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Complex Number
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Content

Definition

Exponents of ‘𝒊’

Conjugate of complex numbers

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General introduction

Definition
Every complex number z can be written as

z=a+𝒊b

where a, b ∈ ℝ and 𝒊² = – 1, a = Re (z), b = Im(z) ‘𝒊' is called ′𝒊𝒐𝒕𝒂′

(the imaginary unit). it is a Greek letter.

z is called

(i) Real, if b = 0

(ii) Purely imaginary, if a = 0

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Note

(a) Zero is real as well as purely imaginary number.

(b) Real numbers satisfy order relations whereas imaginary numbers do

not satisfy order relations
i.e. 𝒊 > 0, 3 + 𝒊 < 2 are meaningless.
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Argand Plane

Every complex number z = a + 𝒊b can be represented as an ordered

pair (a, b) which can be plotted in a plane called argand plane /
complex plane
Imaginary axis

z(a, b)

Im (z)

O Real axis
Re(z)

Jean Robert Argand

Argand plane (1768-1822)

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Number System

Complete development of the number system can be summarised as

ℕ  ℕ0  ℤ  ℚ  ℝ  ℂ ℕ𝟎
ℕ

ℚ ℤ

Note

All real numbers except rational numbers are irrational numbers.

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Exponents of ‘i’

𝒊𝟎 = 𝟏; 𝒊² = – 𝟏; 𝒊𝟑 = – 𝒊 ; 𝒊𝟒 = 𝟏 𝒆𝒕𝒄.
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Note

Sum of any four consecutive powers of ‘𝒊’ is zero

𝒊n + 𝒊n+1 + 𝒊n+2 + 𝒊n+3 , n  ℤ, 𝒊² = – 1

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Conjugate

If z = a + 𝒊b, then a – 𝒊b is called complex conjugate of z and written as

𝒛ത = a – 𝒊b

Imaginary axis Imaginary axis

z(a,b) z(a,b) =(𝒁)(𝐚, 𝐛)

O O
Real axis Real axis

𝒁(𝐚, −𝐛)

𝒁(𝐚, −𝐛)
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Example
Imaginary axis

z3(0,4)

z1(3,3)
𝒁𝟐(−𝟏, 𝟐)

z4(5,0)
O 𝒁𝟒(𝟓, 𝟎) Real axis

z2(−1,−2)
𝒁𝟏(𝟑, −𝟑)

𝒁𝟑(𝟎, −𝟒)
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Content

Geometrical representation of 𝒛ത

Properties of 𝒛ത
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Geometrical representation of 𝒛ത

Imaginary axis

P(z)

q
Real axis
O -q

𝐐 𝒛ത

arg 𝒛ത = –arg (z)

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Properties of 𝒛ത

𝐳 + 𝐳ത 𝐳 − 𝐳ത
If z = x + 𝒊y, then x = 𝟐
, y= 𝟐𝐢

z = 𝐳ത  z is real

z + 𝐳ത = 0  z is purely imaginary

(𝐳𝟏 ± 𝐳𝟐) = 𝐳ത1 ± 𝐳ത2

𝐳𝟏 𝐳ഥ𝟏
(𝐳𝟏𝐳𝟐) = 𝐳ത1 𝐳ത2 & 𝐳𝟐
= 𝐳ത2
, (z2  0)
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01 Question Write the following as complex number (assume −𝟏 = 𝒊)

𝒊 −𝟏𝟔 𝒊𝒊 𝒙, 𝒙 > 𝟎 (𝒊𝒊𝒊) – 𝒃 + −𝟒𝒂𝒄, (𝒂, 𝒄 > 𝟎, 𝒃 ∈ ℝ)

Solution 𝐴𝑛𝑠. (𝑖) 0 + 4𝑖 (𝑖𝑖) 𝑥 + 0𝑖 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) – 𝑏 + 𝑖 2 𝑎𝑐

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02 Question 𝐈𝐟 𝐳ത 𝐛𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐣𝐮𝐠𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐱 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐳, 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞

𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐢𝐬 𝐟𝐚𝐥𝐬𝐞
(𝟏) | 𝐳 | = | 𝐳ത | (𝟐) 𝐳. 𝐳ത = | 𝐳ത |𝟐 (𝟑) 𝐚𝐫𝐠 𝐳 = 𝐚𝐫𝐠 𝐳ത (𝟒) 𝐳𝟏 + 𝐳𝟐 = 𝐳ത𝟏 + 𝐳ത𝟐

Solution Ans. 3
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03 Question 𝟐+ 𝐢 𝟐
𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐣𝐮𝐠𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐢𝐬
𝟑 + 𝟒𝒊
𝟏 𝟏 (𝟐) 𝐏𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐲 𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐫𝐲
𝟑 –𝟏 (𝟒) 𝐍𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐬𝐞
Solution Ans. (1)
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04 Question 𝐈𝐟 – 𝟑 + 𝒊𝒙𝟐𝒚 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐣𝐮𝐠𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚 + 𝟒𝒊, 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐥 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐱 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐲 𝐚𝐫𝐞
𝟏 𝐱 = ±𝟏, 𝐲 = 𝟏 (𝟐) 𝐱 = – 𝟏, 𝐲 = – 𝟒

𝟑 𝐱 = 𝟏, 𝐲 = – 𝟒 (𝟒) 𝐱 = ±𝟏, 𝐲 = – 𝟒
Solution Ans. (4)
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05 Question If i² = – 1, then 𝒊𝟐 + 𝒊𝟒 + 𝒊𝟔 + … … … 𝐮𝐩 𝐭𝐨 𝟐𝐧 + 𝟏 𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐬 =

Solution Ans. −1
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06 Question 𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝐈𝐟 i² = – 1, 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐨𝐟 ෍ 𝒊𝐧

𝐧=𝟏

Solution Ans. 0
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𝟏𝟑
07 Question
𝐈𝐟 i² = – 1, 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐨𝐟 ෍ (𝒊𝒏 +𝒊𝒏+𝟏 )
𝒏=𝟏
Solution Ans. 𝑖 − 1
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𝟏𝟎𝟎
08 Question
𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐥 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝒂 & 𝒃, (i² = – 1) 𝒊𝒇 ෍ 𝒊𝒓! = 𝒂 + 𝒃𝒊.
𝒓=𝟏

Solution Ans. 95 + 𝑖
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09 Question (𝒂 + 𝒊𝒃) < (𝒄 + 𝒊𝒅) 𝐢𝐬 𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐟𝐮𝐥𝐥 𝐟𝐨𝐫 (𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄, 𝒅 ∈ ℝ)

𝟏 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 = 𝟎 𝟐 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 = 𝟎 𝟑 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 = 𝟎 𝟒 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒅𝟐 = 𝟎

Solution Ans. 4
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Content

Algebra of complex numbers

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Algebra Of Complex Numbers

Properties

𝐄𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 (a d  ( = ) &( = )
b = (cc + 𝒊d)
a + 𝒊b)

𝐀𝐝𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 (a
a + 𝒊b)+(c d = ( + ) + ( + )𝒊
b c + 𝒊d)

𝐒𝐮𝐛𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 (a
a + 𝒊b) d = ( – ) + ( – )𝒊
b __ (cc + 𝒊d)
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Properties

Multiplication

(a + b𝒊) (c + d𝒊) = (ac – bd) + (ad + bc)𝒊

Note
(a + b𝒊) (a – b𝒊) = a2 + b2
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Properties

Division

𝒂 + 𝒃𝒊 𝒂 + 𝒃𝒊 𝒄 − 𝒅𝒊 𝒂𝒄 + 𝒃𝒅 𝒃𝒄 − 𝒂𝒅
= . = + 𝒊
𝒄 + 𝒅𝒊 𝒄 + 𝒅𝒊 𝒄 − 𝒅𝒊 𝒄𝟐 + 𝒅 𝟐 𝒄𝟐 + 𝒅 𝟐
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Note

(a) If z + w = 0, then w is Additive inverse of z.

(b) If zw = 1, then w is called multiplicative inverse (or reciprocal) of z

and denoted by z–1.

(c) If z1 and z2 are complex numbers then z12 + z22 = 0

DOES NOT necessarily imply z1 = z2 = 0
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Values to remember

𝟐
𝟏+𝒊 = 𝟐𝒊
𝟏−𝒊 𝟐 = −𝟐𝒊

𝟏+𝒊
=𝒊
𝟏−𝒊
𝟏−𝒊
= −𝒊
𝟏+𝒊
𝟏
= −𝒊
𝒊
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01 Question (𝟏 – 𝒊)𝒙 + (𝟏 + 𝒊)𝒚 = 𝟏 – 𝟑𝒊

Solution Ans. 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = – 1
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02 Question 𝟏 + 𝒊 𝟖 + (𝟏 – 𝒊)𝟖, 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝒊𝟐 = – 𝟏 𝐢𝐬 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐭𝐨

Solution Ans. 32
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03 Question 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐦𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐠𝐞𝐫 𝐧 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡

(where 𝒊2 = –1) (1 + 𝒊)2n = (1 - 𝒊)2n
Solution Ans. 2
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𝟏𝟎𝟎
04 Question 𝟐
𝟏−𝒊
𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐥 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝒂, 𝐛 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝒊 = – 𝟏. 𝐈𝐟 = 𝒂 + 𝒊𝒃
𝟏+𝒊

Solution Ans. 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 0
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05 Question 𝟏+𝐚
𝐈𝐟 𝒂 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 + 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽, 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝒊² = – 𝟏, 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐨𝐟
𝟏−𝐚

Solution Ans. i sinθ/(1 − cosθ)

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06 Question 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐥 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐨𝐟 (𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝒊² = – 𝟏, q ∈ ℝ)

𝟏
𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬q + 𝒊𝐬𝐢𝐧q
1
Solution Ans.
2
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07 Question 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒄−𝒊
𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝒂 + 𝐛 𝐢𝐟 𝒊 = – 𝟏 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄 ∈ ℝ 𝐚𝐥𝐬𝐨 = 𝒂 + 𝒊𝒃,
𝒄+𝒊

Solution Ans. 1
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08 Question 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝒇(𝟑 + 𝟐𝒊) 𝐢𝐟 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟒 – 𝟒𝒙𝟑 + 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟒𝟒

Solution Ans. 5
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09 Question 𝐈𝐟 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒊𝒑𝒙 = 𝟒𝒙 − 𝒊 𝐢𝐬

𝟐 − 𝒒𝒊, 𝐩, 𝐪 ∈ ℝ, 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐪.
Solution Ans. 𝑞 = 4
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10 Question 𝐈𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝟐𝒛𝟐 + 𝟐 𝒊 − 𝟏 = 𝒛 − 𝟏𝟎 𝐡𝐚𝐬 𝐚 𝐩𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐲 𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐫𝐲 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭,

𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐨𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭.
Solution
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11 Question 𝟏 + 𝟐𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽
𝐋𝐞𝐭 𝑨 = 𝜽 ∈ 𝟎, 𝟐𝝅 ∶ 𝐢𝐬 𝐩𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐲 𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐫𝐲 .
𝟏 − 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽

𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐀 𝐢𝐬 [JEE MAIN-2023]

𝟏 𝝅 𝟐 𝟐𝝅 𝟑 𝟒𝝅 𝟒 𝟑𝝅
Solution Ans. (3)