1.

What is data, information, knowledge and data

science? Define the roles of data in emerging
technology?
 What is Data?
Data is defined as a collection of individual facts or statistics. (While
“datum” is technically the singular form of “data,” it’s not commonly used in everyday
language.

 What is information?
Information is defined as knowledge gained through study,
communication, research, or instruction. Essentially, information is the result of
analyzing and interpreting pieces of data

 What is knowledge?
Knowledge is a very important concept as it is the process by which
data turns into useful information.

 What is data science?

Data science is the study of data to extract meaningful insights for
business. It is a multidisciplinary approach that combines principles and
practices from the fields of mathematics, statistics, artificial intelligence, and
computer engineering to analyze large amounts of data. This analysis helps
data scientists to ask and answer questions like what happened, why it
happened, what will happen, and what can be done with the results.

2. List and explain some emerging technologies

that expected to have significant impact on
business
Artificial Intelligence (AI): AI is the simulation of human intelligence in
machines that can perform tasks such as speech recognition, decision-
 making, and problem-solving. It is expected to have a significant impact
on businesses by automating repetitive tasks, improving customer
service through chatbots, and enabling data-driven decision-making.

Internet of Things (IoT): IoT refers to the network of physical devices

embedded with sensors, software, and connectivity, allowing them to
collect and exchange data. It is expected to revolutionize businesses by
enabling
Virtual and Augmented Reality (VR/AR): VR and AR technologies create
immersive experiences by overlaying digital information onto the real
world or creating entirely virtual environments. They are expected to
impact businesses by enhancing training and education, improving
customer experiences, and enabling remote collaboration.
3.Discuss and elaborate cloud computing ,Its
application and its service?
Cloud computing is a technology that allows users to access and store
data and applications over the internet instead of using local servers or
personal computers. It involves the delivery of computing services,
including storage, processing power, and software, through the internet.

Cloud computing offers several benefits, such as scalability, flexibility,

cost-effectiveness, and ease of access. It eliminates the need for physical
infrastructure and allows users to access their data and applications
from anywhere, at any time, using any device with an internet
connection.

There are various applications of cloud computing across different

industries:

Storage and Backup: Cloud storage services like Google Drive, Dropbox,
and OneDrive allow users to store and backup their data securely in the
cloud. It provides a convenient and reliable solution for data storage
and retrieval.
 Software as a Service (SaaS): SaaS applications are hosted on the cloud
and accessed through a web browser. Examples include customer
relationship management (CRM) systems like Salesforce, productivity
tools like Microsoft Office 365, and collaboration platforms like Slack.
SaaS eliminates the need for local installations and provides easy access
to software applications.

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): IaaS provides virtualized computing

resources, such as virtual machines, storage, and networks, over the
internet. Users can rent these resources on-demand and scale them as
needed. Amazon Web Services (AWS) and Microsoft Azure are popular
IaaS providers.

Platform as a Service (PaaS): PaaS offers a platform for developing,

testing, and deploying applications without the need for infrastructure
management. It provides a complete development environment,
including operating systems, databases, and programming languages.
Examples include Google App Engine and Microsoft Azure App Service.

Big Data Analytics: Cloud computing enables organizations to process

and analyze large volumes of data using distributed computing
resources. Services like Amazon Redshift and Google Big Query provide
scalable and cost-effective solutions for big data analytics.

4.What is artificial intelligence? List the

applications and types of Artificial intelligence?
Discuss role roles, benefits and Drawbacks of
artificial intelligence
What is artificial Intelligence?
 Artificial intelligence is the simulation of human intelligence
processes by machines, especially computer systems. Specific applications of
AI include expert systems, natural language processing, speech recognition
and machine vision.

Types of Artificial intelligence

Narrow AI: This refers to AI systems that are designed to perform specific
tasks or solve specific problems. They are focused on a narrow domain and
excel in performing repetitive or rule-based tasks, such as voice assistants or
recommendation systems.

2. General AI: General AI, also known as strong AI, refers to AI systems that
possess human-like intelligence and can understand, learn, and apply
knowledge across various domains. However, achieving true general AI is still
a significant challenge and remains a topic of ongoing research.

3. Machine Learning: Machine learning is a subset of AI that focuses on

enabling computers to learn and improve from experience without being
explicitly programmed. It involves training algorithms on large datasets to
make predictions or decisions based on patterns and examples.

4. Deep Learning: Deep learning is a subfield of machine learning that uses

artificial neural networks to model and understand complex patterns and
relationships in data. It has been particularly successful in areas such as image
and speech recognition.

5. Reinforcement Learning: Reinforcement learning involves training AI

agents to make decisions and take actions in an environment to maximize a
reward. It is often used in applications such as game playing and robotics.
6. Natural Language Processing (NLP): NLP focuses on enabling computers to
understand, interpret, and generate human language. It involves tasks such as
language translation, sentiment analysis, and chat bot interactions.

These are just a few examples of the different types of AI that exist. AI
technology continues to evolve rapidly, and new approaches and techniques
are constantly being developed.

Application of Artificial Intelligence

image1 application of AI
1. AI in Astronomy
o Artificial Intelligence can be very useful to solve complex universe
problems. AI technology can be helpful for understanding the universe
such as how it works, origin, etc.

2. AI in Healthcare
o In the last, five to ten years, AI becoming more advantageous for the
healthcare industry and going to have a significant impact on this
industry.
o Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a better and faster
diagnosis than humans. AI can help doctors with diagnoses and can
inform when patients are worsening so that medical help can reach to
the patient before hospitalization.

3. AI in Gaming
o AI can be used for gaming purpose. The AI machines can play strategic
games like chess, where the machine needs to think of a large number of
possible places.

4. AI in Finance
o AI and finance industries are the best matches for each other. The
finance industry is implementing automation, chatbot, adaptive
intelligence, algorithm trading, and machine learning into financial
processes.

5. AI in Data Security
o The security of data is crucial for every company and cyber-attacks are
growing very rapidly in the digital world. AI can be used to make your
data more safe and secure. Some examples such as AEG bot, AI2
Platform, are used to determine software bug and cyber-attacks in a
better way.
6. AI in Social Media
o Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snap chat contain
billions of user profiles, which need to be stored and managed in a very
efficient way. AI can organize and manage massive amounts of data. AI
can analyze lots of data to identify the latest trends, hash tag, and
requirement of different users.

7. AI in Travel & Transport

o AI is becoming highly demanding for travel industries. AI is capable of
doing various travel related works such as from making travel
arrangement to suggesting the hotels, flights, and best routes to the
customers. Travel industries are using AI-powered chat bots which can
make human-like interaction with customers for better and fast
response.

8. AI in Automotive Industry
o Some Automotive industries are using AI to provide virtual assistant to
their user for better performance. Such as Tesla has introduced
TeslaBot, an intelligent virtual assistant.
o Various Industries are currently working for developing self-driven cars
which can make your journey more safe and secure.

9. AI in Robotics:
o Artificial Intelligence has a remarkable role in Robotics. Usually, general robots are
programmed such that they can perform some repetitive task, but with the help of AI, we
can create intelligent robots which can perform tasks with their own experiences without
pre-programmed.
o Humanoid Robots are best examples for AI in robotics, recently the intelligent Humanoid
robot named as Erica and Sophia has been developed which can talk and behave like
humans.
10. AI in Entertainment
o We are currently using some AI based applications in our daily life with
some entertainment services such as Netflix or Amazon. With the help
of ML/AI algorithms, these services show the recommendations for
programs or shows.

11. AI in Agriculture
o Agriculture is an area which requires various resources, labor, money,
and time for best result. Now a day's agriculture is becoming digital, and
AI is emerging in this field. Agriculture is applying AI as agriculture
robotics, solid and crop monitoring, predictive analysis. AI in agriculture
can be very helpful for farmers.

12. AI in E-commerce
o AI is providing a competitive edge to the e-commerce industry, and it
is becoming more demanding in the e-commerce business. AI is
helping shoppers to discover associated products with recommended
size, color, or even brand.

13. AI in education:
o AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have more time to teach.
AI chat bot can communicate with students as a teaching assistant.
o AI in the future can be work as a personal virtual tutor for students,
which will be accessible easily at any time and any place .

Roles of Artificial intelligence

Reduction in Human Error

One of the biggest benefits of Artificial Intelligence is that it can

significantly reduce errors and increase accuracy and precision. The decisions
taken by AI in every step is decided by information previously gathered and a
certain set of algorithms. When programmed properly, these errors can be
reduced to null.
Zero Risks

Another big benefit of AI is that humans can overcome many risks by letting
AI robots do them for us. Whether it be defusing a bomb, going to space,
exploring the deepest parts of oceans, machines with metal bodies are
resistant in nature and can survive unfriendly atmospheres. Moreover, they
can provide accurate work with greater responsibility and not wear out easily.

24x7 Availability

There are many studies that show humans are productive only about 3 to 4
hours in a day. Humans also need breaks and time offs to balance their work
life and personal life. But AI can work endlessly without breaks. They think
much faster than humans and perform multiple tasks at a time with accurate
results. They can even handle tedious repetitive jobs easily with the help of AI
algorithms.

Digital Assistance

Some of the most technologically advanced companies engage with users

using digital assistants, which eliminates the need for human personnel. Many
websites utilize digital assistants to deliver user-requested content. We can
discuss our search with them in conversation..
New Inventions
In practically every field, AI is the driving force behind numerous innovations
that will aid humans in resolving the majority of challenging issues.
Perform Repetitive Jobs
We will be doing a lot of repetitive tasks as part of our daily work, such as
checking documents for flaws and mailing thank-you notes, among other
things. We may use artificial intelligence to efficiently automate these menial
chores and even eliminate "boring" tasks for people, allowing them to focus on
being more creative.

AI in Risky Situations

One of the main benefits of artificial intelligence is this. By creating an AI robot

that can perform perilous tasks on our behalf, we can get beyond many of the
dangerous restrictions that humans face. It can be utilized effectively in any
type of natural or man-made calamity, whether it be going to Mars, defusing a
bomb, exploring the deepest

Faster Decision-making

Faster decision-making is another benefit of AI. By automating certain tasks

and providing real-time insights, AI can help organizations make faster and
more informed decisions. This can be particularly valuable in high-stakes
environments, where decisions must be made quickly and accurately to
prevent costly errors or save lives.

Medical Applications

AI has also made significant contributions to the field of medicine, with

applications ranging from diagnosis and treatment to drug discovery and
clinical trials. AI-powered tools can help doctors and researchers analyze
patient data, identify potential health risks, and develop personalized
treatment plans. This can lead to better health outcomes for patients and help
accelerate the development of new medical treatments and technologies.

Drawbacks of artificial intelligence

Lack of human-like understanding: AI systems lack human-like understanding
and common sense reasoning. They often struggle with interpreting context,
sarcasm, or emotions, leading to misinterpretations and errors.

Bias and discrimination: AI systems can inherit biases from the data they are
trained on, leading to discriminatory outcomes. If the training data is biased
or reflects societal prejudices, AI systems can perpetuate and amplify these
biases, resulting in unfair decisions or actions.

Job displacement: AI automation has the potential to replace certain jobs,

leading to unemployment or the need for reskilling. Industries like
manufacturing, customer service, and transportation may see significant job
losses as AI systems take over repetitive and routine tasks.

Ethical concerns: AI raises ethical concerns regarding privacy, security, and

the potential misuse of technology. Issues such as data privacy, algorithmic
transparency, and the use of AI in surveillance or autonomous weapons
systems need careful consideration and regulation.

Lack of accountability: AI systems can make decisions that have significant

consequences, but it can be challenging to determine who is responsible for
those decisions. The lack of accountability and transparency in AI algorithms
can lead to legal and ethical challenges.

Data limitations: AI systems heavily rely on large amounts of high-quality data

for training and decision-making. Limited or biased data can lead to
inaccurate or incomplete results. Additionally, data privacy concerns and
access to diverse datasets can pose challenges for AI implementation.
Cost and complexity: Developing and implementing AI systems can be costly
and complex. It requires significant investment in infrastructure, data
collection, and skilled personnel. Small businesses or organizations with
limited resources may struggle to adopt AI technology.

5. What is internet of things explain the

features of IOT, what does IOT our day to day
live of people and organization, Discuss the
components ,application and architecture of
internet of things
What is internet of things
The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the network of physical devices,
vehicles, appliances, and other objects embedded with sensors, software, and
connectivity, enabling them to connect and exchange data over the internet.
These devices can collect and share information, interact with each other, and
be remotely monitored and controlled. The IoT aims to create a seamless
integration of the physical and digital worlds, enabling greater automation,
efficiency, and convenience in various domains such as smart homes,
healthcare, transportation, agriculture, and more.

Feature of IOT
Connectivity
One of the most crucial characteristics of IoT infrastructure is connectivity.
IoT things must stay connected to the infrastructure of IoT. There should be an
all-time assurance that anyone can connect anytime, anywhere they want.
For instance, the connection between internet gadgets like sensors and routers
and the connection between one person and another via internet devices like
smartphones.
Interoperable Communication Protocols
Seamless, interoperable communication is one of the key features of
the Internet of Things. With the rising popularity of IoT, these IoT devices are
 now more interconnected than before. This is one of the most important
characteristics of IoT
Identity of Things
It’s a well-known fact that anyone’s unique characteristic is their
identity. For instance, all smartphones come with a unique IMEI number. This is
true for all other smart devices on the planet.
Identifying the things on the internet and people becomes easier with this unique
number. Thus, it’s safe to say the Identity of Things is among the most crucial
characteristics of IoT.
Scalability
Considering scalability in the system design has become more
crucial than ever due to the surging ubiquity of the IoT. In the technical world,
scalability refers to a system’s capability to grow without adversely impacting its
performance. Today, scalability is among the most popular characteristics of IoT.
With the help of this characteristics of IoT, businesses can leverage the power of
IoT by scaling it to fit their business. For instance, IoT can help hotel businesses
track the rooms and amenities used by different guests. It also assists SMEs by
sending targeted messages and offers on their behalf to customers.
Dynamic or Self-Adapting
The dynamic nature is another key characteristic of IoT as it requires
one to become self-adaptive to comprehend the modifications and upgrades
happening around it and respond accordingly. For instance, the camera device
was originally introduced to the world to take pictures.
Today, the camera comes with many features that let you adjust pictures based
on the light. Thus, being dynamic and self-adaptive is among the crucial
characteristics of IoT that one cannot avoid.

What does IOT roles in our day to day lives of peoples and
organization?
The Internet of Things (IoT) was here for quite some time. But
it has become prevalent, especially in developed countries, where life
is so fast and advanced.

The major reason for the same is the fast lives that they
are living. They don’t have much time to even perform the household
chores.
 So with the technology of the Internet of Things (IoT) they
can operate the washing machine, vacuum cleaners, water heaters, etc
with a digital device that has a stable internet connection.
Components of IOT

Devices/Things: These are physical objects or devices embedded with sensors,

actuators, and connectivity capabilities. Examples include smart thermostats,
wearable devices, industrial machinery, and vehicles.

Sensors: These are devices that detect and measure physical parameters such
as temperature, humidity, light, motion, and more. Sensors collect data from
the environment or the device itself and transmit it to other components of
the IoT system.

Connectivity: IoT devices need to be connected to the internet or a network to

enable communication and data exchange. This can be achieved through
various means such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, cellular networks, or specialized IoT
networks like LoRaWAN or NB-IoT.

Data Processing: The collected data from IoT devices needs to be processed
and analyzed to extract meaningful insights. This can be done locally on the
device itself or in the cloud using powerful computing resources.

Cloud Services: Cloud platforms provide storage, processing, and analytics

capabilities for IoT data. They enable scalability, remote access, and real-time
monitoring of IoT devices. Cloud services also facilitate data integration and
enable the development of IoT applications.

Data Analytics: IoT generates vast amounts of data, and analytics techniques
are used to derive valuable insights from this data. Data analytics can help in
identifying patterns, trends, anomalies, and making data-driven decisions.

Applications: IoT applications are software programs or services that utilize the
data and capabilities of IoT devices. These applications can range from smart
home automation systems to industrial monitoring and control systems.

Security: IoT security is crucial to protect the privacy, integrity, and availability
of data and devices. It involves measures such as encryption, authentication,
access control, and secure communication protocols to ensure the safety of
IoT systems.

Gateway
Image 2 gateway
IoT Gateway manages the bidirectional data traffic between
different networks and protocols. Another function of the gateway is to
translate different network protocols and make sure interoperability of the
connected devices and sensors.

Gateways can be configured to perform pre-processing of the

collected data from thousands of sensors locally before transmitting it to the
next stage. In some scenarios, it would be necessary due to the compatibility
of the TCP/IP protocol.

Application of IOT

The Internet of Things (IoT) has a wide range of applications across various
industries and sectors. Here are some common applications of IoT:

Smart Home: IoT enables the automation and control of various devices in
a home, such as lighting, heating, security systems, appliances, and
entertainment systems. Users can remotely monitor and control these
devices through their smartphones or voice assistants.
Industrial Automation: IoT is extensively used in industries for monitoring
and controlling manufacturing processes, optimizing energy consumption,
predictive maintenance of equipment, and improving overall operational
efficiency.

Healthcare: IoT devices are used in healthcare for remote patient

monitoring, tracking vital signs, medication management, and improving
the efficiency of healthcare delivery. It enables doctors to monitor patients
remotely and provide timely interventions.

Agriculture: IoT is used in agriculture for precision farming, where sensors

and actuators are deployed to monitor soil moisture, temperature,
humidity, and other environmental factors. This data helps farmers optimize
irrigation, fertilization, and pest control, leading to increased crop yield and
reduced resource wastage.

Smart Cities: IoT is employed in smart city initiatives to improve the quality
of life for citizens. It includes applications like smart traffic management,
waste management, environmental monitoring, public safety, and energy
management.

Logistics and Supply Chain: IoT is used to track and monitor goods
throughout the supply chain, enabling real-time visibility and optimization
of logistics operations. It helps in inventory management, asset tracking,
and improving overall supply chain efficiency.
Energy Management: IoT is used in energy management systems to
monitor and control energy consumption in buildings, factories, and cities.
It enables the optimization of energy usage, demand response, and
integration of renewable energy sources.

Environmental Monitoring: IoT devices are deployed for monitoring and

collecting data on air quality, water quality, noise levels, and other
environmental parameters. This data helps in understanding and managing
environmental issues.

Retail: IoT is used in retail for inventory management, smart shelves,

personalized marketing, and improving the overall customer experience. It
enables retailers to track inventory levels, analyze customer behavior, and
provide targeted promotions.

Transportation and Fleet Management: IoT is used in transportation for

vehicle tracking, fleet management, route optimization, and driver behavior
monitoring. It helps in improving safety, reducing fuel consumption, and
optimizing logistics operations.

6. Compare and contrast the Augmented

reality, Virtual reality &mixed

Augmented Reality (AR):

Augmented reality is a technology that overlays digital information or virtual objects onto
the real world.

AR enhances the real-world environment by adding computer-generated elements such as

images, videos, or 3D models.

AR can be experienced through various devices like smartphones, tablets, smart glasses, or
headsets.

It allows users to interact with both the real and virtual worlds simultaneously.

AR is commonly used in applications like gaming, education, navigation, and marketing.

Virtual Reality (VR):

Virtual reality is a technology that creates a completely immersive digital environment that
simulates the real world or an imaginary world.

VR typically requires a headset or a head-mounted display (HMD) to block out the real
world and replace it with a virtual one.

Users can explore and interact with the virtual environment through specialized
controllers or sensors.

VR provides a sense of presence and allows users to feel like they are physically present in
the virtual world.

VR is widely used in gaming, training simulations, virtual tours, and therapy.

Mixed Reality (MR):

Mixed reality is a technology that combines elements of both AR and VR to create a hybrid
experience.

MR allows virtual objects to interact with the real world and vice versa, creating a seamless
blend of digital and physical elements.

It enables users to see and interact with virtual objects while still being aware of the real-
world surroundings.

MR is achieved through devices like Microsoft HoloLens or Magic Leap, which use sensors
and cameras to map the physical environment and overlay virtual content.
MR has applications in fields like design, architecture, manufacturing, and entertainment.
7. DiscussBriefly the Applications of augment reality
systems and its common features
Gaming: AR is widely used in gaming applications, where virtual objects are overlaid onto
the real world, allowing users to interact with them in real-time. Popular examples include
Pokémon Go and AR-based board games.

Education and Training: AR is used in educational settings to enhance learning experiences.

It can provide interactive and immersive content, such as 3D models, simulations, and
visualizations, to help students understand complex concepts. AR is also used for training
purposes, such as in medical simulations or industrial maintenance.

Navigation and Way finding: AR can be used for navigation and way finding by overlaying
directions, points of interest, or real-time information onto the real-world environment.
This can be particularly useful in unfamiliar locations or crowded areas.

Marketing and Advertising: AR is utilized in marketing campaigns to engage customers and

provide interactive experiences. It allows brands to overlay virtual content onto physical
products or locations, enabling users to visualize products in their own environment or
participate in virtual try-ons.

Architecture and Design: AR is used in architecture and design to visualize and present 3D
models of buildings, interiors, or products in real-world settings. It helps architects,
designers, and clients to better understand and evaluate designs before implementation.

Common features of AR systems

Object Recognition and Tracking: AR systems use computer vision techniques to recognize
and track real-world objects or markers. This enables the system to overlay virtual content
accurately onto the physical environment.

Real-time Interaction: AR systems allow users to interact with virtual objects or content in
real-time. This can include gestures, touch, voice commands, or other input methods to
manipulate or control the virtual elements.
Spatial Mapping: AR systems often employ spatial mapping techniques to understand and
map the physical environment. This helps in placing virtual objects accurately and ensuring
they interact realistically with the real world.

Contextual Information: AR systems can provide contextual information about objects or

locations in the real world. This can include displaying additional details, historical
information, or user-generated content related to the surroundings.

Collaboration and Sharing: Some AR systems enable multiple users to share the same
augmented environment, allowing for collaborative experiences. This can be useful in
remote collaboration, training scenarios, or multiplayer gaming.

8 .Discuss Biotechnology, block chain technology and

computer vision with their application
Biotechnology is a field that combines biology and technology to develop products and technologies
that improve human health, agriculture, and the environment. It involves the use of living organisms or
their components to create or modify products, processes, or organisms for specific purposes. Some
applications of biotechnology include:

Medicine and Healthcare: Biotechnology has revolutionized the development of new drugs, vaccines,
and therapies. It enables the production of recombinant proteins, gene therapies, and personalized
medicine. Biotechnology also plays a crucial role in diagnostics, genetic testing, and regenerative
medicine.

Agriculture: Biotechnology has transformed agriculture by enhancing crop yield, quality, and resistance
to pests, diseases, and environmental stresses. Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have been
developed to improve crop traits, such as drought tolerance, herbicide resistance, and nutritional
content.

Environmental Conservation: Biotechnology offers solutions for environmental challenges, such as

pollution control, waste management, and renewable energy production. It enables the development of
bioremediation techniques to clean up contaminated sites and the production of biofuels from
renewable resources.

Blockchain Technology:

Blockchain technology is a decentralized and distributed ledger system that securely records and verifies
transactions across multiple computers. It provides transparency, immutability, and security to digital
transactions. Some applications of blockchain technology include:

Cryptocurrencies: Blockchain technology is the foundation of cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and

Ethereum. It enables secure and transparent peer-to-peer transactions without the need for
intermediaries like banks.
Supply Chain Management: Blockchain can be used to track and verify the movement of goods across
the supply chain. It ensures transparency, reduces fraud, and improves traceability by recording every
transaction and movement of products.

Smart Contracts: Blockchain technology enables the creation and execution of self-executing smart
contracts. These contracts automatically execute predefined actions when specific conditions are met,
eliminating the need for intermediaries and reducing costs.

Computer Vision:

Computer vision is a field of artificial intelligence that focuses on enabling computers to understand and
interpret visual information from images or videos. It involves the development of algorithms and
techniques to extract meaningful information from visual data. Some applications of computer vision
include:

Object Recognition: Computer vision enables machines to identify and classify objects in images or
videos. This has applications in autonomous vehicles, surveillance systems, and robotics.

Facial Recognition: Computer vision algorithms can analyze facial features and patterns to identify
individuals. This technology is used in security systems, biometric authentication

9 .cyber security and its application how did you see

Ethiopian technology usage and security level
Cyber security is the practice of protecting computer systems, networks, and
data from unauthorized access, attacks, and damage. It involves implementing
measures to prevent, detect, and respond to cyber threats.
Applications of cyber security
Network Security: This involves securing computer networks from
unauthorized access, malware, and other cyber threats. It includes measures like
firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and virtual private networks (VPNs).
Data Protection: Cyber security ensures the confidentiality, integrity, and
availability of data. Encryption, access controls, and backup systems are used to
protect sensitive information from unauthorized access, alteration, or loss.
Incident Response: Cyber security includes developing incident response plans
to effectively respond to and mitigate Cyber attacks. This involves identifying
and containing the attack, investigating the breach, and restoring systems and
data.
Ethiopian technology usage and security level,
it is important to note that I am an AI language model and do not have real-
time data or the ability to access specific information about a country's
technology usage and security level. However, I can provide some general
insights.
Ethiopia has been making significant strides in technology adoption and digital
transformation in recent years. The government has been actively promoting
the development of the ICT sector and has launched initiatives to improve
internet connectivity and digital infrastructure across the country.
In terms of cyber security, like any other country, Ethiopia faces various cyber
threats such as phishing attacks, malware, and data breaches. The government
has recognized the importance of cyber security and has taken steps to enhance
cyber security measures and awareness. The Information Network Security
Agency (INSA) is responsible for cyber security in Ethiopia and works towards
protecting critical infrastructure and combating cyber threats

10. List four companies that have to failed to adopt new

technology efficiency with the most notable examples
Blockbuster: Blockbuster was a prominent video rental company that failed to
adapt to the rise of online streaming and digital media. Despite the emergence
of companies like Netflix, Blockbuster continued to focus on its brick-and-
mortar stores and late fees, ultimately leading to its bankruptcy in 2010.
Kodak: Kodak was a leading company in the photography industry, known for
its film and cameras. However, it failed to embrace the digital revolution and the
shift towards digital photography. Kodak's reluctance to invest in digital
technology and its over-reliance on film ultimately led to its decline and
bankruptcy in 2012.
Nokia: Nokia was once a dominant player in the mobile phone industry, but it
failed to adapt to the rise of smartphones. Despite having a strong market share,
Nokia's Symbian operating system couldn't compete with Apple's iOS and
Google's Android. Nokia's failure to recognize the potential of touchscreens and
app ecosystems led to its downfall, and it eventually sold its mobile phone
business to Microsoft in 2014.
Sears: Sears was once a retail giant, known for its department stores and mail-
order catalogs. However, it failed to keep up with the rise of e-commerce and
online shopping. Sears struggled to adapt to the digital age, and its outdated
business model and lack of investment in technology led to its decline. In 2018,
Sears filed for bankruptcy and closed hundreds of stores.