INORGANIC CHEMISTRY Laboratory (Sci111L)
First Semester, SY2018-2019
SAINT LOUIS UNIBVERSITY
SCHOOL OF TEACHER EDUCATION AND LIBERAL ARTS
DEPARTMENT OF PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
Baguio City
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY LABORATORY
Title of the activity: REVERSIBILITY OF REACTIONS AND Neatness of the report (5)
202 Secretary
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
: Cariaga, Jellah Mae
Date performed : November 19, 2018
Date submitted : November 23, 2018
Completeness
Accuracy of the data
Punctuality
(5)
(5)
(5)
Name of student %Investment Signature Name of student % Signature
Investment
Amorada, Nico
Albin, Billie May
Cariaga, Jelllah Mae
Pater, Shirene
CONCEPT IMAGE
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imgurl=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/f8ttTtkEo95qwKQybFUCRqgzN40%3D/768x0/filters:no_
upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/simple-experiment-
58b5b3325f9b586046bbfa7f.jpg&imgrefurl=https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-reversible-
reaction-and-examples-605617&docid=VTuGG2uRHrqnCM&tbnid=e1HygTf-CV-
2cM:&vet=1&w=768&h=614&hl=en-PH&source=sh/x/im
PROF. WILFRED B. BAMBICO, Chem, MAEduc, LPT, PhD Sci Educ
Department of Professional Education, School of Teacher Education and Liberal Arts (STELA)
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY Laboratory (Sci111L)
First Semester, SY2018-2019
OBJECTIVES
To study some reversible and irreversible reactions and to show the effect of concentration
on the equilibrium state in a reversible reaction.
DISCUSSION OF THE THEORY
A reversible reaction is a chemical reaction where the reactants form products that, in
turn, react together to give the reactants back. Reversible reactions will reach an equilibrium
point where the concentrations of the reactants and products will no longer change.
A reversible reaction is denoted by a double arrow pointing both directions in a chemical
equation. For example, a two reagent, two product equation would be written as
A+B⇆C+D
Notation
Bidirectional harpoons or double arrows (⇆) should be used to indicate reversible reactions, with
the double-sided arrow (↔) reserved for resonance structures, but online you'll most likely
encounter arrows in equations, simply because it's easier to code. When you write on paper, the
proper form is to use the harpoon or double arrow notation.
Example of a Reversible Reaction
Weak acids and bases may undergo reversible reactions. For example, carbonic acid and water
react this way:
H2CO3 (l) + H2O(l) ⇌ HCO−3 (aq) + H3O+(aq)
Another example of a reversible reaction is:
N2O4 ⇆ 2 NO2
Two chemical reactions occur simultaneously:
N2O4 → 2 NO2
2 NO2 → N2O4
Reversible reactions do not necessarily occur at the same rate in both directions, but they do
lead to an equilibrium condition. If dynamic equilibrium occurs, the product of one reaction is
forming at the same rate as it is used up for the reverse reaction. Equilibrium constants are
calculated or provided to help determine how much reactant and product is formed.
PROF. WILFRED B. BAMBICO, Chem, MAEduc, LPT, PhD Sci Educ
Department of Professional Education, School of Teacher Education and Liberal Arts (STELA)
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY Laboratory (Sci111L)
First Semester, SY2018-2019
The equilibrium of a reversible reaction depends on the initial concentrations of the reactants
and products and the equilibrium constant, K.
How a Reversible Reaction Works
Most reactions encountered in chemistry are irreversible reactions (or reversible, but with very
little product converting back into reactant). For example, if you burn a piece of wood using the
combustion reaction, you never see the ash spontaneously make new wood, do you? Yet, some
reactions do reverse. How does this work?
The answer has to do with the energy output of each reaction and that required for it to occur. In
a reversible reaction, reacting molecules in a closed system collide with each other and use the
energy to break chemical bonds and form new products. Enough energy is present in the system
for the same process to occur with the products. Bonds are broken and new ones formed, that
happen to result in the initial reactants.
Fun Fact
At one time, scientists believed all chemical reactions were irreversible reactions. In 1803,
Berthollet proposed the idea of a reversible reaction after observing the formation of sodium
carbonate crystals on the edge of a salt lake in Egypt. Berthollet believed excess salt in the lake
pushed the formation of sodium carbonate, which could then react again to form sodium chloride
and calcium carbonate:
2NaCl + CaCO3 ⇆ Na2CO3 + CaCl2
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Irreversible Reactions
A fundamental concept of chemistry is that chemical reactions occurred when reactants reacted
with each other to form products. These unidirectional reactions are known as irreversible
reactions, reactions in which the reactants convert to products and where the products cannot
convert back to the reactants. These reactions are essentially like baking. The ingredients, acting
as the reactants, are mixed and baked together to form a cake, which acts as the product. This
cake cannot be converted back to the reactants (the eggs, flour, etc.), just as the products in an
irreversible reaction cannot convert back into the reactants.
An example of an irreversible reaction is combustion. Combustion involves burning an organic
compound—such as a hydrocarbon—and oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. Because
water and carbon dioxide are stable, they do not react with each other to form the reactants.
Combustion reactions take the following form:
PROF. WILFRED B. BAMBICO, Chem, MAEduc, LPT, PhD Sci Educ
Department of Professional Education, School of Teacher Education and Liberal Arts (STELA)
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY Laboratory (Sci111L)
First Semester, SY2018-2019
CxHy+O2→CO2+H2O(1)
Reversible Reactions
In reversible reactions, the reactants and products are never fully consumed; they are each
constantly reacting and being produced. A reversible reaction can take the following summarized
form:
A+B⇌k1k−1C+D(2)
This reversible reaction can be broken into two reactions.
Reaction 1:
A+B−→k1C+D(3)
Reaction 2:
C+D−→−k−1A+B(4)
These two reactions are occurring simultaneously, which means that the reactants are reacting
to yield the products, as the products are reacting to produce the reactants. Collisions of the
reacting molecules cause chemical reactions in a closed system. After products are formed, the
bonds between these products are broken when the molecules collide with each other, producing
sufficient energy needed to break the bonds of the product and reactant molecules.
Below is an example of the summarized form of a reversible reaction and a breakdown of the
reversible reaction N2O4 ↔ 2NO2
Reaction 1 and Reaction 2 happen at the same time because they are in a closed system.
Blue: Nitrogen Red: Oxygen
Reaction 1 Reaction 2
PROF. WILFRED B. BAMBICO, Chem, MAEduc, LPT, PhD Sci Educ
Department of Professional Education, School of Teacher Education and Liberal Arts (STELA)
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY Laboratory (Sci111L)
First Semester, SY2018-2019
Imagine a ballroom. Let reactant A be 10 girls and reactant B be 10 boys. As each girl and boy
goes to the dance floor, they pair up to become a product. Once five girls and five boys are on
the dance floor, one of the five pairs break up and moves to the sidelines, becoming reactants
again. As this pair leaves the dance floor, another boy and girl on the sidelines pair up to form a
product once more. This process continues over and over again, representing a reversible
reaction.
Unlike irreversible reactions, reversible reactions lead to equilibrium: in reversible reactions, the
reaction proceeds in both directions whereas in irreversible reactions the reaction proceeds in
only one direction.
If the reactants are formed at the same rate as the products, a dynamic equilibrium exists. For
example, if a water tank is being filled with water at the same rate as water is leaving the tank
(through a hypothetical hole), the amount of water remaining in the tank remains consistent.
Principles of Chemical Equilibrium
Chemical equilibrium is a state in which the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the
backward reaction. In other words, there is no net change in concentrations of reactants and
products. This kind of equilibrium is also called dynamic equilibrium.
PROF. WILFRED B. BAMBICO, Chem, MAEduc, LPT, PhD Sci Educ
Department of Professional Education, School of Teacher Education and Liberal Arts (STELA)
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY Laboratory (Sci111L)
First Semester, SY2018-2019
Introduction
Given the following elementary reaction:
aA+bB⇌k−1k1cC+dD(1)
the rate of the forward reaction can be represented by the following equation:
rate=−k1[A]a[B]b=k−1[C]c[D]d(2)
where k1 and k-1 are the reaction constants for the forward and reverse reactions, respectively.
Note: the constant k can vary among different reactions at different temperatures.
When the rate is zero, the net concentrations of A, B, C, and D are in equilibrium with each other.
Thus, if there is a change in the system due to changes in concentration, temperature, or
pressure, the equilibrium will shift to offset the change and re-establish equilibrium according to
Le Chatelier’s principle. Le Chatelier’s principle indicates whether more reactants or more
products will be made. Note that the presence of a catalyst does not shift the equilibrium; it only
causes the reaction to reach equilibrium faster. This is due to the fact that catalysts only lower
activation energies.
Dynamic equilibrium is useful in predicting whether the forward or reverse reaction is
spontaneous or nonspontaneous. To explain how this works, three quantities must be introduced:
the equilibrium constant, K; the reaction quotient, Q; and the Gibbs Free Energy for a certain
reaction, dGr. The equations for K and Q are given below:
K=acCadDaaAabB at equilibrium(3)
Q=acCadDaaAabB at any point in the reaction(4)
Where aC corresponds to the activity of C, aD corresponds to the activity of D, etc.
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ps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Pr
inciples_of_Chemical_Equilibria/Principles_of_Chemical_Equilibrium
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upplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Dynamic_Equilibria/Revers
ible_vs._Irreversible_Reactions
PROCEDURE:
A. Reversible Reactions
1. Place a few crystals of bismuth trichloride in a test tube and add 3 ml. of water.
PROF. WILFRED B. BAMBICO, Chem, MAEduc, LPT, PhD Sci Educ
Department of Professional Education, School of Teacher Education and Liberal Arts (STELA)
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY Laboratory (Sci111L)
First Semester, SY2018-2019
Figure 1 The picture shows the few crystals of bismuth trichloride placed in a test
tube and added a 3 ml. of water
1. What change takes place? When a few crystals of bismuth trichloride in a test
tube and add 3 ml. of water, the resulted solution produces a White
precipitate inside the test tube.
Write the equation for the reaction. BiCl3 + H2O → BiOCl + 2HCl
Test the solution with litmus paper. Result. The Blue litmus paper turned to
red that means the solution is an acid.
What causes this change? This change is caused when the chlorine reacts
to the water it will produce HCl which is an Acid, which has a low pH so it
turns the blue litmus paper to red.
Add to the solution concentrated hydrochloric acid (CAUTION!) a drop at a time
with constant shaking until a change is observed.
Result. After dropping HCl on the third drop bubbles are formed and the
bismuth is dissolved.
Give the effect of the following on the direction of the reversible reaction:
a. Adding more water: Addition of water re-forms the bismuth( III)
oxychloride as a white precipitate.
b. Adding more HCl- Subsequent addition of hydrochloric acid increases
the chloride ion concentration and re-dissolves the precipitate.
2. To 30 ml. of water in a cylinder, add 10 drops of ferric chloride solution and 5
drops of ammonium thiocyanate. The red color is due to the ferric thiocyanate.
Divide the solution into 4 portions in separate test tubes and proceed as follows,
recording the color change in each case, whether the solution becomes lighter or
darker than the color of the standard.
PROF. WILFRED B. BAMBICO, Chem, MAEduc, LPT, PhD Sci Educ
Department of Professional Education, School of Teacher Education and Liberal Arts (STELA)
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY Laboratory (Sci111L)
First Semester, SY2018-2019
Figure 2.1 The picture shows the mixture of ferric chloride, ammonium
thiocyanate and ferric thiocyanate
Figure 2.2 The picture shows the separation of the solution into 4 portion
Test tube no. 1 – Reserve as standard.
Test tube no. 2 – Add a few drops of ferric chloride.
Result: After adding few drops of ferric chloride the solution is color red.
Test tube no. 3- Add a few drops of ammonium thiocyanate.
Result: After adding few drops of ammonium thiocyanate the solution is
color red.
Test tube no. 4 – Add solid ammonium chloride and shake well.
PROF. WILFRED B. BAMBICO, Chem, MAEduc, LPT, PhD Sci Educ
Department of Professional Education, School of Teacher Education and Liberal Arts (STELA)
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY Laboratory (Sci111L)
First Semester, SY2018-2019
Result: After adding solid ammonium chloride the red color solution
turned again to orange color same with the first test tube.
Write the equation for the reaction. NH4SCN + FeCl3 + 5H2O →
[Fe(H2O)5(SCN)]Cl2 + NH4Cl
Explain the result on the basis of whether the forward or backward reaction is
favored when:
a. Ferric chloride was added. If we add ferric chloride solution the
concentration of ferric ions increases. As a result, more thiocyanate
ions combine with ferric ions to increase the [Fe(SCN) 2+] complex and
therefore the color intensity of the red solution increases. The increase
in concentration of ferric ions shifts the equilibrium in the forward
direction.
b. Ammonium thiocyanate was added. If we increase the concentration of
thiocyanate, more ferric ions react with thiocyanate ions to increase
the [Fe(SCN)2+] complex. As a result, the color intensity of the red
solution increases. Thus, the increase in concentration of thiocyanate
ions shifts the equilibrium in the forward direction.
c. Ammonium chloride was added. If we add ammonium chloride to the
solution, the concentration of ammonium ions increases. It affects the
equilibrium between ammonium ions and thiocyanate ions. As the
concentration of ammonium ions increases, more thiocyanate ions
react with ammonium ions to form more ammonium thiocyanate and
the above equilibrium shift in the backward direction occurs. As a
result, the concentration of thiocyanate ions decreases and the
equilibrium 1 shifts in the backward direction. In other words, some of
the [Fe(SCN)2+] complex dissociates to give Fe3+ and SCN- ions.
Name and state the law involved the above procedures. If we add ammonium
chloride to the solution, the concentration of ammonium ions increases. It
affects the equilibrium between ammonium ions and thiocyanate ions. As
the concentration of ammonium ions increases, more thiocyanate ions
react with ammonium ions to form more ammonium thiocyanate and the
above equilibrium shift in the backward direction occurs. As a result, the
concentration of thiocyanate ions decreases and the equilibrium 1 shifts in
the backward direction. In other words, some of the [Fe(SCN) 2+] complex
dissociates to give Fe3+ and SCN- ions.
PROF. WILFRED B. BAMBICO, Chem, MAEduc, LPT, PhD Sci Educ
Department of Professional Education, School of Teacher Education and Liberal Arts (STELA)
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY Laboratory (Sci111L)
First Semester, SY2018-2019
When is a reaction said to be reversible? In reversible reactions, as the
reactants react with other reactants to form products, the products are reacting
with other products to form reactants.
What is meant by chemical equilibrium? Chemical Equilibrium is a term applied
to reversible chemical reactions. It is the point at which the rate of the forward
reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction. When equilibrium is
achieved, the concentrations of reactants and products become constant.
Name and explain three factors which affect equilibrium.
a.) Effect of Concentration on Equilibrium: Adding or removing matters into reaction
effect equilibrium. For example, adding reactants or removing products increase the
yield of product. On the contrary, adding products or removing reactants increase
yield of reactants. I other words, in first situation equilibrium shifts to the right and in
second situation equilibrium shifts to the left. For instance; H 2(g) + I2(g) ↔ 2HI(g)If we
add H2 gas to the container, equilibrium shifts to the right and system decrease the
concentration of H2. ( Le Chatelier’s principle).
B.) Effect of Temperature on Equilibrium: Heat must be given to system at equilibrium
to increase temperature of it. This process gives different results in endothermic and
exothermic reactions. For example; H2(g) + I2(g) ↔ 2HI(g) + Heat. Reaction given
above is exothermic. To keep equilibrium temperature must be constant. If heat is
given to system, according to Le Chatelier’s principle system wants to decrease this
temperature and equilibrium shift to the left or right. In an endothermic reaction;
increasing temperature shift equilibrium to the right and equilibrium constant
increases. In an endothermic reaction; increasing temperature shift equilibrium to the
left and equilibrium constant decreases.
C.) Effect of Pressure on Equilibrium: To talk about effect of pressure on equilibrium,
at least one of the matters must be in gas phase. In other words, in a reaction
consisting of liquid, aqueous, or solid there is no effect of pressure on equilibrium of
this system. If one of the matters in container under constant temperature and
pressure is removed or added, pressure of the system changes. However, change in
the concentration is taken into consideration not pressure. Temperature can be
changed under constant volume. In this situation even if pressure changes, we
consider changes in the temperature while finding equilibrium constant. In gas
reactions, if there is no change in number of moles, then pressure do not affect
equilibrium.
B. Irreversible Reactions
1. Recall the action of sodium metal on water.
Write the equation for the reaction. 2Na+ 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2
PROF. WILFRED B. BAMBICO, Chem, MAEduc, LPT, PhD Sci Educ
Department of Professional Education, School of Teacher Education and Liberal Arts (STELA)
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY Laboratory (Sci111L)
First Semester, SY2018-2019
Why is this reaction irreversible? The reaction is irreversible because when
Sodium metal is added to water the sodium displaces the H + and the reaction
produces hydrogen gas, the solution is already a base because the property
of being an acid is removed because of the displacement of Hydrogen from
the reactants.
2. Pour 10 ml. dilute sodium hydroxide in a 100 ml. beaker. Add dilute sulfuric acid
(CAUTION!) a little at a time and make frequent test with both red and blue
litmus paper. Stir well before each test. Continue to add acid until neither blue
nor red litmus paper gives a positive reaction.
When blue litmus paper is no longer affected, what ions have been lost to the
solution? When blue litmus paper is no longer affected, the ions that
have been lost to the solution is the H+.
When red litmus paper is no longer affected, what ions have been lost to the
solution? When red litmus paper is no longer affected, the ions that have
been lost to the solution is the OH-.
What became of these ions? These ions are neutralized and produces H2O.
Write the equation for the reaction. 2NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 +2H2O
Why is this reaction irreversible? The chemical reaction in which a base
reacts with an acid to form salt and water. This is irreversible because
after adding Sulfuric Acid to the Sodium Hydroxide it is already
neutralize.
Figure 3.1 The picture shows the adding of dilute sulfuric acid
PROF. WILFRED B. BAMBICO, Chem, MAEduc, LPT, PhD Sci Educ
Department of Professional Education, School of Teacher Education and Liberal Arts (STELA)
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY Laboratory (Sci111L)
First Semester, SY2018-2019
Figure 3.2 The picture shows the testing of the solution in the litmus paper
3. Place a pinch of sugar in a dry test tube and heat gently.
Observation: It is caramelized.
Write the equation for the reaction: C12H22O11+12O2→12CO2+11H2O
Why is this reaction irreversible? The reaction is irreversible because the
chemical change is combustion and we can’t change back the
caramelized product to sugar. In other words, we can’t convert back the
caramel into the original pinch of sugar
Under what three conditions are reactions said to be irreversible?
a.) Burning. This is specifically for flammable materials. Burning is a
permanent change to something. You can’t return ash and smoke into
wood.
b.)Heating. Some permanent changes can occur from just heating an object.
Cooking an egg is a permanent change. You can’t un-cook something!
c.) Chemical Reactions. These are changes that alter the actual material in
some way. The result is often a new material of some. Examples of
chemical changes include baking a cake and or making a bread. The
ingredients react with each other in the heat to create a new material.
This can’t be changed back into it’s individual ingredients so it is a
irreversible change.
PROF. WILFRED B. BAMBICO, Chem, MAEduc, LPT, PhD Sci Educ
Department of Professional Education, School of Teacher Education and Liberal Arts (STELA)
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY Laboratory (Sci111L)
First Semester, SY2018-2019
Figure 4 The pictures shows the heating of a pinch of sugar
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the experiment is focused on studying the reversible and
irreversible reactions and to show the effect of concentration on the equilibrium
state in a reversible reaction. We’ve learned that in reversible reactions, as the
reactants react with other reactants to form products, the products are reacting
with other products to form reactants. This include the Chemical Equilibrium, it
is a term applied to reversible chemical reactions. It is the point at which the
rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction. When
equilibrium is achieved, the concentrations of reactants and products become
constant. There are factors on affecting the Chemical equilibrium, the Effect of
Concentration on Equilibrium, Effect of temperature and the effect of pressure
on equilibrium. The last part of the experiment is about the irreversible
reactions, in this reaction it cannot go back again to the original reactants. To
sum it up, this experiment is very useful in learning the different reactions that
can help us understand more about reversibility of reactions.
PROF. WILFRED B. BAMBICO, Chem, MAEduc, LPT, PhD Sci Educ
Department of Professional Education, School of Teacher Education and Liberal Arts (STELA)
