CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
RESEARCH IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING
Created by Group 2 :
1. ELISA KHAIRANI (2020300056)
2. ICA APRIL LIANJA (2020300035
3. PUTRI ZUL HILMA (2020300020)
4. RIA SAFITRI (2020300018)
Lecturer : Dr. Eka Sustri Harida, M.Pd.
NIP. 197509172003122002
ENGLISH EDUCATION PROGRAM
TARBIYAH AND TEACHER TRAINING FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
SYEKH ALI HASAN AHMAD ADDARY
PADANGSIDIMPUAN
2023
PREFACE
First of all, let’s say thanks to Allah SWT. Who has given us mercy and blessing
so that we can complete this paper with the title “Correlation Research.”
Secondly, Shalawat and greetings we give to the great prophet Muhammad SAW,
who has brought us from darkness to the brightness, from the Jahiliyyah era to the
Islamic era.
Beside that we would like to say thanks to our lecturer Mam Dr. Eka Sustri
Harida, M. Pd. as a lecturer who has guided us in the subject Reseach in English
Language Teaching. Hopefully this paper will useful for us all.
We are very grateful for being able to finish the paper entitled “Correlation
Research”. And we realize that this paper still has many shortcomings. Therefore, we
sincerely hope for constructive criticism and suggestion from various parties to improve
this paper. We hope this paper can be useful for readers, especially adding insight into the
Research in English Language Teaching, thus may Allah Swt gives us strength and
sincerity to fight for the progress of the people in all areas of life. Aamiin.
Padangsidimpuan, 27 March 2023.
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TABLE OF CONTENT
PREPACE .......................................................................................................................1
TABLE OF CONTENT..................................................................................................2
CORRELATION RESEARCH.....................................................................................3
INTRODUCTON
...........................................................................................................................................
3
CONTENT.......................................................................................................................3
1. Definition of Correlation Research.......................................................................3
2. The Types of Correlation Research ......................................................................4
3. The Characteristic of Correlation Research .........................................................4
4. Step In Correletaion Research ..............................................................................5
5. Data Collection Method In Correlation Research.................................................6
6. The Examples of Correlational Research.............................................................7
REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………....8
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CORRELATION RESEARCH
A. INTRODUCTION
Correlation research is a type of non- experimental research method in which a
researcher measures two variables, understands and assesses the statistical relationship
between them without the influence of extraneous variables.
Our minds can do some brilliant things. For example, you can memorize the sound of
an ice cream truck. The louder it gets, the closer the ice cream truck is to us. Who taught us
that? Nobody! We rely on our understanding and come to a conclusion. We don't stop there,
do we? If there are several ice cream trucks in the area and each one has a different sound,
we will remember all of them and associate the sound with the ice cream truck. This is
exactly what research is all about correlation. Establish a relationship between the two
variables, "noise" and "truck distance" in this particular correlation example. look for study
variables that appear to interact with each other. When you see one variable change, you
have a fair idea of how the other variables will change.
B. CONTENT
1. Definition of Correlation Research
The following is the definition of correlation research according to experts :
a. Fraenkel and Wallen
Correlational research is research that aims to determine the relationship between
variables or more, without any attempt to influence, then the data is valid because
there is no variable manipulation.
b. Fraenkel and Wallen
Correlational research is research that aims to determine the relationship between
variables or more, without any attempt to influence, then the data is valid because
there is no variable manipulation.
c. Gay
Correlation research is research that includes ex facto, because the variables are
not manipulated by researcher and can directly look for relationships between
these variables.
d. Emzir
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Correlation research is research that seeks to interpret the relationship between
variables. Correlation research is generally used in the social, economic, and
educational, fields.
e. Wirawarsunu
The statistical technique used to find a relationship or correlation between 2 or
more variables is called a correlation technique. The 2 variables examined are
called independent variables (variable X) and independent variable (variable Y).
f. Suryabrata
Correlation research is research that aims to detect the relationship between
internal variations and external variations based on the correlation coefficient.
2. The Types of Correlation Research
Mainly three types of correlational research have been identified:
1. Positive correlation: A positive relationship between two variables is when an
increase in one variable causes an increase in the other variable. A decrease in one
variable will cause a decrease in other variables. For example, the amount of
money a person owns may be positively correlated with the number of cars that
person owns.
2. Negative Correlation
The second possibility is that there is a negative correlation, which is the opposite
of a positive correlation. This means that one variable with another has the
opposite effect. If the first variable increases, the second variable and so on can
decrease.
3. Correlation
The third possibility is that there is no correlation, so that the variables do not
have a relationship with one another. So, if one has decreased then the other will
not be affected.
3. The Characteristic of Correlation Research
Correlational research has three main characteristics, they are:
1. Non-experimental: Correlation studies are non-experimental. This means that
researchers do not need to manipulate variables with scientific methodology to
agree or disagree. with hypotheses. Researchers only measure and observe the
relationships between variables, without changing them or subjecting them to
external conditioning.
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2. Looking back: Correlation research only looks back at historical data and looks at
past events. Researchers use it to measure and see historical patterns between two
variables. Correlation studies may show a positive relationship between two
variables, but this may change in the future.
3. Dynamic: The pattern between two variables from correlation research is never
constant and always changing. Two variables that have a negative correlation in
the past can have a positive correlation in the future due to various factors.
4. Steps in Correlational Research
Before conducting a study, you must pay attention to the steps or sequence. Below is an
explanation of the steps:
1. Problem Determination
First, namely define the problem. Not all problems can be studied using
correlation, because correlation only measures the level of relationship, not the
cause or effect of the problem. The problems examined by correlational research
must have an impact or benefit on the results. Determination of the problem based
on the presence of a complex phenomenon, so it is necessary to know the
relationship.
2. Literature Study
Second, look for references or theoretical foundations for the research. In this
literature study, the researcher looks for reference sources that can be used as
research references, so that the research can be carried out systematically based on
the order of the references. References that can be used can be in the form of
journal articles, books, proceedings, and so on.
3. Research Methodology
Third, determine the research method used. In the correlation research method, the
researcher must determine the subjects to be used in the study. The selection of
research subjects must be based on the specified variables, so that the results
obtained can be valid and relevant.
4. Data Collection
Fourth, collect the data needed for research. Collection of data based on or
adjusting the selected variables. The data collection can use tests, questionnaires,
interviews, observations. The data collected must be in the form of numbers,
because the measurement is using statistical methods.
5. Data Analysis
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Fifth, analyze the data that has been obtained. Data analysis in correlational
research is by correlating one variable with another variable, so as to get the
appropriate research.results. As explained in the chapter "Types of Correlational
Research", researchers can adapt their research using relationship, prediction, or
bivariate correlation techniques.
6. Conclusion
Sixth, namely summarizing or drawing conclusions in general with a description
and discussion of the results regarding the invention. The description of the
conclusion must be concise, relevant and coherent based on the research problem.
5. Data Collection Methods In Correlational Research
There are 3 data collection methods that can be used in correlational research. The 3
methods are naturalistic observation, archival data, and surveys. An explanation of the 3
methods of data collection can be studied below.
1. Naturalistic Observation
The naturalistic observation method is a correlational research method that involves
observing a person's behavior shown in the environment they are in and at a certain time
period as well. This method is a field data collection method that involves researchers
directly involved in their observations. In observing the researcher pays attention to the
natural pattern shown by that person.
2. Data Archive
The data archive method is a data collection method in correlational research involving
users of information or information that has been collected regarding a variable in the study.
This data collection method uses data that has been collected, so that it can be analyzed
directly.
The use of this method has advantages, namely it can save costs, time, and can be
accessed and selected easily. While the drawback is the lack of accuracy of the data obtained
because researchers do not know and have no control over the data.
3. Surveys
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The survey method is a data collection method in correlational research that is most
commonly used in research, especially in the field of psychology. This method of data
collection involves taking a random sample from a predetermined population or subject. The
sample was taken from participants who had filled out a questionnaire given to subjects who
had been determined according to the research.
6. The Examples of Correlational Research
1. Relationship between interest and achievement in Learning History with historical
awareness of student of MAN Yogyakarta III.
2. Correlation between interest in learning physics and parents’ attention to physics
learning achievement of grade VII students of SMP N 1 Depok in academic year
2015/2016.
3. The relationship between education in the family and respect for grade IV students at
Sd N 03 Pagar Alam City.
REFERENCES
7
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%20design%20investigates,be%20either%20positive%20or%20negative
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%20kaitan%20hubungan,dapat%20mengungkapkan%20hubungan%20secara%20statistik
https://lp2m.uma.ac.id/2021/12/13/penelitian-korelasi-definisi-jenis-jenis-dengan-contohnya/
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