EM3015/2016-17

UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN SESSION 2016-17

EM3015
Degree examination in EM3015/EG3015 STRESS ANALYSIS A

Monday 12 December 2016. 9.00 – 12.00

PLEASE NOTE THE FOLLOWING

(i) You must not have in your possession any material other than that expressly
permitted in the rules appropriate to this examination. Where this is permitted,
such material must not be amended, annotated or modified in any way.

(ii) You must not have in your possession any material that could be determined as
giving you an advantage in the examination.

(iii) You must not attempt to communicate with any candidate during the examination,
either orally or by passing written material, or by showing material to another
candidate, nor must you attempt to view another candidate’s work.

Failure to comply with the above will be regarded as cheating and may lead to
disciplinary action as indicated in the Academic Quality Handbook:
(www.abdn.ac.uk/registry/quality/appendix7x1.pdf) Sections 4.14 and 5.

NOTES: (i) Candidates are permitted to use approved calculators.

(ii) Candidates are permitted to use the Stress Analysis Formulae
Handout, which will be available to them.

Candidates should attempt ALL FIVE questions.

All questions carry 20 marks each

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1. (a) Describe, briefly, what you understand by the term plane stress and the
underlying assumptions that the term implies. [6 marks]

(b) For the two-dimensional state of stress shown in Figure Q1b, determine

(i) the magnitude of the in-plane principal stresses, and

[4 marks]

(ii) the maximum in-plane shear stress. [2 marks]

150 MPa

50 MPa

80 MPa 80 MPa y

x
50 MPa

150 MPa

Figure Q1b [Question 1(b)]

(c) A specimen of a unidirectional fibre-reinforced composite with the fibres

aligned at 45o to the loading axis is subjected to a uniaxial stress σο as
shown in Figure Q1c. The composite has a shear strength of 120 MPa
parallel to the fibres and a tensile strength of 1.2 GPa in the fibre direction.
At what value of σo will the composite fail, and will it fail in tension parallel
to the fibres or by shear? [8 marks]

45o

y
x’
σo σo
θ
x

Figure Q1c [Question 1(c)]

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2. (a) Distinguish between an isotropic and an anisotropic material, and give

an example of an anisotropic material. [4 marks]

(b) A thin-walled cylindrical pressure vessel with closed ends has an internal
diameter of 500 mm and a wall thickness of 10 mm. The vessel is made
from an aluminium alloy with a Young’s modulus E = 72 GPa and
Poisson’s ratio ν = 0.34. A strain gauge rosette is used to measure the
strains at a point on the surface of the vessel. The gauges are positioned
at 120o from each other, as shown in Figure Q2b. When the vessel is
subjected to a combination of internal pressure and axial force, the direct
strains in the gauges marked A, B and C are respectively εA = 1100µ,
εB = 900µ and εC = −750µ, where gauge A is parallel to the x-axis of the
rectangular Cartesian set of axes shown.

(i) Determine the magnitude of the in-plane strains εx, εy and γxy/2.
[12 marks]

(ii) Show a sketch of a Wheatstone bridge arrangement for one of the

strain gauges to ensure thermal strains are eliminated from the
measurement of the strains associated with the applied internal
pressure and axial load. [4 marks]

B
y
x’
120o
120o θ
120o A x
C

FIGURE Q2b [Question 2(b)]

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3. (a) Define Tresca failure criterion and comment on the merits of the
criterion for predicting the onset of failure in engineering materials.
Sketch the two dimensional failure surface. [6 marks]

(b) A beam with a cross-sectional geometry similar to that shown in Figure 3b

is used in a civil engineering construction work. The cross-sectional
geometry is subjected to an in-plane torque of magnitude T = 30 Nm.

(i) Determine the magnitude and the location of the maximum shear
stress. [6 marks]

(ii) Determine the yield strength of the material from which the beam
should be made to ensure the deformation remains elastic. Assume
Tresca failure criterion and a safety factor of 1.5.
[3 marks]

(iii) If the design objective is to reduce the level of elastic deformation

associated with the applied torque T = 30 Nm, explain briefly how
this objective can be achieved without changing the magnitude of
the applied load. [5 marks]

50 mm

4 mm

200 mm 2 mm

3 mm
80 mm

Figure 3b [Question 3(b)]

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4. A grinding wheel, made from a ceramic cutting material bonded by filler, has
an inside radius of 25 mm and an outside radius of 100 mm. The wheel is
perfectly bonded to a cylindrical rigid shaft at the inside diameter and unloaded
at the outside diameter.

(a) State and justify the load and displacement boundary conditions for the
wheel. [4 marks]

(b) If the effect of heating at the outer radius during a grinding process is
neglected, the radial stress, σr, and the circumferential stress, σθ, in the
wheel can be shown to be

 0.284 
σ r =  89.7 + − 1031r 2 ω 2
 r 2

 0.284 
σ θ =  89.7 − 2 − 593r 2 ω 2
 r 
where r is the radial distance in meters, ω is the angular speed in
radians/sec, and the stresses are in N/m2.

(i) Determine the location and magnitude of the maximum radial and
circumferential stresses in the wheel when it rotates at an angular
speed of ω radians/sec. [8 marks]

(ii) What is the maximum permissible rotational speed of the grinding

wheel if the bond between the wheel and the rigid shaft has a
tensile strength of 15 MPa? [4 marks]

(iii) Justify the neglect of the effect of heating at the outer surface of the
grinding wheel on the stress distribution. [4 marks]

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5. (a) What are the main characteristics of an axisymmetric problem?

[4 marks]

(b) A circular cylindrical pressure vessel with closed ends is designed for use
in a chemical plant. The pressure vessel is made from an elastic/perfectly
plastic material with a uniaxial yield stress Y = 550 MPa. The maximum
operating internal pressure is 45 MPa, the internal radius of the cylinder is
a = 250 mm and the external radius is b = 300 mm.

A technician accidentally applied an internal pressure of 57 MPa to the

pressure vessel due to the malfunctioning of one of the pressure-relief
valves. The technician was extremely worried that the cylinder might have
experienced plastic collapse, i.e. plastic deformation over the whole wall
thickness, and therefore the cylinder is no more fit for purpose. Do you
think the technician should be worried? Fully justify your answer.
[6 marks]

(c) A solid circular cylindrical cantilever beam is subject to end load F = 1 kN

as shown in Figure Q5c. Using the energy method, determine the
deflection where the load is applied. Assume linear elastic deformation
and Young’s modulus E = 200 GPa. [10 marks]

Dia = 80 mm Dia = 50 mm F = 1 kN

1.5 m 2m

Figure Q5c [Question 5(c)]

END OF PAPER

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EM 3015 STRESS ANALYSIS A

FORMULAE HANDOUT

1. Stress equilibrium equations

∂σ x ∂τ xy ∂τ xz
+ + + Bx = 0
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂τ xy ∂σ y ∂τ yz
+ + + By = 0
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂τ xz ∂τ yz ∂σ z
+ + + Bz = 0
∂x ∂y ∂z

where (x, y, z) are rectangular Cartesian co-ordinates, and (Bx, By, Bz) are the corresponding
components of the body force.

2. Two-dimensional Strain-Displacement relations (only for small displacements)

∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
εx = ; εy = ; γ xy = + ,
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x

where u and v are respectively the displacements parallel to rectangular Cartesian co-ordinate
axes x and y.

3. Stress and strain transformation equations

σx +σ y σ x −σ y
σ x' = + cos 2θ + τ xy sin 2θ
2 2
σx +σ y σ x −σ y
σ y' = − cos 2θ − τ xy sin 2θ
2 2
σ y −σ x
τ x' y' = sin 2θ + τ xy cos 2θ
2
where x' is inclined at an angle of θ anticlockwise from x.

For corresponding strain transformation equations, replace (σx', σy', τx'y') by (εx', εy' γx'y'/2),
and (σx, σy, τxy) by (εx, εy, γxy/2) in the above equations.

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4. Principal stresses and strains in 2D

σ x +σ y σ x −σ y εx +εy εx −εy   γ xy 

2 2 2

σ 1,2 = ±   ( )
 + τ xy 2
;
ε 1,2 = ±   +
  2 

.
2  2  2  2   

5. Maximum shear stress and maximum shear strain in 2D

2 2 2
σ x −σ y  γ max εx −εy  γ 
τ max = ± 
2
 + τ xy
 ( ) 2
;
2
= ±   +  xy  .
  
   2   2 

6. Stress-elastic strain relations

τ xy
1
E
(
ε x = σ x − νσ y − νσ z ; ) γ xy =
G
;

τ yz
1
E
(
ε y = σ y − νσ x − νσ z ; ) γ yz =
G
;

τ xz
1
(
ε z = σ z − νσ x − νσ y ;
E
) γ xz =
G
.

OR

( )
σ x = 2Gε x + λ ε x + ε y + ε z ; τ xy = Gγ xy
σ y = 2Gε y + λ (ε x + ε y + ε z ); τ yz = Gγ yz
σ z = 2Gε z + λ (ε x + ε y + ε z ); τ xz = Gγ xz

where E is the Young's modulus, ν is the Poisson's ratio, G is the shear modulus,
(x, y, z) are rectangular Cartesian co-ordinates, and
νE
λ=
(1 + ν )(1 − 2ν )
7. Relationships between elastic moduli
E
Shear modulus (G) − Young's modulus (E) relation: G =
2(1 + ν )

E
Bulk modulus (K) − Young's modulus (E) relation: K =
3( 1 − 2ν )

8. von Mises effective stress, σe

σe =
1
2
[(σ 1 − σ 2 ) + (σ 2 − σ 3 ) + (σ 1 − σ 3 )
2 2
]
2 1/ 2

where σ1, σ2, and σ3 are principal stresses.

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9. Bending Stress

My
σ=
I
where M is the bending moment, y is the distance from the neutral axis to the
point where the stress is being evaluated, and I is the second moment of area of
the cross-sectional geometry. I = πR4/4 for a solid circular cross-section with
radius R.

10. Torsion of a closed circular cross-section

T τ Gφ
= =
J r L

where r is the radial distance from the centre to where the shear stress τ is being
( )
evaluated, and J is the second polar moment of area. J = 0.5π Ro4 − Ri4 for a hollow
circular cross-section with outer radius Ro and inner radius Ri, and J = 0.5πRo4 for a
solid circular cross-section with radius Ro.

11. Torsion of a closed, thin-walled non-circular cross-section

T
The shear stress τi at a section with a wall thickness ti is: τ i =
2t i A
φ T
The angle of twist φ per unit length L is: = −1
s 
2
L
4GA  ∑ i 
 ti 
where T is the applied torque, A is the area enclosed by the mean perimeter of the cross-
section, si is the mean perimeter of the section with wall thickness ti, and G is the shear
modulus of the material.

12. Torsion of thin-walled open sections

Tt i
The shear stress τi at a section with a wall thickness ti is: τ i =
Jo

φ T
The angle of twist φ per unit length L is: =
L GJ o

( )
where J o = ∑ 1 bi t i3 , bi is the length of the section with wall thickness ti, T is the
3
applied torque and G is the shear modulus of the material.

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13. Stresses and displacements in a thin circular disc subject to axisymmetric loading

B 3 +ν B 1 + 3ν
σr = A− − ρω 2 r 2 ; σθ = A + − ρω 2 r 2
r2 8 r2 8
 1 −ν   1 + ν  B  1 − ν  ρω r
2 2 3
ur =   Ar +   −
 E   E  r  E  8

where r is the radial distance from the centre of the disc, E and ν are the Young’s modulus
and Poisson’s ratio, respectively; ω is the angular speed in radians/sec.; ρ is the density
of the material, and A and B are constants which are determined from the loading and/or
displacement boundary conditions.

14. Stresses and displacements in shafts or thick-walled cylinders subject to axisymmetric

loading

B 3 − 2ν B 1 + 2ν
σr = A− − ρω 2 r 2 ; σθ = A + − ρω 2 r 2
r 2 8(1 - ν ) r 2 8(1 - ν )

ur =
(1 + ν ) (1- 2ν )Ar + B −  1 − 2ν  ρω 2 r 3 
   
E  r  1- ν  8 

where r is the radial distance, E and ν are the Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio,
respectively; ω is the angular speed in radians/sec.; ρ is the density of the material, and
A and B are constants which are determined from the loading and/or displacement
boundary conditions.

15. Stresses in an elastic/plastic thick-walled cylinder

  r  b2 − c2    r  b2 + c2 
σ r = Y ln  − 2 
; σ θ = Y ln  + 
  c  2b   c 2b 2 
where r (< c) is the radial co-ordinate measured from the centre of the cylinder to where
the stresses are being calculated, b is the outer radius of the cylinder, c is the radial
distance of the elastic/plastic boundary, and Y is the uniaxial yield stress of the material.

16. Stresses in a fully plastic thick-walled cylinder

r   r 
σ r = Y ln ; σ θ = Y 1 + ln 
b  b  
where r is the radial co-ordinate measured from the centre of the cylinder to where the
stresses are being calculated, b is the outer radius of the cylinder, and Y is the uniaxial
yield stress of the material.

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17. Stresses in a thin-walled cylinder with closed ends

PRi PRi
σ r = 0; σθ = ; σz =
t 2t
where P is the applied internal pressure, Ri is the internal radius and t is the wall
thickness.

18. Elastic strain energy per unit volume

1
(
U o = σ x ε x + σ y ε y + σ z ε z + τ xy γ xy + τ yz γ yz + τ xz γ xz
2
)
L
M2
19. Strain energy due to bending, U = ∫ dx
0 2 EI

20. Some mathematical formulas

sin 2 x = 2 sin x cos x ; cos 2 x = cos 2 x − sin 2 x

1 − cos 2 x 1 + cos 2 x
sin 2 x = ; cos 2 x =
2 2

d d
cos x = − sin x ; sin x = cos x ;
dx dx
d d n
tan x = sec 2 x ; x = nx n −1
dx dx

∫ cos x dx = sin x ; ∫ sin x dx = − cos x ;

x n +1 1
∫ tan x dx = − ln cos x ; ∫ x dx = (if n ≠ −1 ); ∫ x dx = ln x
n

n +1

The quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 has real solutions if b 2 ≥ 4ac and they are:
− b ± b 2 − 4ac
x=
2a

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