Operational use of

Electronic Chart Display and

Information Systems (ECDIS)
(IMO MODEL COURSE 1.27)
Capt Md Moniruzzaman

BMTI
 Course Outline and Timetable
• Practice & Lecture – 29.0 hrs
• Independent ECDIS navigation – 8.0 hrs
• Evaluation - 3.0 hrs
---------------------------------------
Total 40.0 hours minimum
 Subject Area-5
Topics- 37
• 1 Elements of ECDIS (9.5 hours)
• 2 Watchkeeping with ECDIS (9.0 hours)
• 3 ECDIS Route Planning (9.0 hours)
• 4 ECDIS Charts, Targets & System (6.5
hours)
• 5 ECDIS Responsibility (6 hours)
 Subject Area and topics
Elements of ECDIS ( 9.5 Hrs)
1. Course introduction & familiarization plan
2. Purpose of ECDIS
3. Value to navigation
4. Correct & incorrect use
5. Work station start, stop & layout
6. Vessel position
7. Position source
8. Basic navigation
9. Heading & drift vectors
Ex.1 Simulator exercise – open sea (basic integrated navigation)
10. Understanding chart data
11. Chart quality & accuracy
12. Chart organization
 Subject Area and topics
Watchkeeping with ECDIS – 9.0 Hrs
13. Sensors
14. Ports & data feeds
15. Chart selection
16. Chart information
17. Changing the settings
18. Chart scaling
19. Information layers
Ex.2 Simulator exercise – coastal waters (chart display settings)
20. System & position alarms
21. Depth & contour alarms
 Subject Area and topics
ECDIS Route Planning and Monitoring – 9.0Hrs

22. Vessel maneuvering characteristics

23. Route planning by table
24. Route planning by chart
25. Track limits
26. Checking plan for safety
Ex.3 Simulator exercise – coastal & restricted waters
(navigation alarms & route scheduling)
27. Additional Navigational Information
28. Route schedule
29. User charts in route planning
 Subject Area and topics
ECDIS Targets, Charts & System – 6.5Hrs

30. ARPA/Radar overlay

31. AIS functions
32. Procuring and Installing chart data
33. Installing chart corrections

Ex.4 Simulator exercise – restricted waters (advanced

integrated navigation with ECDIS)
34. System reset & backup
35. Archiving ECDIS data and data logging
 Subject Area and topics
ECDIS Responsibility & Assessment – 6.0 Hrs

36. Responsibility
37. Effective navigation with ECDIS
Ev.1 Written evaluation
Ev.2 Simulator exercise – coastal & restricted waters
(underway ECDIS navigation assessment)
 WHAT IS ECDIS
• Electronic Chart Display and Information System
(ECDIS) means a navigation information system which
with adequate back-up arrangements can be accepted
as complying with the up-to-date chart required by
regulations V/19 and V/27 of the 1974 SOLAS
Convention, as amended, by displaying selected
information from a system electronic navigational chart
(SENC) with positional information from navigation
sensors to assist the mariner in route planning and route
monitoring, and if required display additional navigation-
related information.
 TYPES OF ECDIS
• TWO TYPES OF CHART DISPLAY
SYSTEM:-
• ECDIS:A genuine ECDIS is a high quality ECS that meets the
requirement of the IMO performance standard and has been tested
by an independent type -approval authority. Only type-approved
ECS can legitimately be called ECDIS and only they are considered
by the regulatory authorities to meet the requirements of SOLAS.
• ECS:-ECS are Electronic Chart Systems that electronically display
the real-time vessel position and relevant nautical chart data and
information from the ECS Database on a display screen, but do not
meet all of the IMO requirements for ECDIS and are not intended to
satisfy the SOLAS
 TYPES OF ECDIS
• AGAIN ECDIS TWO TYPES:-
• 1. ECDIS display- Electronic Navigational
Charts (ENCs,) otherwise known as vector
charts.
• 2. ECDIS display- Raster Navigational
Charts (RNCs) which is true image of
paper charts, also Raster chart display
system.
 TYPES OF ENC
• There are 3 types of Electronic Charts
available, namely –
• Electronic Navigation Chart (ENC) or
Vector Charts - Official
• Raster Navigation Charts (RNC) – Official
• Unofficial Electronic Charts
 TYPES OF ENC
• ENC (Electronic Navigation Chart) is a
presentation of hydrographic and navigational
information in digital form.ENC is vector data, which is
composed of points, lines and area features with detailed
attributes. From the relationships between these (points,
lins and areas) and ship’s features (speed, draft, course)
it is possible for an ECDIS system to intelligently detect
and alarm the navigator of possibly dangerous
situations.
• ENC charts called “intelligent” because they can show
data in layers, allowing you to reduce clutter or add more
details to the chart.
 TYPES OF ENC
• RNC (Raster Navigation Chart) is a digital
representation of a paper chart created by
scanning a paper chart. Raster chart data is a
“digitized picture” of a chart comprised of
millions of picture elements or pixel. All data is in
one layer and one format. The video display
simply produces the pictures fom its digitized
data file. The drawback of the RNC is that it
does not provide the detailed data like an ENC
that is used by the ECDIS to warn the user of
shoal areas, dangers, bridge heights etc.
• Only to be used where ENC’s are not available.
 TYPES OF ENC
• UNOFFICIAL ENC:- Unofficial charts are
produced by a variety of private
companies and may or may not meet the
same standards set by IMO & used by
HO's for data accuracy, currency, and
completeness.
 Official ENCs have the following
quality (attributes):
• ENC content is based on source data or official charts of the
responsible Hydrographic Office;
• • ENCs are compiled and coded according to international
standards;
• • ENCs are referred to World Geodetic System 1984 Datum
(WGS84);
• • ENC content is the responsibility of the issuing Hydrographic
Office;
• • ENCs are issued only by the responsible Hydrographic Office; and
• • ENCs are regularly updated with official update information
distributed digitally. Official ENCs are vector charts compiled from a
database of individual geo-referenced objects from Hydrographic
Office’s archives including existing paper charts
 ECDIS REQUIREMENTS
• The amended SOLAS regulation V/19
requires all passenger ships of 500
gross tonnage and upwards, as
well as cargo ships of 3,000 gross
tonnage and upwards engaged on
international voyages to be fitted with
ECDIS from 1 July 2018 onwards.
 Back-up arrangements

Depending on the Flag State’s agreement, such

arrangements may include:
•An ECDIS system using ENCs with an independent power
supply.
•An appropriate folio of corrected up to date paper charts
for the present voyage
•A Raster Chart Display System (RCDS), using Raster
Navigational Charts (RNCs), with an independent power
supply.
 Components of ECDIS
In general, the following components comprise an ECDIS:-
ECDIS represents an item of equipment
consisting of hardware, software and
data.
For an ECDIS to be considered an ECDIS, it
needs to be installed according to the standards
and regulations set by the IMO. Installation
includes the setup of the computer hardware, the
display and the application software.
 Sensor Inputs
• There are three mandatory sensor inputs to ECDIS, as
stated in IMO MSC 232(82):
• 1-ECDIS should be connected to systems providing
continuous position fixing capability (GNSS)
• 2- ECDIS should be connected to the ship’s
gyrocompass. For ships not fitted with a
gyrocompass, ECDIS should be connected to a
marine transmitting heading device.
• 3-ECDIS should be connected to the speed and
distance measuring device (log).
• Apart from the three mandatory inputs prescribed by the IMO, many other
sensors may be interfaced like radar,AIS, Echo sounder,Navtex etc.
• However, ECDIS should not degrade the performance of any equipment
providing sensor inputs, nor should the connection of optional equipment
degrade the performance of ECDIS to below the IMO MSC 232(82)
standard.
 ECDIS to become a legal
equivalent of paper charts
• For an ECDIS to become a legal equivalent of paper charts
following criteria must be fulfilled:
• The ECDIS must be type approved. (meeting with IMO performance
Standard).
• The system must have an equivalent type approved back-up system
that must enable a safe takeover of navigation and continue safe
passage of the voyage if an ECDIS malfunction or fails. This backup
arrangement may be with a full set of paper charts or fully compliant
ECDIS.
• The system must use official ENC issued by Government
Hydrographic Office (complying with IMO/IHO: S57, S52, S63).
• ENC are up-to-date.
• If the system complies with all the above requirements it is then
considered to be equivalent to navigational charts carriage
requirement by SOLAS.
ECDIS Performance Standard
• The outlines of these standards are as
follows:
• The primary function of the ECDIS is to contribute to
safe navigation, and for this purpose ECDIS should be
capable of displaying all chart necessary for safe &
efficient navigation organized by, and distributed under
the authority of government authorized hydrographic
office.
• ECDIS should facilitate simple and reliable updating of
the electronic navigational charts.
• ECDIS should reduce the navigational workload.
 CONTINUE
• ECDIS should have the same reliability and availability of
presentation as of paper chart published by government
authorized hydrographic office.
• ECDIS should provide appropriate alarms or indications
with respect to the information displayed or malfunction
of the equipment.
• Means to ensure correct loading of ENC data, updates &
apply updates automatically to system display.
• Protect chart data from any alteration.
 CONTINUE
• Indicate when user when chart not of right scale (over- or under-
scale) or when a larger scale chart is available in memory.
• Permit the overlay of radar image and ARPA information onto the
display.
• Use IHO-specified resolution, colors and symbols.
• Display route planning and route monitoring.
• Permit display to be clearly viewed by more than one user in day or
night conditions.
• Permit route planning in straight and curved segments and
adjustment of waypoints.
• Display a route plan in addition to the route selected for monitoring.
 CONTINUE
• Give an alarm at a selectable time prior to ship crossing a selected
safety contour or prohibited area.
• Provide an alarm when positioning system input is lost.
• Provide an alarm when positioning system and chart are based on
different geodetic datum.
• Store and provide for replay the elements necessary to reconstruct
navigation and verify chart data in use during previous 12 hours and
record the track for entire voyage with at least four hour time marks.
• Allowing conducting on-board tests of major functions with alarm or
indication of malfunction.
• Permit normal functions on emergency power circuit.
• Enable takeover by backup unit to continue navigation if master unit
fails,
Equipment Required for the operation of ECDIS

• Type approved ECDIS units are capable of

displaying the full range of official electronic
charts in conjunction with navigation sensor
information.
• Each ECDIS unit will also be capable of
independent operation and is provided with an
uninterruptible power supply (UPS) to ensure
continued operation in the event of short power
failures Minimum of 30 minutes.
 Types of Chart Display System

• Electronic Chart Display (ECS)

• Electronic Chart Display and
Information System (ECDIS)
• Raster Chart Display System
(RCDS)
 An Electronic Chart System
(ECS)
• is a navigation information system that
electronically display vessel position and
relevant nautical chart data and
information from ECS database on a
display screen, but does not meet all the
IMO requirements for ECDIS and is not
intended to satisfy the SOLAS Chapter V
requirements to carry a navigation chart.
 Electronic Chart Display and
Information System (ECDIS)
• means a navigation information system which,
with adequate back up arrangements, can be
accepted as complying with up-to-date chart
required by regulation V/19 & V/27 of the
SOLAS convention, by displaying selected
information from a system electronic
navigational chart (SENC) with positional
information from navigation sensors to assist the
mariner in route planning and route monitoring,
and by displaying additional navigation-related
information if required.
 Raster Chart Display System
(RCDS)
• exactly produces the familiar paper chart. All
chart information is available to mariners in a
picture they have experienced at using paper
chart. RCDS adds real time positioning,
electronic tools for voyage planning and
monitoring (way points, cross tracks..), improved
nighttime visibility, access to chart notes etc. In
addition, RCDS provides for the automatic
application of official updates issued by national
hydrographic offices.
 Combination of ECDIS and
RCDS.
• In December 1998 IMO passed the supplement to
ECDIS performance standard (Apendix-7) that 'When the
relevant chart information is not available in the
appropriate form (ENC), some ECDIS equipment may
operate in the Raster Chart Display System (RCDS).
This concept of using both data formats together with
implemented functionality's in one system is called
DUAL FUEL model.
• However official raster charts (ARCS) may be used
where ENC are not available along with the requirement
for the vessel to carry the "appropriate folio" of paper
charts when operating in the RCDS mode.
 What are the 5 ECDIS mandatory alarms?

• The five mandatory alarms (as per IMO

ECDIS Performance standards) are:
• Exceeding cross-track limits
• Crossing selected safety contour
• Deviation from the route
• Critical Point Approach
• Different datum from the positioning
system
 Compliant ECDIS
• As per SOLAS Chapter V Regulations 18 and 19, for a
ship to rely on ECDIS for navigation, the ECDIS
installation must conform to the relevant IMO
Performance Standards (as specified in Resolution
A.817(19) (Performance Standards for ECDIS), as
amended by MSC.232(82)).
• When ECDIS is being used for navigation, it must:
i) be type approved,
ii) be maintained to the latest applicable International
Hydrographic Organization (IHO) standards,
iii) use official Electronic Navigational Charts (ENC), and
iv) have an adequate, independent back-up
arrangement.
 Type approval of ECDIS
• Type approval is the certification process
that ECDIS equipment must undergo
before it can be considered as complying
with the IMO Performance Standards for
ECDIS. The process is conducted by type
approval organisations and recognized
marine Classification Societies.
 Maintenance of ECDIS
software
• An ECDIS that is not updated to the latest
version of IHO standards may not meet
the chart carriage requirement as set out
in SOLAS Regulation V/19.2.1.4. IMO has
issued SN.1/Circ 266/Rev.1 on the need to
maintain ECDIS software. The following
link provides a list of the latest IHO
standards that apply to ECDIS
equipment:www.iho.int/mtg_docs/enc/ECD
IS-ENC_StdsIn_ Force.htm.
 ECDIS DATA
• S-57 (IHO Publication No. 57)
• A special publication of the IHO called IHO Transfer Standard for
Digital Hydrographic Data. This publication ensures that all ENCs
worldwide are uniform. This uniformity ensures that ENCs can be
exchanged between different national hydrographic offices, and
distributed to manufacturers, mariners and other data users, without
error or misrepresentation. S-57 includes the ENC product
specification.
• Under S-57, cells have a standard format but do not have a
standard coverage size. Instead, cells are limited to 5mb of data. S-
57 cells are normally copy protected and therefore require a permit
before use is allowed. These permits are delivered as either a file
containing the chart permits or as a code. In both cases the first step
is to install the chart permit into the ECDIS. Some hydrographic
offices deliver S-57 cells without copy protection and therefore
permits are not required.
S-52 (IHO Special Publication
No. 52)
• While manufacturers of electronic chart systems have
designed their own proprietary colors and symbols, the
IMO Performance Standard requires that all IMO
approved ECDIS follow the International Hydrographic
Organization (IHO) Color & Symbol Specifications.
These specifications are embodied in the ECDIS
Presentation Library No. 52 (S-52). In order for ECDIS to
enhance the safety of navigation every detail of the
display should be clearly visible, unambiguous in its
meaning, and uncluttered by superfluous information. In
general, they seek to emulate the look of the traditional
paper chart.
 S-63 (IHO Data Protection
Scheme)
• The publication "S-63—IHO Data Protection Scheme"
describes the recommended standard for the protection
of ENC information. It defines security constructs and
operating procedures that must be followed to ensure
that the data protection scheme is operated correctly and
to provide specifications that allow participants to build
compliant systems. The S-63 standard is based on the
protection scheme developed and operated by Primer
and Primer-Stavanger as part of providing their protected
ENC service.
 OVERLAPPING OF ENC
AREAS
• ENC’s originating from different HO’s or
RENC’s Can create problems of
harmonization (overlapping areas, etc.)
 ENC Overlapping
• Although ENCs with the
same Usage Band may
overlap; the displayed
information must not.
ENCs with a different
Usage Band could
overlap both area and
displayed information.
The image shows the
possibility of overlapping
of ENCS with different
Usage Band.

41
 "Dual fuel" Presentation
• The situation where vector charts and raster charts are
shown together on one screen is called "Dual fuel"
modus.
• The borderline between both presentation forms is
clearly distinguishable by using a clear signature. In this
case the mark points to the raster chart side.
• Navigating in a raster chart area the carriage
requirements for paper charts have to be observed.

42
Zones of Confidential (CATZOC)

43
Zones of Confidential (CATZOC)

44
Zones of Confidential (CATZOC)

45
Zones of Confidential (CATZOC)

46
47
How it looks on board?

48
49
Different CATZOC in an area

50
 Organization of Chart Distribution
• ENC data distribution and services
• The IHO developed the WEND (World-wide
Electronic Navigational Chart Database) concept
to provide a timely, reliable worldwide uniform
ENC data distribution service.
• WEND consists of two components:
• A charter describes the principles governing the
cooperation between Hydrographic Offices.
• A conceptual schema describes a network of
regional centres RENC.
 RENC
• RENC stands for Regional ENC
Coordination Centre. A RENC compiles
ENCs from national or international
hydrographic authorities, validates the
data and manages ENC distribution
through appointed resellers. RENCs were
invented by the IHO to coordinate the
efforts of hydrographic offices, to deliver
electronic chart data to end-users in a
reliable and cost-effective way.
 RENC
• Today there are two RENCs: PRIMAR in
Norway and IC-ENC in the United
Kingdom. Each RENC distributes ENCs
from several dozen hydrographic offices or
international hydrographic authorities.
Additional RENCs have been proposed,
but never established. RENCs do not
distribute ENCs directly to end-users, but
rather distribute ENCs to commercial
distributors, called value-added resellers.
 Naming of ENC

• Each ENC is identified by an 8 – character

identifier e.g. GB501050. The first two
characters indicate the produce e,g GB for Great
Britain, FR for France. A complete list of
producer cod is included in the IHO standard S-
62. The third character (a number from 1 to 6)
indicates the navigational usage band. (e.g 5
means Harbour chart). The last five characters
are alpha-numeric and provide a unique
identifier.
 Uses Band of ENC and their Natural
Scale range.
Number Usage Band Scale Range

6 Berthing < 1: 4 000

5 Harbour 1:4 000 to 1:21 999

4 Approach 1:22 000 to 1:89 999

3 Coastal 1:90 000 to 1: 349 999

2 General 1:350 000 to 1:1499 999

1 Overview smaller than > 1:499 999

ENC Usage Band

56
 SCAMIN
• SCAMIN is an abbreviation of Scale Minimum.
The SCAMIN value of an object determines the
display scale below which the object is no longer
visible on an ECDIS. The purpose of the
SCAMIN is to reduce the amount of clutter
displayed to the ECDIS user. With SCAMIN 'ON'
object detail on the smaller scale may be
reduced, but with SCAMIN 'OFF' there may be
unnecessary object detail displayed on the
approach cell hence increasing CLUTTER.
 SCAMIN

• Use of the attribute SCAMIN:

• determines the minimum display scale of
an object.
– This reduces clutter, and assigns priority to
the display of objects, and improves ENC
drawing speed.
– E.g. SOUNDG (sounding) with
SCAMIN=10000 is not be displayed when
viewed at 10001 and smaller scales.
– Group 1 objects must always be displayed.
SCAMIN
 Over scale indications
Note that if the display is compiled from
more than one ENC of the same
compilation scale, and if the mariner
deliberately chooses to zoom in so that the
display scale exceeds the compilation
scale, then only the "overscale indication"
should be shown.

60
Look up better chart

61
Not recommended scale

62
Dangerous scale

63
Over scale for ENC outside used ENC

64
RADAR OVERLAY SCALE

65
 Symbology
• ENC supports two types of symbology for
navigational marking. These two symbol
sets are referred to as 'traditional' (paper
chart) and 'simplified'.
• - Traditional symbols look same as on a
paper chart.
• - Simplified symbols appear on ENC
vector charts and were invented along with
• ECDIS standard. Technically they are
described in the S52 standard.
 DISPLAY ( 3 types)

• BASE DIAPLAY

• STANDARD DISPLAY

• ALL INFO DISPLAY/OTHER DISPLAY

67
 DISPLAY BASE
Coastline
Traffic routeing systems
Scale, range
Orientation and display
mode
Units of depth and height
Own Ship safety contours
Indication of isolated
dangers which lie within
the safe waters

68
DISPLAY BASE

69
 STANDARD DISPLAY
Display base +
Drying line
Fixed and floating aids
to navigation
Boundaries of fairways
Visual and radar
conspicuous targets
Prohibited and
restricted areas
Chart scale boundaries
Indication of cautionary
notes
Traffic routeing systems
70
STANDARD DISPLAY

71
 ALL INFO DISPLAY
Standard display +
Spot soundings
Submarine cables and pipelines
Ferry routes
Details of all isolated dangers
Details of aids to navigation
Contents of cautionary notes
ENC edition dates
Geodetic datum
Magnetic variation

72
ALL INFO DISPLAY

73
 Display Mode

• North-Up and Course-Up: As per the IMO

Performance Standard requirement ECDIS should
display the SENC in a North-up orientation where as
other orientations are permitted. Similar to the
information displayed in paper chart as north-up.
• In certain conditions user may prefer to use the
orientation in a course-up mode which is an optional
provision provided by the equipment maker.
• The information is shown on the display with the
direction of the vessel's course upward. The display
orientation is stabilized by means of the gyro until a new
course direction is fed in.
 True and Relative Motion
• ECDIS will be provided with two modes to display own
ship's motion i.e. True and Relative.
• True motion is a display in which own ship and each
target moves with its own true motion, while the position
of all charted information remains fixed where as in
relative motion display own ship remains stationary,
while all other charted information and targets move
relative to own ship's position.
• User can pre define a frame set whereby own ship
symbol can reset automatically when reaching the limit
along with entire chart display and targets. The user
must use the optimum look-ahead distance when setting
up reset limit.
 Safety settings on ENC Dispaly
• Shallow Contour – Static Draught of the vessel (marks dark blue
colour from the coast line)
• Safety Contour - Draught + Min UKC required (as per company
policy) + squat effect + allowance for chart error fro CATZOC table
etc. (marks light blue colour between shallow contour and safety
contour, also highlight the contour line. This contour can generate
alarm )
• Safety Depth – Same as Safety Contour (bold or highlighted the
depth up to the value, this value can generate alarm when passing
over it)
• Deep Contour – Twice the draught of the vessel where squat
effects are likely (marks light gray colour between Safety contour
and deep contour)
• Safety Height – This the height in Meters, above sea level that is
considered to be safe for the ship (Not available in TRANSAS)
Own Ship Presentation (True scale)

77
 ECDIS Data Presentation and Performance
Check dataset
• IHO has produced an ECDIS Data Presentation and Performance
Check dataset that allows mariners to check some important
aspects of the operation of their ECDIS. This dataset contains two
fictitious ENC cells (The data comprises two ENC cells: AA2TDS02
and AA5TDS05.)which navigating officers can load into their ECDIS
units to determine if the latest software is installed and if the units
are operating optimally.

If the check highlights a problem, accompanying guidance notes

offer suggested courses of action. The check dataset and
accompanying instructions can be downloaded from the IHO
website at: www.iho.int/srv1/index.
php?option=com_content&view=article&id=585:n
ews&catid=166:1news-links&Itemid=828 .
Preparations for conducting the
checks
• Before starting, ensure that you have the
following:
• The data for the checks. This will normally have been
supplied by your ENC service provider on a CD-ROM or
in the same way that other new ENCs are supplied to
you.
• The data comprises two ENC cells: AA2TDS02 and
AA5TDS05.
• A means for recording the results of the checks and
transferring them to the reporting form.
 UPDATES
• As per the SOLAS Ch-V "Safety of
Navigation" requirement to carry adequate
and related navigational publications for
the intended voyage, it becomes very
important that vessel must keep its all
navigational charts & publications up-to-
date.
 Updating of ENCs and RNC
• There are mainly two categories of updating the ENC or ARCS
• Manual updating
• Updates/information received via VHF, NAVTEX, verbal etc are
entered manually into ECDIS.
• Automatic updating:
• Fully automatic: Fully automatic method is one where update data
is directly applied to ECDIS without any human intervention direct
from distributor to ECDIS via online.
• Semi-automatic: Semi-automatic method is one which required
human intervention either to establish communication link either
telephone line, internet and downloading updates on CD or disk to
be updated on ECDIS.
 CONTINUE
• When manual updates are done it is
usually entered in a different colour to
identify that it is done manually and later
can be removed when automatic and
proper corrections are received.
• A proper record should be kept from
where a good check can be kept to
ascertain that latest corrections received
have been up loaded and the charts are
corrected.
 CONTINUE
• Updates shall be aggregated in at least one of the
following categories:
• Sequential Update: The new correction information that
is provided since the previous update set.
• If sequential update is missing system would revert back
the previous old update while warning the user of
missing sequential order
• Cumulative Update: The collection of all sequential
correction information which has been issued since the
last new edition of the ENC or since the last official
update applied to the SENC.
 CONTINUE
• Compilation Update: The correction information which
has been issued since the last new edition of the ENC or
since the last official update applied to the SENC,
compiled into a single, comprehensive ENC update.
(Example: If a buoy has been relocated two or more
times since the ENC Edition, only the last position,
tailored to correct the position contained in the ENC
Edition as issued, would be included. Thus, the
application of a Compilation Update is to correct the
effective ENC Edition at the time of its distribution to a
user, which could be some months or years after the
Editions initial distribution). Compilation update is
implemented in S-57 by means of a re-issue of an ENC.
CONTINUE
 AREAS OF RISKS
• ECDIS Hazards may fall in 3 categories:
1. The equipment (Hardware & Software)
Improper functioning due to:
- Virus infection
- Power outages
- Loss of sensors input data (Gyro,GPS,Log)
2. The Hydrographic data (chart data) inaccuracy:
- ECDIS vs RCDS and ENC vs RNC
- Failure to procure proper usage band
- Permit may expire
- Out of date chart in use
- Update not applied correctly
- Inability to open next chart
89
 AREAS OF RISKS
• 3. HUMAN ERRORS (The operator himself)
(Lack of training and familiarity with ECDIS)
- Errors of Interpretations
- Failure to enter Safety depth and safety contour
- Failure to activate safety vector
- Failure observe “overscale or underscale” display
- Confusion of chart scale
- Failure to set up ECDIS display properly
- Confusion of display mode
- Information overload and fatigue (radar & AIS , MIO
overlay)
- Uncritical acceptance of the own ship’s position
- Confusion of reference system (WGS 84)
- Different modes of presentation (N’UP, H’UP, C’UP)
- Different modes of vector stabilization (TM, RM ) 90
 Documentation & Recording

ECDIS should store and be able to reproduce

certain minimum elements required to
reconstruct the navigation and verify the
official database used during the previous 12
hours

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 Documentation & Recording

The following data shall be recorded at one

minute intervals Own ship's past track
containing:
Time
Position
Heading
Speed

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Documentation & Recording

To ensure a record of official data used:

▪ ENC source
▪ Edition
▪ Date
▪ Cell
▪ Update history

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 Documentation & Recording
ECDIS to also record the complete track for
the entire voyage, with time marks at
intervals not exceeding 4 hours

It should not be possible to manipulate or

change the recorded information

ECDIS should have a capability to preserve

the record of the previous 12 hours and of
the voyage track
94