TOPIC-4-apuntes.
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trianeraa
Territorio, Turismo y Desarrollo Sostenible
2º Grado en Turismo
Facultad de Turismo y Finanzas
Universidad de Sevilla
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TOPIC 4: THE TERRITORIAL IMPLEMENTATION OF TOURISM
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1. CAUSES OF TERRITORIAL IMPLEMENTATION OF TOURISM
KEY FACTORS OF THE HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL DEPLOYMENT OF TOURISM
They are diverse and appear interrelated.
Vera Rebollo identified the following:
• CONQUEST OF LEISURE TIME FOR TOURISM
During the nineteenth and early part of the twentieth century: reduction of working time and the conquest of
leisure time, and therefore an increase in spare time.
▪ YEAR: PAID HOLIDAYS (3 OR 4 WEEKS), EMERGENCE OF THE SUMMER HOLIDAYS. INTERMEDIATE
AND LONG-DISTANCE TOURIST DESTINATIONS
▪ WEEK: FREE WEEKENDS PROMOTED THE EMERGENCE OF NEARBY TOURIST DESTINATIONS
▪ DAY: REDUCTION OF DAILY WORKING TIME PROMOTED THE DEVELOPMENT OF EVERYDAY
LEISURE
Reservados todos los derechos.
• CONQUEST OF GEOGRAPHICAL SPACE
There has been a reduction distances thanks to technology, and to the evolution in the means of transport, which
has made it possible to reduce travelling times and consequently to reduce geographical distances considered
in terms of distance-time.
EVOLUTION CAUSED MEANS OF TRANSPORT EVER:
▪ FASTER
▪ BIGGER
▪ CHEAPER
Other factors have also helped to conquer space include:
▪ The elimination of borders,
▪ The communications revolution has enabled diffusion of images of destinations,
▪ The impact of advertising and the development of tourism marketing as an economic activity have
changed the organization of travel.
• INCREASED INCOME AND TOURISM SPENDING CAPACITY
Availability of income and tourism consumption capacity.
Thanks to the economic growth of the more developed countries, which has enabled the population to achieve
higher living standards and therefore made it possible to increase tourism consumption.
• CONVERSION OF TOURISM TRAVEL INTO A BASIC NEED
Linked to the population’s interest in discovering new cultures and destinations, which encourages people to
travel in order to know other countries and peoples, and also to rest in a different spatial context to that of their
everyday lives, which is not only a desire but also a necessity.
Reasons for the conversion of holidays and tourism travel into a basic need:
▪ Fundamental needs are covered
▪ Travel allows a disconnection from daily routine
▪ Travel allows the intellectual enrichment of a more educated population
▪ There is less inclination to save
• Others
▪ Changing on perceptions of the environment. Locations that were once viewed as unsuitable, were now
seen as attractive.
▪ An increasing desire to travel. This was related partly to improvements in education and also to greater
overseas travel. This created interest in foreign locations and also overseas business travel.
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2. SPATIAL STRUCTURE AT GLOBAL SCALE
TOURISM (as a human activity dependent on resources) is distributed in an IRREGULAR way and has a
high degree of dependence on the TERRITORY.
o Before the Covid Pandemic
2019: 1460 million of
international arrivals and
1461 billion of USD.
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LAST 70 YEARS A
CONTINUED GROWTH IN
TOURISM THAT WAS
INTERRUPTED ONLY BY
SOME FACTORS.
Reservados todos los derechos.
All regions enjoyed an increase in
arrivals in 2019, led by the Middle East
(+8%). Asia and the Pacific and Europe
both saw 4% growth.
o During the Covid Pandemic
The outbreak of Coronavirus COVID-19 presented tourism as the sector with a major and evolving challenge.
Without a doubt, the sector has been seriously affected.
In March 2020, the UWTO published a note on its website about the impact assessment of the COVID-19 on
international tourism.
UNWTO estimated
”International tourist arrivals
could decline by 20% to 30% in
2020”. This would translated
into a loss of 300 to 450 US$
billion in international tourism
receipts (almost one third of
the US$ 1.5 trillion generated
globally in the worst-case
scenario).
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DECEMBER 2020.
According to the latest issue of the UNWTO World Tourism
Barometer, International tourist arrivals fell by 72-74% in
January-October 2020 over the same period last year.
Asia and the Pacific saw an 82% decrease in arrivals in
January- October 2020. The Middle East recorded a 73%
decline, while Africa saw a 69% drop this ten-month period.
International arrivals in both Europe and the Americas
declined by 68%.
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International arrivals declined by 70% to 75% for the whole
of 2020. This would mean that international tourism
returned to levels of 30 years ago.
3. EVOLUTION, OBSERVED AND FUTURE TRENDS
EVOLUTION
TOURISM starts its development as a socio-economic phenomenon in the1950s and, today, it has become one
of the fundamental components of developed/developing countries.
Before the Covid Pandemic, Tourism was experiencing a period of expansion due to DIFFERENT FACTORS.
An unprecedented rise in the propensity to travel in developed countries and the incorporation of new
countries into this phenomenon (developing countries that are establishing domestic travel and trips abroad
Reservados todos los derechos.
as basic need.
• 1945: 25 MILLON PEOPLE TRAVELLED OUTSIDE
THEIR ORIGINATING COUNTRIES
• 2019:1481 MILLION INTERNATIONAL ARRIVALS
• 2030: 1800 MILLION PEOPLE. AFTER COVID,
RECOVERY OF DESTINATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN
AFFECTED BY SECURITY ISSUES & SOLID RECOVERY
OF DEMAND IN THE EMERGING SOURCE MARKETS
(BRAZIL, RUSSIAN FEDERATION, …)
Tourist activity is clearly influenced by economic growth, and different stages in its evolution being
distinguished:
• From the 1950s to the 1970s, the number of
1950: 50 MILLION INTERNATIONAL TOURISTS
international trips around the world doubled
every ten years or so. 1970: 166 MILLION INTERNATIONAL TOURISTS
• In 1973 the oil crisis caused fluctuations
• In the 1980s, the tourism market reached a 1980: 287 MILLION INTERNATIONAL TOURISTS
higher degree of maturity, characterised by
slower growth in demand and oversupply.
At the beginning of the 1990s, international tourism did
not show a clear trend in its growth, although it was 1996: 600 MILLION INTERNATIONAL TOURISTS
characterised by a high degree of resistance to economic
fluctuations. However, there were some declines in the growth rates of international tourism in 1991 and 1993,
due to the influence of the strong economic recession in industrialized countries and the Gulf War.
2000s There was a drop in the number of international
arrivals due to the 9/11 attacks. 2000: 697 MILLION TOURISTS
2001: 692 MILLION INTERNATIONAL TOURISTS
Also, in 2003, tourism was affected by Severe Acute 2009: 880 MILLION INTERNATIONAL TOURISTS
Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-COVID).
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2009 The global economic recession, aggravated by the 2008: 919 MILLION INTERNATIONAL TOURISTS
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uncertainty surrounding the H1N1 type (pandemic,
Rassy & Smith, 2012; 2009: 880 MILLION INTERNATIONAL TOURISTS
https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias- 52115504),
made this one of the most difficult years for the tourism
sector.
2019 New products are still being developed and tourism activity is spreading to new regions where it is
beginning to consolidate. Tourism was experiencing 2019: 1480 MILLION OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISTS
a period of expansion until the outbreak of the
COVID PANDEMIC.
OBSERVED TRENDS AND FORECAST
• The greatest growth in arrivals of international tourists since 2010.
• The recovery of destinations that had been affected by security issues in recent years.
• The economic upturn has strengthened the demand for travel in the main source markets.
Reservados todos los derechos.
• The solid recovery in demand in the emerging source markets of Brazil and the Russian Federation after some
years of decline.
• Tourism is undoubtedly facing challenges as never before (COVID PANDEMIC, CLIMATE CHANGE and the
planet’s sustainability, …)
• The technological advances in the world over the last 20 years are greater than those of the previous 200, and
it is estimated that those of the next 10 years will be even greater than those of the last 20.
• According to the UNWTO, we will reach the figure of 1,800 million international arrivals in 2030.
• Scenarios for 2021-2024: International arrivals are expected to rebound in 2021, based on the assumption
of a gradual reversal of the pandemic, the roll out of a COVID-19 vaccine, significant improvement in traveler
confidence and major lifting of travel restrictions by the middle of the year. The expected rebound is also a
consequence of the large pent-up demand after months of closed borders and travel bans. The extended
scenarios presented here are in terms of yearly totals, not growth.
• The rebound is expected to continue in 2022 as travel conditions normalize and the pandemic is
contained globally. However, international tourism could still take 2-4 years to return to 2019 levels.
The recovery times for each scenario are summarized below:
+ Scenario 1: recovery in 2,5 years (mid-2023)
+ Scenario 2: recovery in 3 years (end of 2023)
+ Scenario 3: recovery in 4 years (end of 2024)
4. DIFFERENTIATINF FACTORS OF THE TOURIST AREA: APPROACHING THE TERRITORY
Models or patterns of organization of tourist areas
• Planned or spontaneous: linked to the role of urban planning
• Endogenous or dependent: according to the origin of the actors/resources involved
• Concentrated or dispersed: linked to the distribution of tourist resources, infrastructures
• Integrated or segregated: due to the relationship between tourism and its environment
• Others
Planned or spontaneous tourist areas
• Spontaneous
o Tourist areas that have not been previously considered: try to respond quickly to demand
requirements and needs.
o Disordered tourism development, nothing clear, does not follow any plan.
o Tourism development/growth in spurts, irregular with no clear phases.
o Lack of public control over the development process. Urban and environmental excesses.
o Lack of foresight regarding possible impact: appearance of problems and conflicts.
o Rarely spontaneous development have led to efficient and orderly forms of territorial implementation
of tourism. For instance: Austrian Tyrol
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• Planned
o Tourist areas that respond to initial planning of medium-long term objectives.
o Orderly and clear tourism development, which follows a pre-established plan.
o Sequenced development: phases and stages.
o Control of the development process: public and/or private
o Foresight regarding impact
Tourist areas based on endogenous development / Tourist areas dependent on the exterior
• Endogenous
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o Tourism development based on local resources: financial, human and technological.
o Decision making at local level.
o Greater generation of socio-economic effects on the destination.
o Tourism is integrated in the local productive structured and has great capacity for generate and
distribute wealth
o Examples: Grazalema and Costa Brava
• Exogenous
o Development dependent on external actors and resources: financial, human and technological.
o Decisions taken externally respond to external interests.
o Less generation of socio-economic benefits for the destination.
o Often, opting for tourism as a development strategy can even mean the dependence of foreing
companies
o Examples: The Caribbean and Senegal
Reservados todos los derechos.
Tourist areas based on concentration/Tourist areas based on dispersion
• Concentrated
o Intensive development of supply and demand in a specific place.
o High level of territorial and environmental impact in this place.
o Greater risks of massification/saturation of demand
o Usually, tourism have been developed in a disorderly manner, often illegally
o Overcrowding, congestion, environmental degradation
o Examples: Matalascañas/Mar Menor
• Disperse
o Extensive growth of supply and demand
o Impact of a more disperse nature on less intensive tourism and the environment.
o Risk that in the end everything is transformed by tourism.
o Examples: Doñana/Sancti Petri/rural and mountainous areas
Tourist areas based on integration/Tourist areas based on segregation
• Integrated
o Areas with a clear spatial, social and economic relationship with their surroundings.
o Produce greater effects on the local economy and society.
o Generate a more harmonious and comprehensive tourism development.
o Model is dominated by small-scale tourism development and economic benefits stayed in the locality
o They foster the local population’s acceptance of and identification with the project.
o Examples: Marbella, Isla Cristina, Chipiona
• Segregated
o Areas characterized by spatial, social and economic disconnection with their surroundings.
o Little effect on the local economy and society.
o They generate isolated or enclosed tourism development
o They create social segregation within the local population due to contrasts and differences
o Examples: resorts in the Caribbean region
OTHERS (sustainability): Hard (Mass tourism) & Soft (Sustainable tourism)
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