. fa = Dekinifen:- 9& it br Chapert | Temodemecic erm qe anth of Science Which deals usth differen nergy + quantitadive Aelakanships behueen them 6 Smparkance ermoctynamict - Ste hetps bs preclict Spontancshy + a. Avachon & hetps te determine extent of teackin before equilibrium o Linu le amit “Big gly nie tele amythaing bee’ ae of, Process (speed % pre procent diy SE do mr ab pam bolle aiiy 9 eale with properties ot malier 1? bulk te aloes nak teearyytiiy about adi lune Nes or milecutes : -C « Some Batic terms 4_ Gn a % tem + Buspounding 22 Syste '~ fase of univese chosen te Study eget % demperalaire 4 ope anfiesce! | Seates jen IE System part of universe Except System. ‘ * open tyslenn 7A 4 with cuasoundlirt4 & 2 closed, tem - A zon Which Cay Er Enetryg ‘ ran Aumrouncing Br TA placed in. Kettle. oo <¢ jaolaked yA - A fystim whith Co" neither Exchange agg ur naabtee wath Cuseundirg a: Teemos (task. ,>3 a tem 2 State Variables + tate a System means Creal | % Ven whith Can be Fesciibest in terms of demperolase(T), Ressure (P) * Volume CV). described 1 deus f, blood presse Exc Health of pez Con be ative ee & If AY %% MEE quantity Changes, heatte % ee is cAistinbed thee » state variable Mh On of Prepenties (uch at lempersline, freesis z vie) hangs, SOE of deta, hang Yy) Stale oo . ofa Valse ea! | fore aid b be Able function lemn & hoes mofo [fee “*””*aE CA A hese IP. aA om Stanoli ma tale gt mattis ed build hat . fa eed, Sara Prlentiat cresgy eo feos oF oe iy ee Path fram eich ef Phese ole Sw T Ubon Sane by teat & 5, Pesson ig nok Lam Pe oF haat + hence Worle cs Caled P eae ee (Extensive £ intensive hopesties) Exlénsive Propeslirs xlénsive Propertiis ~ Those. Popes of Syslen . wsnich alepencls upon quaniny & of matin CnLuned tin Lctem ce flame, Entratpy, Enlopy , GbbE free éneryg ere » na bp: Those Pro e Properties of, testing tdnich cle rib depend che funky 4, pat dpe fen i de te boiling aed ne , ie pace fre ander. ester 1S an 9n tensive Propo ein fw Cases, So Work | ath fanchon note = Rate % see Mate ON tee Pe reasive propertes bub Heit Aalto se donate in ay intensive property - : process 1s Said & A trewmoay yee Pe ae nC whit eM ptnesl final) SA occur yen Pohang! hn ee » Deojnewmeke wocess eM process in which ene ime. Of Fer, pean tina Conskenh , «jet benie poe ey ponte in ie prcscure of, BE j Fant a ch volume % syste bemairs 4 a Ae re 4. ae 3 Ses ible process -- / . aoa oe ‘ proce# whith +4 Cassied out very ; in aclinect’ process 2% be wr & um 0 Reversi ble. Dens 4 ae aw Changes oO OO A So ete 4 ogstem alway seman fn Sete FET . Sprovertibic Pine | +A process which is comsied ee © “co Hot successive ape °% 5 Ot Cou Aurekeal. & syste mere Sem 4 un Nolen Gn Seversiole process Pie = Pape to? 2 BxTesnat pressure Bas 6 be aolpusleal Contivert 4 so trot ae rng be Slightly lexs ov Mae faa bryletnel Pressure - pis imagina”y OC ess While In “rreressible: process be le | coe fumes ran2 ic ae a theemodynamic, quantities :- Internat Energy” iy lived With f termed & ry: Enogy Slored Within & Substance 4 Called a ones 2t 4 thum of. olifpesent tyes of Energy agnolialad atems 2 molecdes , Such eA ree a rucheat Bnet§§e electionic Enetyys +t€e --- bonal Energy? ob ik given ot Uz EetEnt&n + 9 Space Value Cant be measured £ th i, uf value (Av) an be menkured: og Oe : 2 aut Eptensive rpg - demperalire une © TO evgs clone Whe point appucaton 6) work wake — olisplaced + oluection here Pye rade LE tie dee jeplacernen &] + wate of Expansion oe ucssuve.- vilums work = ot : wr aw Pies work & Gngined & Syslim Gntaini ses, 9 Thar Pe nds ot Combacle “ake exlernel toe Gees pines! with packonless is wse cen of 0st secten of eplinder = @ £40" es the piston = P Sure 4 qe so that ( Slighty less thea internal Pres! Expana PMS) pc pamce thanege unich gat Expands = ae Wee etme bf Gt eos os poe £2 PKA] 2 praxde a hue axdaes dv he math change ain vw so Sw= PAV gins Grete” sale Vine % au “G a qas Eppands fon External Presume we Pp (dv if we POW) = pav Noe 1 Bee 7 pr Pressure Apt > f generat Expression fer we -P(Vginel~ initial) ee ng thes formula Wi Gmek cuk eee *y° Work - dene usc Lsothermal 4 Beveuible &xpanscen ma ae wert olene when gas Expands tne rr a Vv against (onsfaul- Eternal pressure, is given ar malt ame Swe —Pex AY —O totern fv errensiole Expautow Fegt © oe ap Pasting in © Sure —Uink -API*AY Sa 2 —Pine xdv + aPxAY (dPxdu = Smau vate Can be negiecte ) Sw= Ane *4¥ when got Expands frm aliak volume vy firat Tel wore cone Velune Vo. “Sil be Nofe:- Pint AY 7@ ene External pressure is nr = [ie Onstam” bute pe ke siete Bae? met for geten! gat pyenet te 8 se 2 se for tetresnad pre We -7eT et dv ces T= Gnatent? we -neTt An Ve vy As Pe Boyle's Law ease] opener | “yr - do fw 2 AM ; A oe Me Nole i> Far fee Expansion co gdeod 7 im vaccum bE vy xe = ° We -Bxe 4Y ws OxAav we &- 4 ch belseer ©) Hest (2) © 9 na oe way at ag va exatiire + OT aman cts Aan, SN apo ay hea is Piven boa 2G 2s spires -ve ost is gwen te ‘a peat as avsarsed system eetfage> sau o hae a guid alto anothe unit s¢ lorie 2 [caborve> YET. Note - Wat t teat are mde kate function. © First Law oy thesmodynamics Energy Can neither be created , a deslioyed bub mor be Converted ir ome fom + andthe Taal ener + OF verse Aenea Oratant. Teen, which 4&4 Incvested Suppose Us tS Eon ternal energy AH ee on yea cr t tem & O'FG 4 e PEs a igh ett ‘¢ Lewmes U hence tesa Encyy 209 an interral 5 a * tw ns FL = AU hc we-P4V ave yo FAY ome © numerical . puesto! th mamics AU= gi > aero” ge nce tex eee Cores igse 2 week wor, in Fone paw ¢ od 12% SE a Minit) ele! by Satin) Mi ipgbdad peversible Eepartcon 4, oe 2 We-2203 7 AT leg Mes =2-303 net le} (& Conap ress w wn Gme oul & be positive ) => |Latm= Jor3 J: > when god Sepandle in Surrounding gt behaves ideally 6) Gletale change internad Eneagy un cach Ff folowing Cau - a A fom absorbs IS kT of heat + dacs 8 kT of Wok bb) S kT of Work is done on System 2 IS KI of heat 4 gee out (Ed[fage= 6) Ane? ave g rw (fem 2 tewap hhermoclynami, 4Ue 415-5 AU = lo kT (Internal Energy Increases ty Je aS) 4 su=gtw Av= “16+ 5 2 lo kT (Internal Energy clecreases by lo kT) 2) Gtculels wae done tunen | Mol of Water ab 3713 -k Vaporizer inst an almosphenic Pressure of | alin, Assume Adleal Jas behayious. ere 4 Pry - Ws RAV Ver amet +s Jn Sutssundl : 21 (Verma Vinlfes) fina THAT tie vapour 7 mm 2 /* 0082) K373 eee = 1 x(3o-6) A 7 Tre leaky > B06 balm _ ee vee = -20-6x Jolr3 T or 3)00T Vernal 77 Nrlcal So 63) . Vesnay ~ Virwtind = Vptnuat Two moles of est gas ak dalin ae CGmpretsed adotnermeley ts Faty the Volume by External pressure of Y alin. Col oe q 4 Av.[ Temp ored angie wR AV (AV = Vpinas 7 Virietint) - 7 2 7 _ve . : 4LYf vi) Viswate NRT P = 74 (121-2842) a Sars + 082), = $084 L alin a Xx Coney So-§yxX Joe FT SF azs42k Vimy = 25-42 ram Fl2Ik 5ISOT- @ Enthaby & TD few of thetmo dy namics gz Aur Pav (for wWeow of &pansin) .---- © Accarcling Aveo C vdume is Constant) ten [27 Zy 4 Change in volad] GZ, = 4040 J, 240] Ss ntesnal Enetyy change ts feat: evolved or abScbed ak Oritart Wlume t | | i [Page= GfNew again 9f pressure * kept Onstout : th fom os 6 P wate most Reactionk’ bet leo 6° au + Pav —o fant Pressure in an open Vessel, fo Jaton Suppose Wen tem absovks g, goule of heak + antemal bret gy Sncweases fon Uy BY 2 Volume Snhenses pen v, BY thea p= YoY PCM) 2 U7 Uy tPA PY, Lp Vv UY, Lo I LH urev] 4p = ot Pts +0, 4F4 = W-H “oy AH ae tre toh Cae one & gy Hey 3 of & ye aut Pov © Or AHe aut Pon“) ane aut pvs.- PM a PY > nye gue fer ser! gu P= met ‘ 8 aye Aut met MPT Ay oUF rom in ruber maes ts pr RT AN Cang © ghee ct eos kiy Gy £ ang AT. —@ dian ee which Le becomes equel S fe beormes equ # by © ( anz aut Pav When Volume iS kept ae TA: hae vo al Wey seactin svolues Te goseous tuations or peoduee je Snvolveg nly LENS x FE os32 = 3264 gon J] mal Now AH. iv Ut AMET, -32698 x -2 x €3M y 353 = Teoo = 8274290 J] mo} I [fy=+ J+ Heat bosili, dpecihe Beat Capacity « dias Bexk OP “Tt the amount of heat Lequsted to Lae pe empealive Hesough 1c Suppose gis amount heat Required f Aatge phe tempualare 4 len gern T%E we 4T Hen * Ch Hl i s. hatls pangs in Hempesalier by a7 UAT ee eal Sn a a Since He Feat Vosier with fenpesalt _6r ic pete uk Should be ewes cemperattine Aange , $0 15 Sq is amount G “7 e the denpualare A, Lyslim by ar thes c= Sy ar ° Specifre Feat Capa the kerperalie of 1G %G pmount of heat of [mae d Aubstonce Sy fe: sryees of len fest Cpt a pace at Greta Pressure CO) Heat Capone oh open | Le Amount of, heat Anguned & raue bubstence by re Acquired & raise femperaliix a) Heat Capt at Gratent vdlume Cov) 4 vente opacity, ok (psn Wen’ gk xk amounts of eat Sequel & Cute the Hemperaliive 4y ein tamgh Pe, Weeering vaume Syslem Gnarantr, 9t IS denoted by CP 16s te 2 tow of theenoclynem mathematically acereding $42 dut PAy —O eur cys Se at ad pusting Volue of, SL from © Cy du ¢PAv a AT When vdlume is kept Guile deo oe for Gn Solent ges , G), | Page> 9fagpa to Since Auternal En ia independent of V emburalive, Se ic antl 7 = al j= ], Se feat Copacty oF chosge of inceunal Energy w/to Geen an 4) Hen capacity att Cnthante ess Cr} Ae Grabact Pressure, equation UP become 2/2 F ce=(2e)* G&D alo Wwe brow Hat Hz UF PV wer dempaaiive of Corsten Pressure (F) “yt Gr) 7“ Compomeg @ tO “ : mole jolead J ad 9° (Shp “ieee | cae AT duume + clepends “pn Conajants Volume As Kade an ap Graton vilumePage= I * Exothermic 4 Endothermic seackone + Exothermic A2ac: — Those peaclons Which Involves evdlution %, heat 9 an ik negative fee these Avactens. bxr nt horta) > mole) + age kT w Ae -28S8 at Endothermic guacho — Those seactone tn whith freak absorbed > An 4d Positive fe these Aoackons « nt Dm 2HtD Cy @ or Ans SUS KT Uren a balanced Chemical equation ne only urotrealea he quantities 7 Neatdouts or Pavol but alte ficatis amount o6 absorbed. * differen eat evolved or &r mlpt fea (4) > Hote) Fares’ kJ. Henk of Aust hon a én peactin or & ch Asaction absorbed tn & Chemical peachen When Chemical equakon he amount of feat ewolved 7 pooled Of Seactarts 44 Aepreacated is Catteal Exthotpy Atacion. 3 44 heprcented by Att factins on_winich En beaclin depercl Aeartarls involved = Quantities 4 Aeacpants are yy alto cloubled. Gi) Quanttet Quantities of Statlon 4 once Jofent heat 4 doubled, enthalpy of di) Physical Ate of esettowts ov Pade ved in Charge 4 Atala , Physiced Abele Aeachauls or product pave) abso afpecl heat 4 ‘etalon. Ex higtded@ 7 Hogs AH= Hoye KT/mel : w+ fe. 9? Ho(A); aH= =2ege KI/mel til) Oncentialion of Adwbe9 Henle Change occurs, When a Sule is clissolved tn 4olvent, S° Concentialion °: Addon Involved in 2 Aeaction ; akgecr treat Ae ‘neaction - iv . Iv) Temperalaire ~ the Aeatlin Temperaliie oe adgects Enthatiy oh Aeactinn 7 Stomdasd Eritaly ch Atethon :- br im Enthatp kn a Ataclion When hed d Spode Setés. Atathanls 2 floducs aoe Foucen win [Peye=ti |wefen A Ufagerte | Fen a ee _ ae _ a St lable AtaLe ab | bor pressive + Specified ne oa le DE ds epretented o4 eae cual * Diklnant pet § healt Enlntee e . Y Enthatby of Combustion < 9 Ls heak aa. since of, subshance “ nett Lunt or oxiclized) oxygen le jelizecd oo nclerslood Py ng Exaep i e Aeet unvoled vole i- Wards Gmpletely oxiclizeal’ Gu & taaben is oxidized yn 2 Cakes are . 4 Mandasrd_&ri Combuatn *- ge ds amon 4 eat evolved when [mole 2%, 5S: & Gonotikions (248K 4 1b ot. pacssive) js Completely Suan te form Phocucls alio urder btanderd we £ fret femperalin. 3 9b es Represented *y BH. Combustion 5 place af 272K, gritaok ~ age 248 K Since entnalpy pate ercton U 4 fea clanks & Products dea. omy sth pial * frat femperatire- ) i ole fy, Bulestanr, 2) enenanhy of Smee wes hen, Cages en Oe ‘ pried pon ab element unde ge a, eomperctio’ © Pressuce - : ASHE acted be AGH ia J - se rene rage tnt | ug elemenls’ at ambien, © os ajandend SO TTY Atal pmet fem Koncerd tote Cie oae pe [be Presence), Breton le an then an thew ue by Act 4 resented : a a ote of hod we -29gee ET ain 4 oe) a ~@ 3 we etal entrolp: fesmalon - coun op shendasd Enitadpies! — “eum of Glenda Enrthepie AyH fp haces of anes -L4 fibration senna] = LAG H padiclt - 2% Wicacdanli fntoalpy aq tewtializaton £ a bak, ie efened Ms Fea a neutial) 2akon op a a age [usuaty feat Reedy ta ae* Hess’ Page.= IM sss faw of Grstant feat Summalen treat evolved or Aktorbed tn a teaclin ts Fame an quem be 4 Sheps clionide olirccty = I” oo ira asin My whetee the Aeactic eer 1. ction fakes place in oe £Ep or = Caton (graphite) bur one slap (qraphite) burns & fom caster a White cep + 0.0) 7 co, (5 4H a agtas KaImeL 3 above process is Cared in 2 Slips ree a cCsyt $47 coj), by Hee m0 ga/mel dy Co) +440) — 60,9) 1 AHL * wyga-0 KI/™dl 2 AH? oe pos + C283) * -2438'5 ed/mel combustion pormaten Ce el oe Numericat problems Heat ymalen fet Ns 1 Cl re) e 4 eg/rel & Cntholoy sg gr[mel ka[ rol (Giver) ---@ tye 2. om eninotpy of of nok) 4 ge 28 2 ane 864 -@ ay Clcutele ae & (,C9)* q mla)* Hoh) we 348 s cH,cook +l, aco + 2 > * ce) 4 a Sd gt & ; yi Nay te ; _, CH,C0en pues? coos 3 or) 3 Het 5% od ‘ 90 4 da, + 02 wa) . L fuagiiiod Awe 1 atduig D> + [upon subtcacting (i) ) ee oy 2x33: ) Se > Uycootl j 5 zé ac t Bo, tant % = arent Ra ach tHe =, cHgcord RL =. jhe l 9 SF ar aC tH ter Ye | cyteutaction of Entetbies EP Coban Sha % Grnbus kon 2%, etnylene 9 b pom Co, (2) * 1 aIm. Enthalpiet dy foamalso 4, or, jot GO Cohcutatt enthalpy tho (Q) 24ek + Hays 4 923 cA/mol- w seo, + 2me J GHD Gittn 4 0,7 fy; 0 is ¢ Ds iD) Ghy axe 73437, Poyt ous acto 18 Eby #302, ea jet tee ens oe gafpne! Ft IMM Gey nm 4293 ea/mol Ove Wad {iy gives A eee ‘ D422 MY) deer dene } sen og fone, + DK? [Page 14[tages 15 J a Wht 30, 7 Ae tryze | Yer ables Og q | Spade ty Cha st Gly ’ alse AH 2 (8h FAN Gly 5 49) 40% ok Ae w= ]32aca vayet Type on the Calculation ot Enitaipies 2 CA an ame entietts ag 4 Grn burlon romp pile & chiamend gous eI 234i" as elie eninotty Velre comparg ing the Gr wma 4, ele. oF ap hate. inact Cote Oo cCyaphited FL)" fen aie capt oman - D i dev og “VO C(céamend) t 0, —* CoC! Ape 3454 FF 0-@ gr -@ c Gpepee) = te ape cpap? c(diomerd wag gg- C“2 IH) also AH = yg kS[ mel tydralen ee ue Cusep Se Opi nd hyyelrocted CULO cusoy CA) | bye -66s kalmel > cusoy AU) ane tee ka[mel iD) ft cusoysHye t OL him cusoy cusoy Sho } DH? o-@ ‘io hes uired Aut. at Cusry — B04" SMP —7 6 CUS, mee 2 TPES Kapmol Cusoy ne Ape type on. np change peony Meee § Cale En drogenslion % etnylene, qin ee Entotpy onsstea oh efron tugedogen © Canc are W410, H2BOR ge -iseo-6 (ca/mol ub 298K 2, 3 Bhs AHlo@ >? 200, (8) + Hy.0 Ck. OH esiasl 26-2 bI/mo! Ly fra Given (iy My 4) F 30, (3 iy wat to whole) 5 ne i) Ghet zl) 200, (9) P3404) ; tae ~ESCOL a inn} “phPagg= 16 O+@DD quiet required Acdute: Gig t He OMe jane sui (286.2) ~ I560°6 = - 136-6 £IJmol. . Bond en 9t 4s amount energy sequined # the atoms in ine ruc molecules. 96 44 ete. bend Eucigics are Fiswociale | male of, bones Present behveety Acpresenled bg A, H. equal & nee dane Same ne Lend Galiges you kajmel- \ eNumercd zoblems maken ° 6 Ka [mols Gy) Cateulate enthaty 4 fo ; | of HH, 020 4 OH bend Bet yga kalmol, 492 _ Aspect vely | . + oe > | Pret a Required aun o— Ht po ‘as | ( @) > ° yw70 TA AsHine 2 SRE of Meactonls 22 ae 0 educs toa w fasegien bend + LEE pone BXGE QOH J = [433+ dx yqn- 2xde4) | = 244 bzymel. 6) Glewtale entropy % Byplro genalion outa) & Shy (gy [Given bono Energres: CH= WY Kamel, Cec = 8276 ka]mol, C=C = 606 kI/mo} Hue ugo-s EAmol] ,, F fi — WG onH y-H + 107? d fos ou—ceccH + H-H ZRE af Aeactauls - 26E OF Produc AH = C bend + BE YHA bond J — = [2x BER CH bond + BES CE [B64 C=C bm + 4K Beg cH bend ] = [2% ay +8276 + 420-5 J - [eee tynyyd) ~ 178-9 kt /mol DP tow of thumodynamics .~ faqes Iel fages I St doesnot tele anything abou Spentanesty or geasibilaty of proces © Spontaneou_£ Ton Spontaneous ro cess | aan nocess — h Process Which takes place by Heel or by initiation Ex:7 O) Flew water clown kite, aS ica capes as heae7 mets c) Gombinalion of, Hydrogen + on k fou wat Examples Oly oe wipes “pin Gmbuston ee nation of Sue! : BIL nj Haber ether Face plate by 7g > Non cous process’ A process Which tan n dksug ner 4 aunictiation gar ®) How df water upa Fill ») Flow of, heak em Coto} booly te Ad body ¢ Davi ce a. Spentanerus process > wie maxima Siailily | a) Tende minimum 64 every Syst ends & have. Ct am energy Loe AN ~ve) 7 Linsitadion te abure Crileras.- 6) Exoporaton % wale (sH= re), wer proces is —Spentanenst Gi) Crhcoot (£) + GHeon (2) Cn, Coos (4) t woh) 3 aHz0 &) Tenden maximum hawolomncss - A numberof Process La Shih Eneegy facler Fat To ME kk pay. (ber Aeathors with aH=0), Me gore Acsportib te for sportoncsly is tenolensy bs aguise maximum NCHS Clee lecroles penta neil; Leen fe the. proces tah AH=e te, Trae fa bx Ev ainmonivem chlenbke in molar walic, desdaton | um Chlovicle 4 walk 44 fportomens, yt | Apamoni é cbt sdlution Pe jg Enelofhermic te ane te: > Nugoay + CF OW Nay CS) + 4 c Tre abere process jnvelve, 40 Creave Of fandemness | EnbBopy $? He IS munbes. frocers are Spentamenid * Enlkopy 3 9b 44 meakuse % olisowcler or havclemnen % tim: ae ww Arete pumcton, Change dn Us veluc, % Called enkopg Change vy 44 ge by = ES products ~ FZ Sheacents As 75 {Regen ryselalec & Gat pr a Aeversible Acachen a4> AS i DS 2 Liso, sev Enlkopy Change a = th armalliy &. RIVE. nikepy 6 am a, test (2) absorbed Ad0thi divi 5 ; vided by abscluké termperalire (7) at whith heat “4 eines, “t Extensive Properly, S° 1G amie tuk of Bltny change (AD © a is ae ] EI mel: © Enlvory chomge deaing phase thansfpornationt. HasufprmdBione = |. Enliopy os wb IS Gn liopy Chore when | mole Oy Sled Substance changes t wid OF de melting “oine 2 Su, Ssaua * put point Deus To él Aus 4 = Entropy of psi pe mele, Ty 2 meting pxisatin - 9 IS enkopy change, when janole Me bgt an én lay [Vopr ap qt us boiling poimt Byept Changes & V' Avap $7 Svap? Sty? 2 SvapH? Entratpy of vaperiselgn permole, Te? boiling point. 3, Enldopy % tubimaten, 96 Enliayy Corte neu Imole of EAA Changes i vopou ot & fortealeh emp | Suapo Ssdtid * Ausl e mole % ee Asub $ syyumenionl problen’ ia . Conversion ¢ ic enlir change unvelved ee, 31 ak aad yuslved rpesatare UAH, se almel) got T{k] mel : Cotewlale pis AGS = z 5 | 2713 yap % i, af isn * B te OF 203 UAE 5 im the folie! Concept 6G frecuce $9” of solution oe NMaC! alin Pao cess ae cic) ob Dis in Wo as We & ch@ ave, mm yo gSaaimiz AH os) whet evleopy Change fer Conversion > gem 3nd Jatin freeeure (2 at= 2.028 EI/mol ms Age Caen aoe a) eimell tute re 272 ial 7 ” (ere anemole | fogez 19 fr one Ate or 2 y 4 Tee, ane a fr 19% 2e, Oe 22) Te 27.23 KG Gnsider the folio Process - G) mixi of 2 gaser m opening the sl6pcoek. ae hee of Lop hink tn beaker filled with wale, ese cess bond Anvalve avy Evchavge &u\ with basin. “4 so We Shalt Gnsicler AS cysléen ony Which 2 pone process Is ken tou Naw again Consicle, *e folowing Process - 7 (i) Gol down o & Cup 4 &. oD wend 4, ce hese proces wnvelve enchange 4 Eve wth Auraruncling, fo we Anal Grader AScystém + ASeusnninding = Aerpet 4 Ip 16 observed Pak Stipes for More b procens ig HVE Hence -- , ay 9h 87a “ HVE Process 1s Spewtencous Gy 96 AStetek Ig -ve, PAocess "Ss non Apentaureord tii) fp ASTID is zero, Process is 1” equilibrium: con Noten > Tee ak 232 K, 273K 2 279% Cle) Coe Grey DStaes for PP 0-08 T/K] mol. Sncbicah rg frobl freagirg "ce ei’c. & ven Kpertaweous ot Pe. . ig Sponlementd at » Statemenle of Recond ow df thermody nacaick * ical Arnen ers: ble be ae thermodynam’ ae are arnt ency, a Spertancout process Cau rate ait hor ob 2 a _ 3) The Complete Conversion a, treat int wore *S impossible, wi leaving Bome epect elac where _ a U) fr au pentanert process, ne diay enleapg rO“Ge (Asta) must be positive Ancreas ing me enkory universe. 6 (ontiritously namics ‘= 9 Crmbrned_ Statement fee pe D be 4 thermody fant, Whereas the enkepy of univexe Gmbmed Stet "te me universe is Gre ConHruousl 7 [ Page= ifage= 20 ° bbc free Energy or Gibbs Energy or Gibbs Jumction JE 44 aunrother thermody namic cha : L trot Fy in Preclich Sporttanciste fa proces quently expat in ching the. de 4 dendted by fr 4 is defined mathematically af > Ge H-TS (Hz heat Grtent, T is abil = 5 4 a Apel fun Is Abie erp, S= Entropy) chien 2 for Seothermal Process. Gye Hy Sr (fer inital Bate) —D Gye Wo Te CE dt ta Are) —@D O-o - Ge oy = Cary page ait) hee cris pat Smet tle” Sys - in & ean equation 38 Glued re Sok in erty ui oe Gibbs - Helm shot; uaton ¢ 4 + Free Energy Chaise. dn. Spantartily Sf proteis “ s cit QSsyptemnt gn . order & precice Spertanety acd press, A an “spe 2 ADS gunpoitnling Wd Used, Buk ASurmunclirg Con née be menue: evry Sep 4, Pmcens . ‘ re Gnaicle, a Process or Reaction Grsieol out at peed enpel % Pressure, Suppose 9, is Peat lest vy assuring 4 Gt ot by SH then AS cuwouncling © “# 1 but Comatoat paetsure ape aH mon Mites = AScuctem + ASsusounding Asti) = Septem oe TSS tHal = TA Ssustrn = BH BMH TAS ete - TAS tHe! AG= ~TAStae) %/-4G= TOS thal rout 9f.. TOS pepe as We, DG 2 ve , Process Js pon banorus cos 1S Gi H TOS tet '° ave, B42 Fs a mm eous oe 7 = Process is In Gili) 9h TASraat "* zoo, Aaze Equili bien u Dosiving tre Cutéasn for Spenisns! tp firm Gibbs Helmoheltzequalen tiAG is Aesubcaut” of En ae We Kno Hak AG. on Tas, whure Enbiopy {actr, lye? - Sa When be aH is-ved Tas is +ve , hem AG fs Bighly —ve + proces is Apentaneous : cam Coxet ' cee ipa A ee ee Righty tve process an tn Aponfaneous , m7 - ns When both sHé TAS ae +VE then 96 o TAS > 4H then AG=-ve, Process 1S Apentanect Gi) OH e TAS then ade te, Process 'S num penta coud « (ae + when both Ane TAS ae ~VE then %b avd. amr, enstan © th a> aTas, then 4G, frocen is *f eT sorted is men aponbewt @) ane TAS chanical wort Cusegue wor) in © foee Energy change +720 me Gribb’s pee Energy H+ that thermodynamie ann % go yn ne droge vodine 1S Cg uat Te maximum possible ot i ie © mse ch In Sree Suppose een Lee qh enn of heat, i et aa Energy (4), 070 nore dene by sem > thew qecording ee Aut Wexpansion + Wren Expansion wl E 5 “p pay + Wrenexr: —@ at (nett pomperaltre aut a Aeverei ble change det ing Pace as= Ley © Tos= trew Pe nO + Pau + Wao emp ee pave AH] TOS = Tas = aH + Wrenexp = Wren ene = ANT pe AG = Wesetul- : Wimax. tole = Hy ae Heaton « fade noe nen “kG = nFE andond tate ' eget of empeutive on Spentanesly dh Proce © Aneve always, £95 TASS HVE D fer Exothenmic feaclan §then 4G= iZ ee wok 222 Tas is ve, Men walt be 4p 9 eed 1 SH> Tas, faocese js ‘ettan af tHe Tas, Pro ed cers is Ten &po fron above exiterie ge Is heme feachion Letom Cleas hak ” An nes én driven. exmi ok “pn exothermic pina re ese ae mae en Letome Epenianeril a is is nen oe ontanens ‘e) eonpetaln ») Fee Endothermic Aca Aye te a aoe TOS IS ave fae 4G=rve% Anaclin beteme 7 pe - 6 Buk 9 TAS is we, ape of AHETAS, frocess is Spontancons 2 4 BH> TSS, Precees is Yen Spontancns- “hus beacken become Enlkopy tres so $2 Pere ciate Se ua Cleat thee a pn Endothermic feacton avnich ds 710" Sportenct ale low demparalim beume kpertanest at Bigh tot pe, ° wummesinl no blems ‘ 6) enthalpy ? Enltopy © 4 q Atathn we, Ye-63 ea/mol + pore 7/R rr p. ich quae bilge oF 271% fs Ge Aa TES fans uesa pq/mo! ZG = nego - 300% (08-8 yo ogo T/mol wo 2 797° afee! LT 294273 Ha «44708 se spent ered « ~ geok gy BE Hake emperabire » Reduction Lead oxide & Lead by he poor S Be puatacc beeme Spontaneous BH £AS at Jos o G) © a ©) mol 2% 190 g/K[mel- Ant lea ! calare ob Which Aachen atta equcli rie fe AGeos ™™ AG 2 SHOTS AH 2 TES = ame foeyoo 7/mel { | ewe = AS ase 190 T/K/! : Ss qos = OS: Po dh Temperaline becomes tyigh eg thes S7eSk Comes HE Js be-ve ‘¢ A L Precees become Sperinnert(fages 23 | BT 7 Seeded Ee i a heactton 4 Standord ba Of formalin (A4'reactin * Ag 4") ic depined wn charge a feacken defines fenton ‘ Standard free En ch wat takes place ‘ol hoki jn freir Stondoad S cl toe Groerte ints Producten their -Ajandond State. An Gf = [Sumep standaad pee — (dum of @Gandaed free Enctiy ° c encap 4 spon of fexmelon peactauk J Pro ctuc ls ) 7 4G ctheduele) = 049 caeacten’s ) - ond Bu elon Gmpound + defines! of ie cd oh formate Donen 1 male Gy Comprunal 4 én eli Monet on cn kes Pee in Stanclatd elemenls , fatten 1 . Free Breigy chonge 2b chemtel epuasbrises for a. dportanenes Seacton ‘Agave, bub a reversible Aeaclan Occurs bon the decking , So AGe-ve fe fornand at we at Sackwonrel Aeacken, Sn Oreler f, Epplain 3t Grater @ Ae chon Nz oy (3) <2 2N0, (2) AG for ts Aeaclin 44 FEY RT, S96 Seems me N3 oy (af 298K 4 | ote) Weld nob ansotiak KN, oy While Acvetse Aeactien Lal! be Aportanesss & hioulel 4o be Gmplelan, but Aeathm is Apentuntn kn both dieclon g KE equsli brium point y A pee o Energy vs fraclin of Mey dissociates) i taken fren 3 is Observed trat Cesye Ephibit a minimum a equilibria point E, Where [6-6 / of Nyoy is dissociated 2 free Eneryy point Eisbess than puse Acattat(A) & froduct(B) eo AG" for forwvore Aeachen i ogy BI opt — uk bsum peint While gt es 624 kT For bactwarel Acacten up = tras Poimh. © Relation ship between Stanclosd En & equikibyium Grstant '- Acachkon ak ny free Energy Change & Abie is Sealey & Btanderd free nary Change 4; Geaction, AG? a AG= Ayr t RTAn 8, [fase = 23[fgesau | At iL bai equti baum , OG=0, wd B= Kk thes ° O= A+ RTRnK Ay Gs pT enk 4G 03 27 fag Ky + mMagrivtade iki brie Grmsteunke exp penmic £ sexe F Aeac kon Ayo = AgH - Tas’ —® But ag 2 RT In Putting Oma . Rrank = Tas’- Ar | finke Tata Batt ~ eY ° Hun KY be Fe Erolo ther mic feachon BH 'S darge * +e, ¢ - Smatt a : mj - ic will be > fer exothermic acter, AH IS lage t “VE thus doy . Bie Kol 8 fe a Aeaclon Aya <7 volue 44 wh ape oe a po BE tro Mok gy ote “BRB AT ETT for Bvt <0 2 ; o) equation fs halesper en « numesion! problems NCERT. @ find cub value of equcl brium Graton br fhe fering j feackan 2 2gv kK 4 £n = Nn ONM, CO) + How , (ay Giver Atauderd free Encrag Change , 4p Ap@ = -res et eg 6 gp 2803 WB SIKAME leg k G 2 13-6 EA /mel —)3608 2-38 2 eg K pnbleg ree os k D4 & Jor 2 kK 9 Caleutalz Afandord Lnliopy Ch hencky r x= ale Bue 2eyo ETE equitibnum is pee at “f e of ay AG 2 AH TAS2 27:303x P-3I4x nage tgs hp x fo = -2' 203 X91 X 278 18-F) ~ 2308 KP BIYK 298 (0 2883 - y 7 np-303 KB 299 XO” F947 gaye T naw BGs DH Tas” BRyeyY= 28400 - 298X~ 2 BeyBy-2BYeD = 298.25" ~joosy = af 298 a — 33-8 a/K/mle pre namic > © Duis Law Inline Lid mary © " he Eni, the. Uthe 3 mae [ppativre,” pio ane fe = ge hems in Caletalon abidute Enbory (ie enbopy ps mole. ke tne epeecigie Heme we under Afanclard Conclibors ) fre Bdid I is brary ac okt SI Entapy at 7 6 phen - eeu 7 see SoS Mee Bur as per Thuid how 620+ Srey a ‘S= p. eS faken of Leo 0 Lo