Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 1

Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

Charles V
Portrait of the Emperor, after Titian

Holy Roman Emperor;

King of the Romans;
King of Italy

Reign [1]
28 June 1519 – 27 August 1556

Coronation 26 October 1520, Aachen (German royal)

22 February 1530, Bologna (Italian royal)
24 February 1530, Bologna (imperial)

Predecessor Maximilian I

Successor Ferdinand I

King of Spain
with Joanna the Mad to 1555

Reign 23 January 1516 – 16 January 1556

Predecessor Joanna

Successor Philip II

Lord of the Netherlands and Count Palatine of Burgundy

Reign [2]
25 September 1506 – 25 October 1555

Predecessor Philip I of Castile

Successor Philip II of Spain

Spouse Isabella of Portugal

Issue

Philip II, King of Spain

Maria, Holy Roman Empress
Joanna, Princess of Portugal
John of Austria (illegitimate)
Margaret, Duchess of Florence and Parma (illegitimate)

House House of Habsburg

Father Philip I of Castile

Mother Joanna of Castile

Born 24 February 1500

Ghent, Flanders

Died 21 September 1558 (aged 58)

Yuste, Spain

Burial El Escorial, San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Spain

Signature
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 2

Religion Roman Catholicism

Charles V (Spanish: Carlos I; Dutch: Karel V; German: Karl V.; Italian: Carlo V; French: Charles Quint; 24
February 1500 – 21 September 1558) was ruler of the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 and, as Charles I, of the
Spanish Empire from 1516 until his voluntary retirement and abdication in favor of his younger brother Ferdinand I
as Holy Roman Emperor and his son Philip II as King of Spain in 1556.
Charles was the eldest son of Philip the Handsome and Joanna the Mad. His grandmother was Isabella I of Castile.
As the heir of three of Europe's leading dynasties—the House of Habsburg of the Habsburg Monarchy; the House of
Valois-Burgundy of the Burgundian Netherlands; and the House of Trastámara of the Crowns of Castile and
Aragon—he ruled over extensive domains in Central, Western, and Southern Europe; and the Spanish colonies in the
Americas and Asia. As Charles was the first king to rule Castile, León, and Aragon simultaneously in his own right,
he became the first King of Spain. [3] In 1519, Charles became Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria. From
that point forward, his empire spanned nearly four million square kilometers across Europe, the Far East, and the
Americas.[4]
Much of Charles' reign was devoted to the Italian Wars against France which, although enormously expensive, were
militarily successful. Charles' forces re-captured both Milan and Franche-Comté from France after the decisive
Habsburg victory at the Battle of Pavia in 1525,[5] which pushed Francis to form the Franco-Ottoman alliance.
Charles' rival Suleiman the Magnificent conquered the central part of the Hungarian Kingdom in 1526 after
defeating the Christians at the Battle of Mohács. However, the Ottoman advance was halted after they failed to
capture Vienna in 1529.
Aside from this, Charles is best known for his role in opposing the Protestant Reformation.[6] Several German
princes abandoned the Catholic Church and formed the Schmalkaldic League in order to challenge Charles' authority
with military force. Unwilling to allow the same religious wars to come to his other domains, Charles pushed for the
convocation of the Council of Trent, which began the Counter-Reformation. The Society of Jesus was established by
St. Ignacio de Loyola during Charles' reign in order to peacefully and intellectually combat Protestantism, and
continental Spain was spared from religious conflict largely by Charles' nonviolent measures.[7]
In the New World, Spain conquered Mexico and Peru, and extended its control across much of South and Central
America. Charles oversaw the Spanish colonization of the Americas. Charles provided 5 ships to Ferdinand
Magellan whose voyage -the first circumnavigation of the Earth- laid the foundation for the Pacific oceanic empire
of Spain and began Spanish colonization of the Philippines.
Though always at war, Charles was a lover of peace. "Not greedy of territory", wrote Marcantonio Contarini in 1536,
"but most greedy of peace and quiet."[8] Charles retired in 1556. The Habsburg Monarchy passed to Charles' younger
brother Ferdinand, whereas the Spanish Empire was inherited by his son Philip II. The two empires would remain
allies until the 18th century.

Heritage and early life

Charles was born in the Flemish city of Ghent in 1500. The culture and courtly life of the Burgundian Low Countries
were an important influence in his early life. He was tutored by William de Croÿ (who would later become his first
prime minister), and also by Adrian of Utrecht (later Pope Adrian VI). It is said that Charles spoke several vernacular
languages: he was fluent in French, Flemish, later adding an acceptable Spanish which was required by the Castilian
Cortes Generales as a condition for becoming King of Castile. An anecdote sometimes attributed to Charles is: "I
speak Spanish to God, Italian to women, French to men and German to my horse." But this quote has many variants
and is often attributed instead to Frederick the Great.[9]
From his Burgundian ancestors he inherited an ambiguous relationship with the Kings of France. Charles shared with
France his mother tongue and many cultural forms. In his youth he made frequent visits to Paris, then the largest city
of Western Europe. In his words: "Paris is not a city, but a universe" (Lutetia non urbs, sed orbis). He was betrothed
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 3

to both Louise and Charlotte of Valois, daughters of King Francis I of France, but they both died in childhood.
Charles also inherited the tradition of political and dynastic enmity between the Royal and the Burgundian Ducal
lines of the Valois Dynasty.
Though Spain was the core of his possessions, he was never totally assimilated and especially in his earlier years felt
as if he were viewed as a foreign prince. He could not speak Spanish very well, as it was not his primary language.
Nonetheless, he spent most of his life in Spain, including his final years in a Spanish monastery. Indeed, Charles'
motto, Plus Ultra ('Further Beyond'), became the national motto of Spain.

Reign

A young Charles V, by Bernard van

Orley, Louvre Museum, Paris,
France

Burgundy and the Low Countries

In 1506, Charles inherited his father's Burgundian territories, most notably the
Low Countries and Franche-Comté, most of which were fiefs of the German
Kingdom (part of the Holy Roman Empire), except his birthplace of Flanders
which was still a French fief, a last remnant of what had been a powerful player
in the Hundred Years' War. As he was a minor, his aunt Margaret of
Parma[citation needed] born as Archduchess of Austria acted as regent as appointed
by Emperor Maximilian until 1515 and soon she found herself at war with
France over the question of Charles' requirement to pay homage to the French
king for Flanders, as his father had done. The outcome was that France
relinquished its ancient claim on Flanders in 1528.

From 1515 to 1523, Charles' government in the Netherlands also had to contend
with the rebellion of Frisian peasants (led by Pier Gerlofs Donia and Wijard
Jelckama). The rebels were initially successful but after a series of defeats, the
remaining leaders were captured and decapitated in 1523.
Charles V, 1533, by Titian. Museo
Charles extended the Burgundian territory with the annexation of Tournai, del Prado, Madrid, Spain
Artois, Utrecht, Groningen and Guelders. The Seventeen Provinces had been

unified by Charles' Burgundian ancestors, but nominally were fiefs of either France or the Holy Roman Empire. In
1549, Charles issued a Pragmatic Sanction, declaring the Low Countries to be a unified entity of which his family
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 4

would be the heirs.[]

The Low Countries held an important place in the Empire. For Charles V personally they were his home, the region
where he was born and spent his childhood. Because of trade and industry and the rich cities, they also represented
an important income for the treasury.

Spain
In the Castilian Cortes of Valladolid of 1506, and of Madrid of 1510
he was sworn as prince of Asturias, heir-apparent of his mother the
queen Joanna.[10] On the other hand, in 1502, the Aragonese Cortes
gathered in Saragossa, pledged an oath to his mother Joanna as
heiress-presumptive, but the Archbishop of Saragossa expressed firmly
that this oath could not establish jurisprudence, that is to say, without
modifying the right of the succession, but by virtue of a formal
agreement between the Cortes and the King.[11][12] So, with the death
of his grandfather, King Ferdinand II of Aragon on 23 January 1516,
his mother Joanna inherited the Crown of Aragon, which consisted of
Aragon, Catalonia, Valencia, Naples, Sicily and Sardinia; while
Charles became Governor General.[13] Nevertheless, the Flemings
wished that Charles assume the royal title,[citation needed] and this was
supported by his grandfather the emperor Maximilian I and the Pope
Leo X. This way, after the celebration of Ferdinand II's obsequies on
14 March 1516, he was proclaimed as king of Castile and of Aragon Emperor Charles V

jointly with his mother. Finally, when the Castilian regent Cardinal
Jiménez de Cisneros accepted the fait accompli, he acceded to Charles's desire to be proclaimed king and he imposed
his statement throughout the kingdom. Thus, the cities were recognizing Charles as king jointly with his mother.[14]

Charles arrived in his new kingdoms in autumn of 1517. His regent Jiménez de Cisneros came to meet him, but fell
ill along the way, not without a suspicion of poison, and died before meeting the King.[15]
Due to the irregularity of assuming the royal title, when his mother, the legitimate queen, was alive, the negotiations
with the Castilian Cortes in Valladolid (1518) proved difficult,[16] and in the end Charles was accepted under the
following conditions: he would learn to speak Castilian; he would not appoint foreigners; he was prohibited from
taking precious metals from Castile; and he would respect the rights of his mother, Queen Joanna. The Cortes paid
homage to him in Valladolid in February 1518. After this, Charles departed to the kingdom of Aragon. He managed
to overcome the resistance of the Aragonese Cortes and Catalan Corts also,[17] and finally he was recognized as king
of Aragon jointly with his mother.[18]
Charles was accepted as sovereign, even though the Spanish felt uneasy with the Imperial style. Spanish monarchs
until then had been bound by the laws; the monarchy was a contract with the people. With Charles it would become
more absolute, even though until his mother's death in 1555 Charles did not hold the full kingship of the country.
Soon resistance against the Emperor rose because of the heavy taxation (the money was used to fight wars abroad,
most of which Castilians had no interest in) and because Charles tended to select Flemings for high offices in Spain
and America, ignoring Castilian candidates. The resistance culminated in the Revolt of the Comuneros, which was
suppressed by Charles. After this, Castile became integrated into the Habsburg empire, and provided the bulk of the
empire's military and financial resources. The enormous budget deficit accumulated during Charles' reign resulted in
Spain declaring bankruptcy during the reign of Philip II.[19]
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 5

Italy
The Crown of Aragon inherited by Charles included the Kingdom of Naples, the
Kingdom of Sicily and the Kingdom of Sardinia. Aragon also previously
controlled the Duchy of Milan, but a year before Charles ascended to the throne,
it was annexed by France after the Battle of Marignano in 1515. Charles
succeeded in re-capturing Milan in 1522 when Imperial troops defeated the
Franco-Swiss army at Bicocca. Yet in 1524 Francis I of France retook the
initiative, crossing into Lombardy where Milan, along with a number of other
cities, once again fell to his attack. Pavia alone held out and it was here that on
24 February 1525 (Charles' twenty-fifth birthday), Charles' Imperial forces
captured Francis and crushed his army, yet again retaking Milan and Lombardy.
Spain successfully held on to all of its Italian territories, though they were
invaded again on multiple occasions during the Italian Wars. In addition to this,
Habsburg trade in the Mediterranean was consistently disrupted by the Ottoman
Empire. A Holy League, which consisted of all the Italian states and Spain, was Portrait of Charles V on Horseback
by Anthony van Dyck, 1620.
formed in 1538 to drive the Ottomans back, but was defeated at the Battle of
Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence, Italy
Preveza. Decisive naval victory eluded Charles; it would not be achieved until
after Charles' death, at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571.

America
During Charles' reign, the territories in New Spain were considerably extended
by conquistadores like Hernán Cortés and Francisco Pizarro, who caused the
Aztec and Inca empires to fall in little more than a decade. Combined with the
Magellan expedition's circumnavigation of the globe in 1522, these successes
convinced Charles of his divine mission to become the leader of Christendom
that still perceived a significant threat from Islam. The conquests also helped
solidify Charles' rule by providing the state treasury with enormous amounts of
bullion. As the conquistador Bernal Díaz del Castillo observed, "We came to
serve God and his Majesty, to give light to those in darkness, and also to acquire
that wealth which most men covet."[]

In 1528 Charles assigned a concession in Venezuela Province to Bartholomeus

V. Welser, in compensation for his inability to repay debts owed. The
concession, known as Klein-Venedig (little Venice), was revoked in 1546. In
1550, Charles convened a conference at Valladolid in order to consider the Charles V by Titian, 1548. Museo
del Prado, Madrid, Spain
morality of the force used against the indigenous populations of the New World,
which included figures such as Bartolomé de las Casas.

Charles V is credited with the first idea of constructing an American Isthmus canal in Panama as early as 1520.[]

Holy Roman Empire

After the death of his paternal grandfather, Maximilian, in 1519, he inherited the Habsburg Monarchy. He was also
the natural candidate of the electors to succeed his grandfather as Holy Roman Emperor. He defeated the candidacies
of Frederick III, Elector of Saxony, Francis I of France, and Henry VIII of England. The unanimousRichard von
Greiffenklau zu Vollrads decision of the electors gave Charles the crown on 28 June 1519. In 1530, he was crowned
Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Clement VII in Bologna, the last Emperor to receive a papal coronation.[20][21]
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 6

Despite holding the imperial throne, Charles' real authority was limited by the German princes. They gained a strong
foothold in the Empire's territories, and Charles was determined not to let this happen in the Netherlands. An
inquisition was established as early as 1522. In 1550, the death penalty was introduced for all cases of unrepentant
heresy. Political dissent was also firmly controlled, most notably in his place of birth, where Charles, assisted by the
Duke of Alva, personally suppressed the Revolt of Ghent in mid-February 1540.[]
Charles abdicated as Emperor in 1556 in favor of his brother Ferdinand; however, due to lengthy debate and
bureaucratic procedure, the Imperial Diet did not accept the abdication (and thus make it legally valid) until 24
February 1558. Up to that date, Charles continued to use the title of Emperor.

France
Much of Charles's reign was taken up by conflicts with France, which
found itself encircled by Charles's empire while it still maintained
ambitions in Italy. In 1520, Charles visited England, where his aunt,
Catherine of Aragon, urged her husband, Henry VIII, to ally himself
with the emperor. The first war with Charles's great nemesis Francis I
of France began in 1521. Charles allied with England and Pope Leo X
against the French and the Venetians, and was highly successful,
driving the French out of Milan and defeating and capturing Francis at
the Battle of Pavia in 1525. To gain his freedom, the French king was Charles V's territories (red, purple, orange,
forced to cede Burgundy to Charles in the Treaty of Madrid (1526). yellow and buff) surrounding France (Spanish
colonial empire not shown).

When he was released, however, Francis had the Parliament of Paris denounce
the treaty because it had been signed under duress. France then joined the League
of Cognac that Pope Clement VII had formed with Henry VIII of England, the
Venetians, the Florentines, and the Milanese to resist imperial domination of
Italy. In the ensuing war, Charles's sack of Rome (1527) and virtual
imprisonment of Pope Clement VII in 1527 prevented the Pope from annulling
the marriage of Henry VIII of England and Charles's aunt Catherine of Aragon,
with important consequences. In other respects, the war was inconclusive. In the
Treaty of Cambrai (1529), called the "Ladies' Peace" because it was negotiated
between Charles's aunt and Francis' mother, Francis renounced his claims in Italy
but retained control of Burgundy.

A third war erupted in 1535, when, following the death of the last Sforza Duke of
Milan, Charles installed his own son, Philip, in the duchy, despite Francis's
claims on it. This war too was inconclusive. Francis failed to conquer Milan, but
succeeded in conquering most of the lands of Charles's ally the Duke of Savoy,
including his capital, Turin. A truce at Nice in 1538 on the basis of uti possidetis
Charles V with Armor by Juan
ended the war, but lasted only a short time. War resumed in 1542, with Francis
Pantoja de la Cruz, according to
Titian. El Escorial. Madrid, Spain
now allied with Ottoman Sultan Suleiman I and Charles once again allied with
Henry VIII. Despite the conquest of Nice by a Franco-Ottoman fleet, the French
remained unable to advance into Juarez, while a joint Anglo-Imperial invasion of northern France, led by Charles
himself, won some successes but was ultimately abandoned, leading to another peace and restoration of the status
quo ante in 1544.
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 7

A final war erupted with Francis' son and successor, Henry II, in 1551. This war saw early successes by Henry in
Lorraine, where he captured Metz, but continued failure of French offensives in Italy. Charles abdicated midway
through this conflict, leaving further conduct of the war to his son, Philip II and his brother, Ferdinand I, Holy
Roman Emperor.

Conflicts with the Ottoman Empire

Charles fought continually with the Ottoman Empire and its sultan, Suleiman the Magnificent. The great Hungarian
defeat at the 1526 Battle of Mohács "sent a wave of terror over Europe."[22][23] However, the Muslim advance in
Central Europe, was halted at Vienna in 1529.
On the other hand, the contest between Charles and Suleiman for the
mastery of the Mediterranean was decided in favour of the Sultan, in
spite of Spanish victories such as the Conquest of Tunis in 1535. The
regular Ottoman fleet came to dominate the Eastern Mediterranean
after its victory at Preveza in 1538 and the loss of Djerba in 1560
(shortly after Charles' death) which severely decimated the Spanish
marine arm. At the same time, the Muslim Barbary corsairs, acting
under the general authority and supervision of the Sultan, regularly
devastated the Spanish and Italian coasts, crippling Spanish trade and
chipping at the foundations of Habsburg power.

In 1536 Francis I of France allied himself with Suleiman against

Charles. While Francis was persuaded to sign a peace treaty in 1538,
he again allied himself with the Ottomans in 1542 in a Franco-Ottoman
Charles V on Horseback in Mühlberg. Titian. alliance. In 1543 Charles allied himself with Henry VIII and forced
1548. Museo del Prado, Madrid, Spain
Francis to sign the Truce of Crépy-en-Laonnois. Later, in 1547,
Charles signed a humiliating[24] treaty with the Ottomans to gain him
some respite from the huge expenses of their war, in which he was seen as the equivalent of the Grand Vizier of the
Ottoman Empire -Ibrahim Pasha at the time[25] - and was referred to as only the King of Spain since there could only
be one Emperor in the world and it was Suleiman. However, the Protestant powers in the Imperial Diet often voted
against money for his Turkish wars, as many Protestants saw the Muslim advance as a counterweight to the Catholic
powers.

Charles V made overtures to the Safavid Empire to open a second front against the Ottomans, in an attempt at
creating a Habsburg-Persian alliance. Contacts were positive, but rendered difficult by enormous distances. In effect
however, the Safavids entered in conflict with the Ottoman Empire in the Ottoman-Safavid War (1532–1555),
forcing it to split its military resources.[26]
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 8

Protestant Reformation
As Holy Roman Emperor, Charles called Martin Luther to the Diet of
Worms in 1521, promising him safe conduct if he would appear.
Initially dismissing Luther's theses as "an argument between monks",
he later outlawed Luther and his followers in that same year but was
tied up with other concerns and unable to take action against
Protestantism.

1524 to 1526 saw the Peasants' Revolt in Germany and in 1531 the
formation of the Lutheran Schmalkaldic League. Charles delegated
increasing responsibility for Germany to his brother Ferdinand while
he concentrated on problems elsewhere.
In 1545, the opening of the Council of Trent began the
Counter-Reformation, and Charles won to the Catholic cause some of
the princes of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1546 (the year of Luther's
An elderly Charles V natural death), he outlawed the Schmalkaldic League (which had
occupied the territory of another prince). He drove the League's troops
out of southern Germany and at the Battle of Mühlberg defeated John Frederick, Elector of Saxony and imprisoned
Philip of Hesse in 1547. At the Augsburg Interim in 1548 he created an interim solution giving certain allowances to
Protestants until the Council of Trent would restore unity. However, Protestants mostly resented the Interim and
some actively opposed it. Protestant princes, in alliance with Henry II of France, rebelled against Charles in 1552,
which caused Charles to retreat to the Netherlands,

Health
Charles suffered from an enlarged lower jaw, a deformity that became considerably worse in later Habsburg
generations, giving rise to the term Habsburg jaw. This deformity was caused by the family's long history of
inbreeding, which was commonly practiced in royal families of that era to maintain dynastic control of territory. He
struggled to chew his food properly and consequently experienced bad indigestion for much of his life. As a result,
he usually ate alone.[27] He suffered from epilepsy[28] and was seriously afflicted with gout, presumably caused by a
diet consisting mainly of red meat.[29] As he aged, his gout progressed from painful to crippling. In his retirement, he
was carried around the monastery of St. Yuste in a sedan chair. A ramp was specially constructed to allow him easy
access to his rooms.[27]

Abdication and later life

On 25 October 1555, Charles abdicated all his titles except the county of Charolais, giving his Spanish Empire
(continental Spain, the Netherlands, Naples–Sicily, Lombardy and Spain's possessions in the Americas) to his son,
Philip. His brother Ferdinand, already in possession of the dynastic Habsburg lands, succeeded as Holy Roman
Emperor. Charles retired to the monastery of Yuste in Extremadura, but continued to correspond widely and kept an
interest in the situation of the empire. He suffered from severe gout and some scholars think Charles decided to
abdicate after a gout attack in 1552 forced him to postpone an attempt to recapture the city of Metz, where he was
later defeated. He lived alone in a secluded monastery, with clocks lining every wall, which some historians believe
symbolizes his reign and his lack of time.[30]
Charles died on 21 September 1558 from malaria.[31] Twenty-six years later, his remains were transferred to the
Royal Pantheon of The Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial.
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 9

Marriage and children

On 10 March 1526, Charles married his first cousin Isabella of Portugal, sister of John III of Portugal, in Seville.
Their children included:
• Philip II of Spain (1527–1598), the only son to reach adulthood.
• Maria of Austria (1528–1603), who married her first cousin Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor.
• Joanna of Austria (1535–1573), who married her first cousin João Manuel, Prince Hereditary of Portugal
Isabella often administered Spain while Charles was in other lands. Due to Philip II being a grandson of Manuel I of
Portugal through his mother Isabella, Philip was in the line of succession to the throne of Portugal, and claimed it
after his uncle's death (Henry, the Cardinal-King, in 1580), thus establishing the Iberian Union.
Charles also had several mistresses. Two of them gave birth to two future Governors of the Habsburg Netherlands:
• Johanna Maria van der Gheynst, a servant of Charles I de Lalaing, Seigneur de Montigny, daughter of Gilles
Johann van der Gheynst and wife Johanna van der Caye van Cocamby, bore Margaret of Parma.
• Barbara Blomberg bore John of Austria.

Titles

Charles V, enthroned over his defeated enemies

(from left): Suleiman, Pope Clement VII, Francis
I, the Duke of Cleves, the Duke of Saxony and
the Landgrave of Hesse. Giulio Clovio, mid-16th
century.

Title Date from Date to Regnal name

Titular Duke of Burgundy 25 September 1506 16 January 1556 Charles II

Duke of Brabant 25 September 1506 25 October 1555 Charles II

Duke of Limburg 25 September 1506 25 October 1555 Charles II

Duke of Lothier 25 September 1506 25 October 1555 Charles II

Duke of Luxemburg 25 September 1506 25 October 1555 Charles III

Margrave of Namur 25 September 1506 25 October 1555 Charles II

[]
Count Palatine of Burgundy 25 September 1506 5 February 1556 Charles II

Count of Artois 25 September 1506 25 October 1555 Charles II

Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 10

[] 25 September 1506 21 September 1558 Charles II

Count of Charolais

Count of Flanders 25 September 1506 25 October 1555 Charles III

Count of Hainault 25 September 1506 25 October 1555 Charles II

Count of Holland 25 September 1506 25 October 1555 Charles II

Count of Zeeland 25 September 1506 25 October 1555 Charles II

Duke of Guelders 12 September 1543 25 October 1555 Charles III

Count of Zutphen 12 September 1543 25 October 1555 Charles II

King of Castile and León 14 March 1516 16 January 1556 Charles I (with Joanna, 14 March 1516 - 12 April 1555)

King of Aragon and Sicily 14 March 1516 16 January 1556 Charles I (with Joanna, 14 March 1516 - 12 April 1555)

King of Naples 14 March 1516 25 July 1554 Charles IV (with Joanna III, 14 March 1516 - 25 July 1554)

King of the Romans 28 June 1519 24 February 1530 Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor 24 February 1530 24 February 1558 Charles V

Archduke of Austria 12 January 1519 12 January 1521 Charles I

The titles of King of Hungary, of Bohemia, and of Croatia, were incorporated into the imperial family during
Charles' reign, but they were held, both nominally and substantively, by his brother Ferdinand, who initiated a
four-century-long Habsburg rule over these eastern territories.
The full Charles' titulature went as follows:
Charles, by the grace of God, Holy Roman Emperor, forever August, King of Germany, King of Italy, King of all
Spains, of Castile, Aragon, León, Navarra, Grenada, Toledo, Valencia, Galicia, Majorca, Sevilla, Cordova, Murcia,
Jaén, Algarves, Algeciras, Gibraltar, the Canary Islands, King of Two Sicilies, of Sardinia, Corsica, King of
Jerusalem, King of the Western and Eastern Indies, Lord of the Islands and Main Ocean Sea, Archduke of Austria,
Duke of Burgundy, Brabant, Lorraine, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, Limburg, Luxembourg, Gelderland, Neopatria,
Württemberg, Landgrave of Alsace, Prince of Swabia, Asturia and Catalonia, Count of Flanders, Habsburg, Tyrol,
Gorizia, Barcelona, Artois, Burgundy Palatine, Hainaut, Holland, Seeland, Ferrette, Kyburg, Namur, Roussillon,
Cerdagne, Drenthe, Zutphen, Margrave of the Holy Roman Empire, Burgau, Oristano and Gociano, Lord of Frisia,
the Wendish March, Pordenone, Biscay, Molin, Salins, Tripoli and Mechelen.
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 11

Arms
Holy Roman Emperor

Coats of arms

References in literature and popular culture

References to Charles V include a large number of legends and folk
tales; literary renderings of historical events connected to Charles' life
and romantic adventures, his relationship to Flanders, and his
abdication; and products marketed in his name.[32]
• Charles V appears as a character in the play Doctor Faustus by the
Elizabethan playwright Christopher Marlowe. In Act 4 Scene 1 of
the A Text, Faustus attends Court by the Emperor's request and with
the assistance of Mephistopheles conjures up spirits representing Eschutcheon of Charles V, watercolor, John
Alexander the Great and his paramour as a demonstration of his Singer Sargent, 1912. Metropolitan Museum of
magical powers. Art

• In De heerelycke ende vrolycke daeden van Keyser Carel den V,

published by Joan de Grieck in 1674, the short stories, anecdotes, citations attributed to the emperor, and legends
about his encounters with famous and ordinary people, depict a noble Christian monarch with a perfect
cosmopolitan personality and a strong sense of humour. Converesely, in Charles De Coster's masterpiece Thyl
Ulenspiegel (1867), after his death Charles V is consigned to Hell as punishment for the acts of the Inquisition
under his rule, his punishment being that he would feel the pain of anyone tortured by the Inquisition. De Coster's
book also mentions the story on the spectacles in the coat of arms of Oudenaarde, the one about a paysant of
Berchem in Het geuzenboek (1979) by Louis Paul Boon, while Abraham Hans (1882–1939) included both tales in
De liefdesavonturen van keizer Karel in Vlaanderen.
• Lord Byron's Ode to Napoleon Buonaparte refers to Charles as "The Spaniard".
• Ernst Krenek's opera Karl V (opus 73, 1930) examines the title character's career via flashbacks.
• In the third act of Giuseppe Verdi's opera Ernani, the election of Charles as Holy Roman Emperor is presented.
Charles (Don Carlo in the opera) prays before the tomb of Charlemagne. With the announcement that he is
elected as Carlo Quinto he declares an amnesty including the eponymous bandit Ernani who had followed him
there to murder him as a rival for the love of the soprano. The opera, based on the Victor Hugo play Hernani,
portrays Charles as a callous and cynical adventurer whose character is transformed by the election into a
responsible and clement ruler.
• In another Verdi opera, Don Carlo, the final scene implies that it is Charles V, now living the last years of his life
as a hermit, who rescues his grandson, Don Carlo, from his father Philip II and the Inquisition, by taking Carlo
with him to his hermitage at the monastery in Yuste.
• In The Maltese Falcon, the title object is said to have been an intended gift to Charles V.
• A Flemish legend about Charles being served a beer at the village of Olen, as well as the emperor's lifelong
preference of beer above wine, led to the naming of several beer varieties in his honor. The Haacht Brewery of
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 12

Boortmeerbeek produces Charles Quint, while Het Anker Brewery in Mechelen produces Gouden Carolus,
including a Grand Cru of the Emperor, brewed once a year on Charles V's birthday.[33][34][35][36] Grupo
Cruzcampo brews Legado De Yuste in honor of Charles and attributes the inspiration to his Flemish origin and
his last days at the monastery of Yuste.[citation needed]
• Carlos V is the name of a popular chocolate bar in Mexico. Its tagline is "El Rey de los Chocolates" or "The King
of Chocolates" and "Carlos V, El Emperador del Chocolate" or "Charles V, the Emperor of Chocolates."
• Charles V is a notable character in Simone de Beauvoir's All Men Are Mortal.
• Charles V is portrayed by Torben Liebrecht and is figured prominently in the 2003 fim Luther covering the life of
Martin Luther up until the Diet of Augsburg.
• Charles V is portrayed by Sebastian Armesto on Showtime series The Tudors.

Notes
[1] Date of Charles's abdication; on 24 February 1558, the college of electors assembled at Frankfort accepted the instrument of Charles V's
imperial resignation and declared the election of Ferdinand as emperor (http:/ / books. google. es/ books?id=DUwLAAAAIAAJ&
lpg=PA716& dq=& pg=PA716#v=onepage& q=& f=false) (http:/ / books. google. es/ books?id=nPwQAAAAIAAJ& dq=& lr& as_brr=3&
pg=PA182#v=onepage& q=& f=false)
[3] Michael de Ferdinandy. Charles V. Encyclopedia Brittanica. (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ EBchecked/ topic/ 107009/ Charles-V)
[4] Hermann Wiesflecker. Maximilian I. Encyclopedia Brittanica (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ EBchecked/ topic/ 370486/ Maximilian-I)
[5] Blockmans, Emperor Charles V, 60, 68; Guicciardini, History of Italy, 363–364; Oman, Art of War, 211.
[6] Dennis Bratcher (ed.). The Edict of Worms (1521) (http:/ / www. cresourcei. org/ creededictworms. html).
[7] Henry Kamen, "Toleration and Dissent in Sixteenth-Century Spain: The Alternative Tradition." The Sixteenth Century Journal, Vol. 19, No.
1 (Spring, 1988), pp. 3–23. (http:/ / www. jstor. org/ pss/ 2540957)
[9] Burke, "Languages and communities in early modern Europe" p. 28; Holzberger, "The letters of George Santayana" p. 299
[10] Cortes de los antiguos reinos de León y de Castilla; Manuel Colmeiro (1883) (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080610055350/ http:/ /
www. cervantesvirtual. com/ servlet/ SirveObras/ 95791734217821695203346/ p0000017. htm), chapter XXIII (http:/ / web. archive. org/
web/ 20080610055346/ http:/ / www. cervantesvirtual. com/ servlet/ SirveObras/ 95791734217821695203346/ p0000016. htm#I_38_)
[11] Estudio documental de la moneda castellana de Carlos I fabricada en los Países Bajos (1517); José María de Francisco Olmos (http:/ / www.
ucm. es/ BUCM/ revistas/ byd/ 11321873/ articulos/ RGID0303220133A. PDF), Revista General de Información y Documentación 2003, vol
13, núm.2 (Universidad complutense de Madrid), page 137
[12] Estudio documental de la moneda castellana de Juana la Loca fabricada en los Países Bajos (1505–1506); José María de Francisco Olmos
(http:/ / www. ucm. es/ BUCM/ revistas/ byd/ 11321873/ articulos/ RGID0202220291A. PDF), Revista General de Información y
Documentación 2002, vol 12, núm.2 (Universidad complutense de Madrid), page 299
[13] Estudio documental de la moneda castellana de Carlos I fabricada en los Países Bajos (1517); José María de Francisco Olmos (http:/ / www.
ucm. es/ BUCM/ revistas/ byd/ 11321873/ articulos/ RGID0303220133A. PDF), page 138
[14] Estudio documental de la moneda castellana de Carlos I fabricada en los Países Bajos (1517); José María de Francisco Olmos (http:/ / www.
ucm. es/ BUCM/ revistas/ byd/ 11321873/ articulos/ RGID0303220133A. PDF), pp. 139–140
[15] Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911 edition.
[16] Cortes de los antiguos reinos de León y de Castilla (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080610055401/ http:/ / www. cervantesvirtual. com/
servlet/ SirveObras/ 95791734217821695203346/ p0000018. htm); Manuel Colmeiro (1883), chapter XXIV
[17] Historia general de España; Modesto Lafuente (1861) (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=o7JJAAAAMAAJ& pg=RA3-PA51&
lpg=RA3-PA51& dq=carlos+ rey& source=web& ots=JRqKvxLffg& sig=RXmNjdv3JhOvbViqyrK0xZVcM3c#PPA43,M1), pp. 51–52.
[18] Fueros, observancias y actos de corte del Reino de Aragón; Santiago Penén y Debesa, Pascual Savall y Dronda, Miguel Clemente (1866)
(http:/ / saavedrafajardo. um. es/ biblioteca/ biblio. nsf/ buscarLect/ 96E2C129300D5FB0C1256E43003ECF79?OpenDocument), page 64
(http:/ / saavedrafajardo. um. es/ biblioteca/ biblio. nsf/ pw/ A94C1361FB8E6926C1256E43003F1FAF/ $file/ 00000242. jpg)
[19] Elliot, J.H. Imperial Spain 1469–1716. Penguin Books (New York: 2002), pg. 208.
[20] William Maltby, The Reign of Charles V (St. Martin's Press, 2002)
[21] Claims that he gained the imperial crown through bribery have been refuted. H.J. Cohn, "Did Bribes Induce the German Electors to Choose
Charles V as Emperor in 1519?" German History (2001) 19#1 pp 1-27
[22] Quoted from: Bryan W. Ball. A Great Expectation. Brill Publishers, 1975. ISBN 90-04-04315-2. Page 142.
[24] In particular, in this Truce of Adrianople (1547) Charles was only referred to as "King of Spain" instead of by his extensive titulature. (see
Crowley, p. 89)
[26] "A Habsburg-Persian alliance against the Ottomans finally brought a respite from the Turkish threat in the 1540s. This entanglement kept
Suleiman tied down on his eastern border, relieving the pressure on Carlos V" in The Indian Ocean in world history? Milo Kearney – 2004 –
p.112
[27] Dr. Martyn Rady, University of London, lecture 2000.
[29] "Tests confirm old emperor's gout diagnosis." His The Record. 4 August 2006, Nation.
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 13

Bibliography
• Atkins, Sinclair. "Charles V and the Turks," History Today (Dec 1980) 30#12 pp 13–18
• Blockmans, W. P., and Nicolette Mout. The World of Emperor Charles V (2005)
• Brandi, Karl. The emperor Charles V: The growth and destiny of a man and of a world-empire (1939)
• Espinosa, Aurelio. "The Grand Strategy of Charles V (1500-1558): Castile, War, and Dynastic Priority in the
Mediterranean," Journal of Early Modern History (2005) 9#3 pp 239–283.
• Espinosa, Aurelio. "The Spanish Reformation: Institutional Reform, Taxation, and the Secularization of
Ecclesiastical Properties under Charles V," Sixteenth Century Journal (2006) 37#1 pp 3–24. in JSTOR (http://
www.jstor.org/stable/20477694)
• Espinosa, Aurelio. The Empire of the Cities: Emperor Charles V, the Comunero Revolt, and the Transformation
of the Spanish System (2008)
• Ferer, Mary Tiffany. Music and Ceremony at the Court of Charles V: The Capilla Flamenca and the Art of
Political Promotion. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer, 2012. ISBN 9781843836995
• Howell, Robert B. (2000), "The Low Countries: A Study in Sharply Contrasting Nationalisms", in Barbour,
Stephen; Carmichael, Cathie, Language and nationalism in Europe, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
pp. 130–50, ISBN 0-19-823671-9
• Kleinschmidt, Harald. Charles V: The World Emperor excerpt and text search (http://www.amazon.com/
Charles-V-World-Emperor-ebook/dp/B007C52E6Y/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1353117438&
sr=1-1)
• Saint-Saëns, Alain, ed. Young Charles V. University Press of the South: New Orleans, 2000

Other languages
• (Italian) Salvatore Agati (2009). Carlo V e la Sicilia. Tra guerre, rivolte, fede e ragion di Stato, Giuseppe
Maimone Editore, Catania 2009, ISBN 978-88-7751-287-1
• (French) D'Amico, Juan Carlos. Charles Quint, Maître du Monde: Entre Mythe et Realite 2004, 290p.
• (German) Norbert Conrads: Die Abdankung Kaiser Karls V. Abschiedsvorlesung, Universität Stuttgart, 2003 (
text (http://elib.uni-stuttgart.de/opus/volltexte/2004/1935/))
• (German) Stephan Diller, Joachim Andraschke, Martin Brecht: Kaiser Karl V. und seine Zeit.
Ausstellungskatalog. Universitäts-Verlag, Bamberg 2000, ISBN 3-933463-06-8
• (German) Alfred Kohler: Karl V. 1500–1558. Eine Biographie. C. H. Beck, München 2001, ISBN 3-406-45359-7
• (German) Alfred Kohler: Quellen zur Geschichte Karls V. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1990,
ISBN 3-534-04820-2
• (German) Alfred Kohler, Barbara Haider. Christine Ortner (Hrsg): Karl V. 1500–1558. Neue Perspektiven seiner
Herrschaft in Europa und Übersee. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 2002, ISBN
3-7001-3054-6
• (German) Ernst Schulin: Kaiser Karl V. Geschichte eines übergroßen Wirkungsbereichs. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart
1999, ISBN 3-17-015695-0
• (German) Ferdinant Seibt: Karl V. Goldmann, München 1999, ISBN 3-442-75511-5
• (German) Manuel Fernández Álvarez: Imperator mundi: Karl V. – Kaiser des Heiligen Römischen Reiches
Deutscher Nation.. Stuttgart 1977, ISBN 3-7630-1178-1
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 14

External links
• Media related to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor at Wikimedia Commons
• Genealogy history of Charles V and his ancestors (http://www.habsburg.webs.com/)
• Luminarium Encyclopedia biography of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (http://www.luminarium.org/
encyclopedia/charles5.htm)
• Answers.com biographies of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (http://www.answers.com/topic/charles-v)
• New Advent biography of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03625a.htm)

Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

House of Habsburg
Born: 24 February 1500 Died: 21 September 1558

Regnal titles
Preceded by Duke of Brabant, Limburg, Succeeded by
Philip the Handsome Lothier and Luxembourg; Philip the Prudent
Count of Artois, Flanders, Hainaut,
Holland, Namur and Zeeland;
Count Palatine of Burgundy
1506–1555
Preceded by King of Naples
Joanna the Mad 1516–1554
with Joanna III (1516–1554)
King of Aragon, Majorca,
Valencia, and Sicily;
Count of Barcelona, Roussillon and
Cerdagne
1516–1556
with Joanna (1516–1555)
King of Castile and León
1516–1556
with Joanna (1516–1555)
Preceded by Duke of Guelders
William the Rich Count of Zutphen
1543–1555
Preceded by Archduke of Austria Succeeded by
Maximilian I Duke of Styria, Carinthia and Carniola Ferdinand I
Count of Tyrol
1519–1521
German King
(formally King of the Romans)
1519–1530
King of Italy
1530–1558
Holy Roman Emperor
1530–1558
(Emperor-elect 1520–1530)
Spanish royalty
Preceded by Prince of Asturias Vacant
Joanna 1504–1516 Title next held by
later Queen Joanna
Prince of Girona Philip
23 January – 14 March 1516 later King Philip II
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 15
Article Sources and Contributors 16

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File:Artois Arms.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Artois_Arms.svg License: unknown Contributors: Ipankonin
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User:Zigeuner
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 17

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CommonsDelinker, Cycn, Elvaube, Rinaldum, 2 anonymous edits
File:Hainaut Modern Arms.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hainaut_Modern_Arms.svg License: unknown Contributors: Ipankonin
File:Counts of Holland Arms.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Counts_of_Holland_Arms.svg License: unknown Contributors: Ipankonin
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Lievinie
File:Guelders-Jülich Arms.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Guelders-Jülich_Arms.svg License: unknown Contributors: Ipankonin
File:Escudo de Zutphen 1581.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Escudo_de_Zutphen_1581.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Trasamundo
File:Escudo Corona de Castilla.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Escudo_Corona_de_Castilla.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Ignacio Gavira
File:Escudo Corona de Aragon y Sicilia.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Escudo_Corona_de_Aragon_y_Sicilia.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Ignacio
Gavira
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Commons Attribution-Share Alike Contributors: Trasamundo
File:Holy Roman Empire Arms-single head.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Holy_Roman_Empire_Arms-single_head.svg License: unknown Contributors:
Ipankonin
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Ogre
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File:Escutcheon of Charlest V John Singer Sargent 1912.jpeg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Escutcheon_of_Charlest_V_John_Singer_Sargent_1912.jpeg License:
Public Domain Contributors: Darwinius, Gryffindor, MarmadukePercy, Mattes, Wmpearl
file:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Commons-logo.svg License: logo Contributors: Anomie

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