises the plan. Assessment involves data collection. Planning involves setting priorities,
establishing goals, and selecting appropriate interventions. Implementation involves providing actual nursing care.

44. A client named Kakashi has been prescribed with diphenhydramine (Benadryl) for his allergies. He then contacts
the nurse and complains of drowsiness after taking the medication making it almost impossible for him to do his
work. This is an example of
a. Drug synergism c. First-pass effect
b. Side effect d. Drug resistance
ANSWER: B Side effect is a secondary, typically undesirable effect of a drug or medical treatment. Synergism, Synergy.
An interaction between two or more drugs that causes the total effect of the drugs to be greater than the sum of the
individual effects of each drug. A synergistic effect can be beneficial or harmful. The first pass effect (also known as first-
pass metabolism or presystemic metabolism) is a phenomenon of drug metabolism whereby the concentration of a
drug, specifically when administered orally, is greatly reduced before it reaches the systemic circulation. Antibiotic
resistance happens when germs like bacteria and fungi develop the ability to defeat the drugs designed to kill them.

45. Doctor Eren has ordered Nurse Misaka to administer cefuroxime (Ceftin) 500 mg via IV bolus t.i.d to a patient with
acute glumerulonephritis. The nurse would expect to give the drug to be given
a. Twice a day c. Once a day
b. Thrice a day d. Four times a day
ANSWER: B t.i.d. latin abbreviation for “ter in die” meaning three times a day. b.i.d. – “bis in die” – twice a day, o.d. –
“omne in die” – once a day, q.i.d. – “quater in die” – four times a day

46. A physician orders 250 mg of an antibiotic suspension, the label on the suspension read “500 mg/5 ml” how much
would the nurse administer?
a. 2.5 ml c. 7.5 ml
b. 5 ml d. 10 ml
ANSWER: A
doctor’s order x quantity in ml = amount in ml
Stock dose
250 mg x 5 ml = 2.5 ml
500mg

47. A nurse is to administer 500 mg of a drug intramuscularly. The label on the multidose vial reads 250 mg/ml. how
much of the medication would the nurse prepare on the syringe?
a. 0.5 ml c. 1.5 ml
b. 1 ml d. 2 ml
ANSWER: D
doctor’s order x quantity in ml = amount in ml
Stock dose
500 mg x 1 ml = 2 ml
250 mg

48. When assessing for the liver functioning of a patient who is receiving hepatotoxic drugs the nurse must check
which of the following?
a. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
b. Creatinine clearance (CLcr)
c. Complete blood count
d. Alanine aminotransferase and aspartame aminotransferase
ANSWER: D The presence of alanine aminotransferase and aspartame aminotransferase would indicate liver damage.
Choices A and B would indicate kidney problems. Letter C is not related to assessment of the liver in the lab.

49 Which of the following statements by Nurse Stella is a great example of the therapeutic communication technique
known as giving recognition?
a. “I’m glad that you are already taking your medication. They will help you a lot.”
b. “I can see that you have a new dress today and it seems that you have washed your hair.”
c. “I will sit beside you until it is time for your group session.”
d. “I’ve noticed that you did not attend the group session today. Are you willing to talk about that?”
ANSWER: B This is a good example of the therapeutic communication technique of giving recognition. Giving
recognition acknowledges the patient and shows awareness from the nurse. This type of therapeutic communication
technique avoids giving any judgment from the nurse.

50. A client named Rodrigo De Lima tells the nurse, “Whenever I am furious, I always get into a fistfight with my spouse,
sometimes I punch my children as well.” The nurse states, “I have observed you smiling while you talk about domestic
violence.” The therapeutic communication technique employed by the nurse is
a. Making observations
b. Formulating a plan of action
c. Providing general leads
d. Exploring
ANSWER: A The nurse in the situation has made an observation when she has stated that the patient has smiled while
talking about domestic violence. This technique of making observations allows the patient to compare personal
perceptions with those of the nurse.