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Future Energy
Realizing ‘‘net-zero-carbon’’ PhD in mechanical & aerospace En-
gineering from Princeton.
sustainable aviation fuel
Derek R. Vardon,1,* Bryan J. Sherbacow,1 Kaiyu Guan,2 Dr. Zia Abdullah is the biomass
Joshua S. Heyne,3 and Zia Abdullah4 laboratory program manager at
the National Renewable Energy
Laboratory (NREL) and leads the
Dr. Derek Vardon is the chief Dr. Kaiyu Guan is a Blue Waters laboratory’s Sustainable Aviation
technology officer of Alder Fuels. Associate Professor in ecohydrol- Fuels program. Zia is a mechani-
Prior to joining Alder Fuels, he ogy and remote sensing and the cal engineer with extensive expe-
worked at the National Renew- Founding Director of Agroeco- rience and accomplishments in
able Energy Laboratory (NREL) system Sustainability Center at thermochemically and biochemi-
leading research and develop- the University of Illinois at Ur- cally converting biomass to fuels
ment projects to decarbonize bana-Champaign (UIUC). He got and chemicals. His experience in-
aviation and heavy-duty ground his PhD at Princeton University cludes more than 25 years of
transportation with fuels pro- and was a postdoc fellow at Stan- research and development in
duced from biomass and waste. ford University before he joined fast pyrolysis, gasification, hydro-
He is the author of over 30 peer- UIUC in Feb 2016. Guan’s group treatment, biomass deconstruc-
reviewed scientific publications at UIUC focuses on bringing the tion, fermentation, separations,
on biofuels and biobased chemi- interdisciplinary domain knowl- process integration and scaleup,
cals, inventor on multiple edge (plant ecology, hydrology, as well as risk analysis, business
pending and issued US patents, biogeochemistry, and climate development, and project man-
and affiliate faculty member in science), satellite/airborne data, agement. Prior to NREL, Zia was
the department of chemistry at fieldwork, supercomputing, and institute fellow at the Battelle Me-
the Colorado School of Mines. machine learning together to morial Institute, and before that
He received his BS, MS, and PhD revolutionize how we monitor engineering advisor at Weyer-
in environmental engineering and model plant-carbon-water- haeuser Company.
from the University of Illinois at nutrient interactions for agricul-
Urbana-Champaign. tural ecosystems, across the US
and globe. The aviation industry needs renewable
Bryan Sherbacow is the chief exec- and fungible jet fuel—commonly
utive officer of Alder Fuels, which Dr. Joshua Heyne is an associate referred to as sustainable aviation fuel
is commercializing technology to professor of mechanical & aero- (SAF)—to minimize emissions and in-
enable carbon-negative crude oil space engineering at the University crease efficiencies. SAF can displace
from biomass for use in existing of Dayton. Since 2014, Professor the same, if not more, CO2 equivalent
refineries. Alder partnered with Heyne has worked to streamline emissions (CO2eq), reduce contrail for-
Honeywell for development and the qualification process of SAFs mation, and increase engine-aircraft ef-
licensing. United Airlines has con- under the 40-institution and 150- ficiencies.1–7 Flight represents 10% of
tracted with Alder for the largest member National Jet Fuel Combus- transportation greenhouse gas emis-
publicly announced agreement tion Program (NJFCP). Outside of sions, with the global consumption of
for sustainable aviation fuel the NJFCP, Professor Heyne works 400 billion liters of fossil jet fuel in
(SAF) in aviation history to date. on SAF candidate prescreening, 2019 releasing over 900 million tons of
Mr. Sherbacow is a recognized GCxGC methods, high-perfor- CO2eq.8 Even with impacts from the
pioneer in the development of mance fuels, and engine design to COVID-19 global pandemic, the avia-
low carbon fuels and responsible utilize SAF properties. He is a tion sector is projected to grow with
for the first commercialization of quad-chair of the Commercial Avia- passenger miles expected to double
SAF. He serves as Chairman of tion Alternative Fuels Initiative R&D by 2050, relative to 2010.8 As such,
the Low Carbon Fuels Coalition committee and coordinates across there is an urgent need to produce
and a steering committee mem- companies and research institutions drop-in aviation fuel from renewables
ber of the Business Aviation Coali- toward aviation decarbonization. with a dramatically lower carbon
tion for SAF. He holds four degrees, including a footprint.

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higher efficiency of electric motors rela-

tive to turbine engines, battery weight
for equivalent energy for thrust will be
28 times the weight of jet fuel.9 Aviation
safety is built around redundancy; how-
ever, there is only one source of energy
on current commercial aviation aircraft.
The fuel must be handled, transported,
and used in a diverse set of operational
conditions. The environmental impacts
of aviation fuel combustion must also
be managed, which requires reductions
in CO2 emissions, as well as soot, NOx,
and contrail formation.

Competing technologies to SAF have

yet to demonstrate the ability to meet
the diverse design points of aviation
energy needs. Long-haul hydrogen-
powered aircraft require cryogenic
Figure 1. Life cycle emissions for select SAF pathways temperatures ( 253 to 230  C) and
Detailed life cycle CO 2eq emissions (net values in diamond symbols) associated with SAF produced have significantly lower energy den-
by hydrotreating esters and fatty acids (HEFA-SAF), the current leading commercial pathway, as sities (6.5 times less). The use of
well by Fischer-Tropsch conversion of Miscanthus, an emerging energy crop with favorable induced
hydrogen also adds the challenge of
land use change. Net life cycle emissions (diamond symbols) are provided for HEFA-SAF derived
from virgin soybean oil, HEFA-SAF derived from used cooking oil, and Fischer-Tropsch SAF derived being highly flammable and volatile.
from Miscanthus. 2 While batteries and hydrogen power
may provide alternatives for regional
While ‘‘sustainable’’ is coined in the (Table 1), with values as low as 22.5 air travel over short distances with
name, critical efforts are needed to gCO2eq/MJ for Fischer-Tropsch with limited passengers and payloads, this
ensure current and emerging SAF pro- Miscanthus (Figure 1; Table 1) to as mode of transportation only accounts
duction pathways are developed in a high as 90.8 gCO2eq/MJ for alcohol- for a small fraction of total CO2
manner that reduces emissions and to-jet with corn grain.1–3 As illustrated emissions associated with commercial
lowers environmental impacts. Life cy- by this range of values, significant ad- air travel.10
cle analysis for jet fuel accounts for vancements are needed to ensure
CO2eq emissions at each stage of pro- emerging SAF routes collectively drive Biomass, defined as organic matter
duction and final combustion, with fos- toward lower carbon intensity. This derived from plants and animals (e.g.,
sil jet fuel having a life cycle carbon in- future energy perspective highlights agriculture crops and residues, wood
tensity of 89 gCO2eq/MJ.1–3 Currently, the technical opportunities and chal- and forestry waste, biogenic municipal
SAF is commercially produced by hy- lenges for realizing the goal of ‘‘net- waste, etc.), contains ‘‘modern’’ carbon
drotreating vegetable oils and waste zero-carbon SAF,’’ with a focus on that has not been transformed into a fossil
fats, oils, and greases,9 which have a biogenic feedstocks. state (e.g., crude oil or coal) and can ulti-
lower carbon intensity ranging from mately be tracked back to ‘‘recent’’
13.9 to 22.5 gCO2eq/MJ for waste oils Unlike ground transportation, there are photosynthesis. When biomass is con-
and 64.9 to 99.1 gCO2eq/MJ for virgin limited prospects for electrifying air- verted into SAF and combusted, the
oils (Figure 1; Table 1).1–3 The need planes during long-haul commercial resulting CO2 combustion emissions are
for even deeper carbon intensity reduc- passenger flight. Central to the chal- returned to the atmosphere and consid-
tions and limited availability of waste lenge is the energy density, safety, ered carbon neutral. To account for the
oils continue to motivate the develop- and environmental impacts of aviation full life cycle carbon intensity, however,
ment of new SAF production pathways. fuel. Conventional jet fuel displays an all sources of CO2eq emissions must be
Depending on the feedstock and con- exceptionally high energy density and tracked during the conversion of biomass
version process used, life cycle carbon specific energy of 34 MJ/L and 43 MJ/ into SAF. This quickly becomes a com-
intensity estimates of new SAF routes kg, respectively.9 Even with forward- plex and highly specific exercise which in-
can range by an order of magnitude looking projections for batteries and cludes 1) induced land use changes

Joule 6, 16–21, January 19, 2022 17

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Table 1. Default life cycle CO2eq emissions of SAF production pathways for select CORSIA cated bioenergy crops, such as Miscan-
eligible fuels thus, can result in increased soil organic
Induced Land
carbon during cultivation and favorable
Core Use Change Total Life ILUC that facilitates net negative carbon
SAF Conversion LCA LCA Cycle Emissions intensity biofuels (Figure 1; Table 1).1–3
Process Region SAF Feedstock (g CO2eq/MJ) (g CO2eq/MJ) (g CO2eq/MJ)
Other examples include ‘‘regenerative’’
Hydroprocessed Global Used cooking oil 13.9 0 13.9
esters and fatty Global agricultural practices that utilize no-till
Tallow 22.5 0 22.5
acids harvesting practices to intentionally leave
USA Soybean oil 40.4 24.5 64.9
Malaysia Palm oil – open 60 39.1 99.1 behind plant root structure and increase
& Indonesia pond soil organic carbon.12 Likewise, offseason
Ethanol to jet Brazil Sugarcane 24.1 8.7 32.8 cover crop rotations, smarter fertilizer
USA Corn grain 65.7 25.1 90.8 use, and use of degraded land for bio-
Isobutanol to jet USA Miscanthus 43.4 54.1 10.7
energy production can create added
Global Forestry 23.8 0 23.8
residues value without displacing arable land, if
Global Agricultural 29.3 0 29.3 managed properly.12,13 Other novel solu-
residues tions, such as covering farmland with
Brazil Sugarcane 24 7.3 31.3 crushed, fast-reacting silicate rocks to
Fischer-Tropsch USA Miscanthus 10.4 32.9 22.5 accelerate reactive capture of CO2 within
Global Biogenic MSW 5.2 0 5.2
the soil, are being tested.14 Scalable
USA Short rotation 12.2 5.2 7.0
poplar monitoring technologies and multi-scale
Global Agricultural 7.7 0 7.7 modeling tools will be critical to enable
residues the quantification of carbon-related out-
Global Forestry 8.3 0 8.3 comes for each approach in a trans-
residues
parent, accurate, and cost-effective
Total life cycle emissions are the sum of the core life cycle assessment (LCA) and induced land use change
LCA. Core LCA values include emissions from feedstock cultivation and collection, feedstock transporta- manner. These technologies, such as
tion, feedstock-to-fuel conversion, and fuel transportation. Induced land use change (ILUC) accounts for novel remote sensing, artificial intelli-
greenhouse gas emissions associated with changes in vegetative biomass carbon stock, soil carbon gence, and model-data fusion are being
stock, and forgone carbon sequestration.1–3. used to capture the temporal and spatial
variability of ‘‘nature-based’’ land man-
associated with biomass production and ogy, and geographical location of inter- agement strategies and provide data-
management, soil carbon flux, and soil est. Extensive work is also ongoing to driven quantification of the associated
CO2 sequestration; 2) avoided CO2eq reduce the carbon intensity of SAF are changes.15 Such approaches are needed
emissions relative to ‘‘business as usual’’ across each of these emission cate- to transparently quantify the carbon-
practices for waste biomass; 3) fossil- gories (Figure 2), with further perspec- related outcomes of agricultural practices
derived energy and material inputs used tive provided below regarding current for bioenergy production and link im-
at each step; and 4) non-CO2 combustion technology development efforts. provements in feedstock ILUC to low car-
products, such as soot and NOx, that bon markets to incentivize adoption.
contribute to the overall CO2eq footprint Leading strategies for realizing
of SAF. ‘‘net-zero-carbon’’ SAF Sequester biogenic carbon into the
Adopt sustainable agriculture and soil
Recently, the International Civil Avia- monitoring technologies Bioenergy with carbon capture and stor-
tion Organization (ICAO) looked to Sustainable production of biomass is a age (BECCS) has long been proposed
collate and harmonize the analysis of key pillar for facilitating decarbonization as a mitigation measure for climate
current and emergent SAF pathways with SAF.11 Historically, biofuels have change and is relevant to SAF.11,13,16
that would be eligible as fuels for the received significant critique due to con- Ethanol fermentation with carbon capture
Carbon Offsetting and Reduction cerns over induced land use change and storage17 is gaining industrial interest
Scheme for International Aviation (ILUC) when converting high-carbon to significantly improve the carbon inten-
(CORSIA).1–3 This effort generated stock land (e.g., forests, marsh, grass- sity of alcohol-to-jet with biogenic feed-
default life cycle emissions values for lands) into agricultural and plantation stocks, as one-third of the carbon in
multiple SAF pathways, with select re- land for biomass production. To address sugar is lost to CO2 during fermentation.
sults highlighted here (Figure 1; Table this issue, improved agricultural practices Although the cost and logistics of imple-
1). Final values would be specific to are being pursued to increase soil carbon menting a distributed CO2 collection
the SAF feedstock, conversion technol- stocks during biomass production. Dedi- and storage infrastructure remain a key

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approach for reducing both indirect

and direct CO2eq emissions. Regarding
the latter, the waste-to-energy technol-
ogies described above typically pro-
duce CO2 during the conversion step,
such as steam reforming of biogas-
derived methane to produce ‘‘green
hydrogen.’’ Leveraging BECCS with
biogenic waste streams can result in
both indirect and direct emission re-
ductions with potential for negative car-
bon intensity products, a key differen-
tiator when compared to using CCS
for fossil-derived feedstocks (e.g., natu-
ral gas with CCS for ‘‘blue hydrogen’’).

Use renewable electricity to make SAF

The rapid growth and competitive price
of renewable electricity provides a
means to reduce the carbon intensity
of process technologies that have his-
Figure 2. Strategies for net-zero-carbon SAF
torically relied on fossil inputs. Fossil-
Approaches to sequester biogenic CO 2eq during SAF production include 1) increasing soil organic
carbon reserves with regenerative agricultural practices, 2) producing biochar and biosolids as a derived hydrogen represents a signifi-
soil amendment, and 3) incorporating carbon capture and storage technologies into cant source of CO2eq for SAF, as it is
manufacturing. Avoided CO2eq emissions may also be realized by 1) diverting organic waste from used to remove oxygen and saturate
landfills and other high-emitting practices and 2) incorporating renewable energy and green chemical bonds from the feedstock.
hydrogen during manufacturing.
For example, hydrotreating waste
cooking oil can require 6 wt %
barrier. ‘‘Nature-based’’ approaches for methane emissions. Methane emissions hydrogen per unit of feed, depending
sequestering biogenic carbon into the have >20 times the global warming po- on the degree of unsaturation.
soil are also being pursued for production tential of CO2, motivating alternative Hydrogen production with renewable
pathways. Thermochemical pyrolysis practices that reduce emissions and electricity via water electrolysis offers a
technologies that produce biocrude oil reclaim embedded energy in waste. potential means to eliminate this
for SAF also yield solid biochar that can Biogas production from wet waste has CO2eq input. Likewise, new electro-
serve as a soil amendment.18,19 Ana- seen significant industrial adoption, chemical reactor designs can be used
logues exists for wet waste fermentation, which can be reformed into renewable process biomass and biomass-derived
as is the case for biosolids production hydrogen for SAF hydrotreating. Like- intermediates into SAF, as well as po-
via anaerobic digestion. Biochar and wise, waste-to-energy conversion tech- wer capture and conversion of CO2
biosolid materials have been shown to in- nologies for liquid energy carriers are into intermediates for SAF produc-
crease soil organic carbon content and being pursued, such as gasification of tion.22,23 However, there is a highly
improve nutrient retention,19,20 although municipal waste with Fischer-Tropsch, active debate regarding the most im-
a portion of the carbon will decompose hydrothermal liquefaction, and ar- pactful near-term use of renewable
and impact soil N and C cycles, necessi- rested methanogenesis for volatile fatty electrons for transportation decarbon-
tating robust land management and car- acids.4,21 A critical consideration when ization. Electrifying the ground trans-
bon-flux monitoring techniques, as noted quantifying avoided CO2eq emissions portation sector will require enormous
above for ILUC. from improved waste management is supplies of renewable electricity com-
that the approach compares new tech- ing online to displace fossil electricity,
Reduce the environmental impact and nology to ‘‘business as usual’’ practices, with the renewables only making up
recover value from waste with the latter ideally incurring minimal <1% of U.S. electrical energy used for
Current municipal and agricultural emissions in the first place. While this transportation.24 While it is not a ques-
waste management practices that allow critique is valid, the urgency of tion of ‘‘if’’ we should develop process
organic matter to decompose and rot reducing global greenhouse gas emis- technologies that leverage renewable
can result in significant CO2 and sions warrants an ‘‘all of the above’’ electricity for SAF, the questions of

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‘‘how’’ and ‘‘when’’ deserve critical The benefits of moving people and D., Stunkel, J., Yang, Z., Heyne, J.S., et al.
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