P-ISSN: 2709-6254 Journal of Development and Social Sciences April-June 2022,Vol. 3, No.

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O-ISSN:2709-6262 http://dx.doi.org/10.47205/jdss.2022(3-II)114 [1289-1297]

RESEARCH PAPER
The Political Leadership of Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah: His
Approach Towards the National and International Affairs of the Muslims
1Ghulam Shabbir* 2 Khizar Jawad 3Muhammad Kashif Ashraf

1. Lecturer, Department of History & Pakistan Studies, University of Gujrat. Gujrat, Punjab,
Pakistan
2. Assistant Professor, Department of History, FC College University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
3. M. Phil. Scholar, Department of History & Pakistan Studies, University of Gujrat. Gujrat, Punjab,
Pakistan
PAPER INFO ABSTRACT
Received: The objective of this study is to critically analyse the approach of Qauid-
March 21, 2022 i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah toward national and international issues
Accepted: of Muslims. Mainly, these issues belong to the Colonial and Post-
June 27, 2022 Colonial periods. Further, it helps to understand his struggle for the
Online: rights of Muslims, he raised his voice not only for the Indian Muslims
June 30, 2022
but also for the whole Muslim World. In this study, primary and
Keywords:
secondary sources have been utilised to strengthen the arguments. This
Jinnah,
His Vision, paper provides comprehensive details of his efforts for the Muslim
Muslim World, Community. He addressed the domestic issues of Muslims in India and
Issues of Muslims supported international issues, like, the Palestine crisis, the
*Corresponding decolonization of the Arabs and the Indonesian Freedom Movement.
Author: The findings of this study highlight the key features of Jinnah’s
approach toward the situational context of India and the Muslim World.
ghulaum.shabbir
Being a Governor-General of Pakistan, he also played a similar role in
@uog.edu.pk
the national and international affairs of the Muslims. The methodology
of this study is mainly developed under historical, descriptive and
analytical methods.
Introduction

Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah and his leadership left a profound impact on
the course of South Asian history. While his leadership and vision continue to be the subject
of interpretation and debate, there is no denying his pivotal role in shaping the destiny of
millions and the establishment of Pakistan, as an independent nation. He championed the
idea of a separate nation for Muslims in India, arguing that they needed a distinct homeland
to safeguard their political, social and cultural interests. His leadership and negotiations for
the rights of the Muslims with the British authorities and Indian political parties ultimately
led to the partition of India Jinnah was known for his negotiation skills and ability to find
common ground amidst challenging circumstances. During his political career, he was not
only representative of Muslims at the national level but also at the international level. He
was fully aware of the basic issues of the Muslims and played a vital role to solve these
issues according to the will and wishes of the Muslims.

He emerged as a prominent spokesperson for the rights and aspirations of the

Muslims in India. He believed that Muslims are a separate religious and cultural community,
deserving of adequate representation and protection within a democratic framework. He
argued against what he perceived as the dominance of the Hindu-majority Indian National
Congress and the potential marginalization of the Muslims in an independent India. He was
Journal of Development and Social Sciences (JDSS) April-June, 2022 Volume 3, Issue 2

a trained lawyer who possessed excellent legal and constitutional knowledge. He effectively
used his legal skills to advocate for the rights of Muslims and to negotiate with the British
government and Indian political leaders. Jinnah played a significant role in responding to
and challenging various British Acts and policies during the struggle for independence in
the Indian subcontinent. In 1909, the Indian Council Act also known as the Morley-Minto
Reforms, expanded the legislative council’s powers, but maintained a limited franchise (Z.
Ahmad, 2000). Jinnah at that time was a member of the Indian National Congress and saw
the act as a step forward, although, he also recognize its limitations and call for more
substantial reforms (Beg, 1986).

The Government of India Act 1909, also known as the Montagu-Chelmsford

Reforms, provided for some limited devolution of power to Indians through elected
legislative councils. He as a member of the Indian National Congress, supported the act but
expressed dissatisfaction with its provisions for communal representation (Hayat, 2015).
Throughout his political career, Jinnah was known for his steadfast opposition to British
colonial rule and his unwavering commitment to the cause of independence. He worked
tirelessly to secure the rights and interests of the Muslim community and played a crucial
role in shaping the trajectory of the freedom movement in the Indian subcontinent (Javed,
2009).

The Rowlatt Act 1919, authorized the British government to detain individuals
without trial and curtailed civil liberties. He strongly opposed this act and actively
participated in the all-Indian National Congress protest against it. In the protest against this
black act, he decided to resign from the legislative council, to record his protest (Jinnah,
Jafar, Rehman, & Jafar, 2016).

The Government of India Act 1935, introduced limited reforms, including the
establishment of provincial autonomy and limited representation to the institutions. He
criticized that as insufficient and rejected it, advocating for a strong role of Muslims in the
political process. He argued for separate electorates and greater safeguards for minority
rights (Kailash, 1986). The Indian Independence Act of 1947, was the legislation that
partitioned British India into the separate nations of India and Pakistan. Jinnah played a
pivotal role in the negotiations leading up to the act and subsequent creation of Pakistan.
He fought for the rights and aspirations of Muslims, emphasizing the need for a separate
homeland (Metz & Long, 2010).

Literature Review

There is plethora of primary and secondary sources available on the political

leadership of Jinnah. The most important work on this specific topic was The
Charismatic Leader: Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah and the Creation of Pakistan
(2008). In this work Prof. Sikander Hayat elaborates the prominent traits of his personality.
He applied the theory of charisma on the leadership of Jinnah and proved that it was his
charismatic leadership which achieved the goal of Pakistan. The role of Jinnah as a
Governor-General of Pakistan was discussed in Jinnah’s Pakistan: Formation and Challenges
of a State (2014) by Farooq Ahmad Dar. He argued that the charismatic leadership of Jinnah
pawed the way of Independence from the Colonial rule and he accepted to lead the newly
independent state which was full of challenges. In this short period of time, he tried to set
a direction of Pakistan towards the sovereignty and progress. In a more comprehensive
way his leadership coined with different pattern in Quaid-i-Azam Jinnah: Studies in
interpretation (1981) by Sharif al Mujahid. He also acknowledge him as a charismatic leader
and argued that it was his aura of leadership which resulted in Pakistan. He tried to prove him as
the true leader of the Muslims. Who had the ability to raise his voice in the favour of Indian
Muslims and for the Muslim Ummah. The primary sources in the form of Jinnah Papers (1993-

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 The Political Leadership of Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah:
His Approach Towards the National and International Affairs of the Muslims

2005) on his life collected by the Z. H. Zaidi. Which provides the comprehensive detail to the
reader to understand the different aspects of his life. Zaidi wrote the introduction of each volume
and maintained the claim that it was his charismatic leadership which guided the Muslim into the
right direction. In these papers, he collected his speeches, letters, statements which highlight his
efforts for the national and international interests of the Muslims (Zaidi, 1993-2005).

Jinnah and British Policies

He actively engaged with and responded to various British policies during his
political career. His stance on British policies evolved over time as he fought for the rights
and aspirations of the Muslims. The British implied a policy of “divide and rule” in India,
exploiting religious and ethnic division to maintain their control (Shabbir, Jawad, & Ullah,
2021). He initially a member of the Indian National Congress, became disillusioned with the
Congress’s policies and its failure to adequately address the Muslim concerns. He argued
that the British policy of divide and rule necessitated separate representation and the rights
of Muslims (Shabbir & Chawla, 2020). He advocated for separate electorates and communal
representation to protect the interest of the Muslims. He believed that the Muslim
community required separate political platforms to ensure their fair participation in the
political process and to safeguard their rights in a predominantly Hindu-majority India
(Shabbir, 2021a). He demanded a separate electorate for the Muslims to secure their
political representation in the Indian Legislative Assemblies. This was the basic motive
behind his remarkable Lucknow Pact, 1916. The new report 1928, was a constitutional
proposal drafted by Indian National Congress, which largely neglected Muslim concerns.
He was a prominent leader and ex-Congressman who criticized the report for failing to
adequately address the rights and safeguards for Muslims (Shabbir, 2018). This
disagreement ultimately led to the deepening rift between Jinnah and Congress leadership
which later on resulted in the partition of India.

The Quit India Movement 1942, was a massive civil disobedience campaign launched by
the Indian National Congress against British rule. Jinnah and the All India Muslim League
initially did not actively participate in the movement due to concern about the potential
repercussions on Muslim interests. However, Jinnah later supported the cause for
independence and the transfer of power to Indian hands (I. Ahmed, 2008).

Jinnah’s approach to British policies was driven by his commitment to protecting

the rights and interests of the Muslim community and his firm belief in the necessity of a
separate homeland for Muslims, which eventually led to the creation of Pakistan (al-
Mujahid, 1981). He engaged in political negotiations, constitutional discussions, and
advocacy to ensure that Muslim concerns were addressed in the face of British rule and the
evolving political landscapes in India.

Jinnah and Kashmir Issue

He played a significant role in the Kashmir issue. The Kashmir issue refers to the
territorial dispute between India and Pakistan, over the region of Kashmir, which has been
a source of tension between the two countries since their independence from British rule
in 1947 (Jalal, 1985). During the freedom movement for Pakistan and the newly formed
Pakistan, he became the leader of the masses. However, the issue of Kashmir remained
unresolved during the partition process. At the time of partition, Kashmir was a princely
state ruled by Maharaja Hari Singh, the majority of its population was Muslim, but the ruler
was non-Muslim. Both India and Pakistan claimed Kashmir based on its religious
composition and geographic location (Shabbir, 2023). In October 1947, armed tribesmen
from Pakistan invaded Kashmir, promoting the Maharaja to seek military assistance from

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India. The Maharaja signed the instrument of accession, exceeding Kashmir to India.
However, Pakistan disputed the legality of the accession, leading to the Indo-Pak War of
1947-1948.

Jinnah as a leader of Pakistan supported the cause of Kashmir and sought to bring
the region under Pakistani control. He argued that Kashmir’s Muslim-majority population
should determine its future through a plebiscite. Jinnah accused India of forcibly occupying
Kashmir and suppressing the rights of its people (Jinnah, 2013).

Unfortunately, Jinnah passed away in September 1948, while the Kashmir dispute
was still unresolved. This issue has remained a major point of contention between India
and Pakistan ever since. The two countries have fought multiple wars and engaged in
numerous conflicts over Kashmir. The Line of Control (LOC) now divides the region
between Indian-administrated Kashmir and Pakistan-administrated Kashmir (A. Ahmed,
2012). His stance on Kashmir has continued to influence Pakistan’s policy towards the
region. Pakistan has consistently raised the issue of self-determination of Kashmiri Muslims
and called for international intervention to resolve the dispute. India, on the other hand,
maintains that Kashmir is an integral part of its territory and it rejects any external
interference (Singh, 2010).

It is important to note that the Kashmir issue is complex and has political, historical
and social dimensions that go beyond the role of any single individual, including Jinnah. The
dispute remains unresolved and efforts for a peaceful resolution continue to be made by
various stakeholders, including India, Pakistan and the international community.

Jinnah and the Palestine Issue

He expressed his views on the Palestine issue during his lifetime. He was a
prominent leader of all the Indian Muslims and played a significant role in the creation of
Pakistan. His stance on the Palestine issue was based on his support for the rights of
Muslims and his belief in self-determination (Jinnah, 2013). He considered the Palestine
question an important and sensitive matter for the Muslim world. In his capacity as the
leader of the Muslim League and later as a Governor-General of Pakistan, he expressed
solidarity with the Palestinian people and their aspirations for statehood (Kazimi, 2005).
He believed that the Palestinian Arabs should have the right to determine their own
political destiny and establish their own independent state.

During the early years of Pakistan’s existence, he and his government supported the
cause of Palestine at international forums. Pakistan was among the countries that voted in
favour of the United Nations General Assembly resolution 181 in 1947, which called for the
partition of Palestine and the creation of separate Jewish and Arab states (Chakrabarty,
2020). His position on the Palestine issue was influenced by his broader principles of
justice, self-determination and the rights of minority communities. He believed that all
people, regardless of their religious or ethnic background, should have the right to live in
peace and security in their own homeland (Khan & Long, 2004).

It is worth noting that his turns on the Palestine issue and Pakistan’s official
position may not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the subsequent governments
of Pakistan. The dynamics of International relations and the complexities of the Middle East
conflict have evolved over time and different leaders and administrations in Pakistan have
taken varying positions on the Palestine issue based on their own priorities and diplomatic
considerations (Ali, 2007).

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 The Political Leadership of Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah:
His Approach Towards the National and International Affairs of the Muslims

Jinnah and Indonesian Freedom Movement

He expressed his support for the freedom movement in Indonesia during their
freedom fight. He was a strong advocate for the rights of self-determination and
independence for colonized nations around the world. He believed that all people should
have the right to govern themselves and determine their own political future (Ali, 2007).
This belief extended to the Indonesian freedom movement. During the 1940s, Indonesia
was under Dutch control as its colony. The Indonesian nationalist movement, led by figures
like Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta, sought to gain independence from Dutch colonial
domination. He expressed his support for the Indonesian freedom movement and voiced
solidarity with the Indonesian people in their struggle for independence (Sultana, 2016).
His support for the Indonesian freedom movement was in line with his broader vision of
decolonization and the right to self-determination. He believed that the people of Indonesia,
like the people of India and other colonized nations, should be free to determine their own
political destiny and establish an independent state (Noorani, 1990). While he and his
party primarily focused on the Indian subcontinent, they were vocal supporters of anti-
colonial movements worldwide. His support for the Indonesian freedom movement
demonstrated his commitment to the principles of national self-determination and freedom
from colonial rule (Casci, 1998).

Nevertheless, his public statements and expressions of solidarity played a role in

highlighting the cause of Indonesian independence on the international stage and garnering
support for the movement.

Jinnah and Egypt

He had diplomatic relations with Egypt and express his views on the country during
and after his visit to Egypt. He had a favourable view of Egypt and its struggle for
independence from colonial rule (Shabbir, 2020). He admired the nationalist movements
in Egypt, led by figures like Saad Zaghloul, who fought for Egypt’s sovereignty and the right
of its people. During his tenure as a leader of Pakistan, he maintained diplomatic relations
with Egypt and established cordial ties. Pakistan recognized Egypt’s sovereignty and
actively supported its membership in the United Nations. Jinnah also extended invitations
to Egyptian leaders to visit Pakistan, fostering bilateral relations between the two countries
(Ali, 2007). His support for Egypt’s independence and sovereignty was in line with his
broader principle of self-determination and anti-colonialism. He believed that nations
should be free to govern themselves without external interference, and he saw Egypt’s
struggle for independence as a part of the large global movement against colonialism
(Gaborieau, 1985).

It is worth noting that Jinnah’s board for Egypt was primarily diplomatic and
political. The extent of his involvement in Egypt’s international affairs over the specifics of
his views on Egyptian domestic policies or not extensively documented (Gilmartin, 1998).
However, his positive stance towards Egypt and his emphasize on the importance of self-
determination and independence for all nations align with his broader political philosophy.
After his death, Pakistan and Egypt continued to maintain diplomatic relations and the two
countries have cooperated on various regional and international issues over the years (Ali,
2007). The bond between Pakistan and Egypt has been shaped by shared historical
experiences, political considerations and cultural ties within the Muslim world.
Jinnah and Ottoman Empire

Jinnah emerged as a prominent leader in the Indian subcontinent during the early
20th century, which coincided with the decline and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire. The

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Ottoman Empire, a vast and multi-ethnic state centered in present-day Turkey, experienced
a series of challenges and territorial losses during the late 19th and 20th centuries (Shabbir,
2018). By the time he rose to prominence, the empire had already gone through significant
transformations and was on the verge of dissolution. His political activism was primarily
focused on the Indian subcontinent, where he played a leading role in the All-India Muslim
League and championed the cause of an independent Muslim state (Shabbir, 2021b). His
efforts focussed on addressing the concerns and aspirations of the Muslim community
rather than engaging directly with the Ottoman Empire. However, he held a sense of
solidarity with the broader Muslim world. He recognized the historical and cultural ties that
connected Muslims across different regions and expressed support for the rights and
aspirations of Muslims (M. Ahmad, 1994). During the Khilafat Movement, demonstrated his
concern for the rights and aspirations of the Muslims beyond the borders of the Indian
subcontinent. However, it is worth noting that the movement itself did not succeed in
achieving its objectives, as the caliphate was abolished in 1924 and the Ottoman Empire
was replaced by the Republic of Turkey (Z. Ahmad, 2000).

Overall, while Jinnah’s interactions with the Ottoman Empire were limited, his
broader vision of Muslim unity and his support for the rights and aspirations of Muslims
worldwide reflected his sense of solidarity with the Muslim Ummah, including the historical
legacy of the Ottoman Empire.

Jinnah and the Arab world

He had significant interactions and relations with the Arab world during his
lifespan. He had a positive view of the Arab world and expressed solidarity with the Arab
causes, particularly in the context of their struggle against colonialism and self-
determination (Ali, 2007). He believed in the unity and cooperation of the Muslim nations
and emphasized the importance of pan-Islamism.

During his time as a leader of Pakistan, he actively sought to strengthen ties with
Arab nations. Pakistan established diplomatic relations with several Arab countries and he
himself engaged in diplomatic affairs to foster close ties between Pakistan and the Arab
world. His support for the Arab world was evident in his speeches and statements (Jinnah,
2013). Jinnah spoke in support of the Palestine crisis, expressing solidarity with the
Palestinian people and their struggle for self-determination and independence. He also
advocated for the rights of the Arab nations to govern themselves free from external
interference (Kazimi, 2005). Moreover, he emphasized the importance of unity among the
Muslim nations and called for collective action to address common challenges faced by the
Muslim world. He believed that Muslim countries should support one another to work
together for the betterment of their respective nations and the broader Muslim community
(Singh, 2010).

Jinnah and His Relations with the British

Jinnah had a complex relationship with the British during his political career. He
initially pursued a career in law and rose to prominence as a successful barrister in British
India. Nonetheless, as he became involved in politics and the struggle for independence, his
relationship with the British evolved (Shabbir, Alam, & Chawla, 2020). In his early years,
Jinnah maintained cordial and professional relationships with the British colonial
authorities. He practiced law within the British legal system and often represented Indian
clients in cases against the British administration. His legal expertise and reputation earned
him recognition and respect from British officials (Shabbir, 2020).

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 The Political Leadership of Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah:
His Approach Towards the National and International Affairs of the Muslims

Jinnah became more politically active, he increasingly challenged British policies

and sought greater autonomy for the Indian people. He criticized the discriminatory
practices of the British government and advocated for the rights of the colonial population.
His confrontation with the British became more pronounced during the later stage of his
political career (Hoodbhoy, 2007). He actively opposed various British acts and policies,
such as the Rowlatt and the Government of India Acts of 1935, which he believed fell short
of addressing the aspiration of the Indian people, particularly the Muslims. Despite his
opposition to British rule, Jinnah maintained a pragmatic approach and engaged in
negotiations with the British in pursuit of the rights and interests of the Indian Muslim
community (Noorani, 1990). He participated in constitutional discussions and worked
towards achieving a political solution that would ensure Muslim representation and
safeguard their rights in a postcolonial India.

Conclusion

During the partition of India and the creation of Pakistan, Jinnah played a key role
in negotiating with the British government and securing the independence of Pakistan. He
led the All-India Muslim League’s demand for is separate Muslim homeland and work
closely with British officials to navigate the complex process of partition. His relationship
with the British was characterized by a mix of cooperation, confrontation and negotiation.
While he initially worked within the British legal system and enjoyed professional success,
his political career saw him challenging British policy and advocating for the rights of the
Indians, particularly Muslims. Ultimately, his vision and leadership what instrumental in
achieving the goal of independence and the creation of Pakistan.

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