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STRUCTURAL MODELLING FOR TALL FRAMED BUILDINGS
Mohammed Jawad Uddin(18u61d2009)*1, Ms Gollapalli Sandhya Rani*2
*1M.Tech Student, Department Of Civil Engineering, Global Institute Of Engineering &
Technology, Moinabad, Telangana, India.
*2Asst. Professor, Department Of Civil Engineering, Global Institute Of Engineering &
Technology, Moinabad, Telangana, India.
ABSTRACT
The progress of tall building structural systems has been toward "stiffness" and "lightness," based on new
structural ideas and newly accepted high-strength materials and construction technologies. This study aims to
show how a building with a tube in tube, diagrid, and bundled systems performs. The structure under
investigation is a G+30 reinforced concrete moment resistant frame built for gravity and seismic loads by
1893:2016. Nonlinear time history analysis is used to investigate this. ETABS V19 structural analysis software
was used. Overturning moment, Storey drifts, base shear of the structure was investigated in this study, and the
results were compared to those obtained by others
Keywords: Tall Framed Structures, Diagrid, Tube In Tube, Bundled System, Nonlinear Time History Analysis,
Overturming Moment, Storey Drift, Base Shear.
I. INTRODUCTION
The late nineteenth century saw the construction of the first tall structures in the United States (Ali and Moon
2007). Numerous tall structures have been constructed in recent years worldwide, and The Council of Tall
Buildings and Urban Habitat maintains data on over 10,000 of these constructions. The desire of humans to
reach greater heights has also been realized via the development of various structural systems. One of these is
the steel diagrid structural system. With or without vertical columns, this system comprises diagonal steel
elements on the outside. The Hearst Tower in New York City, the China Central Television (CCTV) Headquarters
in Beijing, China, and the Tornado Tower in Doha, Qatar are outstanding examples of this type of building (see
Figure 1.1).
Fig. No. 1.1: Example of diagrid building: (a) 42-Story Hearst Tower in New York, USA;
(b) 51-Story CCTV HQ in Beijing, China; (d) 52-Story Tornado Tower in Doha, Qatar
As we can see, there has been a significant advancement in science and technology worldwide, and everyone is
highly competitive. Additionally, there has been a shift in people's lives, leading to urbanization. However,
metropolitan regions lag due to a shortage of available space; therefore, there should be other options for
maintaining good lives. Here comes the concept of high-rise buildings that have been built to meet current
requirements. Frame structures with shear walls in tall buildings are excellent in terms of functionality and
economics. The present work aims at the study of following objectives are Investigate the behaviour of
buildings, i.e., Diagrid, bundled; Tube in Tube under the seismic zone V Using the nonlinear time history
analysis. To check the reliability of structure with diagrid system, bundled system. To study various responses
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such as Base shear, overturning moment, Shear force, bending moment, axial force, inter storey drift, storey
shear, storey moment etc. of buildings.
II. LITRETURE REVIEW
Nishith B. Panchal, Dr V. R. Patel, Dr I. I. Pandya (2014) For the time being, researchers are looking into
Diagrid from all perspectives, including from the ground up. When the 36m x 36m design is looked at from four
various Diagrid angles, such as 50.2, 67.4, 74.5, and 82.1, a comparative analysis is made of the 24-storey, 36-
storey, 48-storey, and 60-storey structures.
ROHIT KUMAR SINGH, Dr VIVEK GARG, Dr ABHAY SHARMA (2014) The structure in discussion is a five-
story RCC with a 15-meter x 15-meter floor plan, and it's in seismic zone V. Structural members are modelled
and analyzed with the help of the STAAD.Pro modelling and analysis programme. I.S. 456:2000 is used to design
all structural elements, while IS 1893(Part 1):2002 accounts for seismic force load combinations. The
comparison of the findings of the analyses in terms of storey drift, node-to-node displacement, bending
moment, shear forces, reinforcement area, and the economic aspect are all provided in the report. In a diagrid
construction, the external diagonal elements take on most of the lateral load, then released in the interior
columns. The diagrid construction is more cost-effective than a traditional one for this purpose. The amount of
drift in diagrid construction is about half that of traditional construction.
Nishith B. Panchal, Vinubhai R. Patel (2014): The diagrid structural system has recently been employed in
tall structures because of its structural efficiency and architectural design flexibility. Buildings with a diagrid
construction have slanted columns on the outside rather than vertical ones spaced tightly along a framed tube.
The diagonal's axial motion resists lateral stresses. The contrast between a 20-story essential frame building
and a building using the Diagrid structural system is discussed in this article. For the top storey displacement,
drift and steel and concrete usage comparisons are shown below.
Asif Hameed, Imran Azeem, Asad-ullah Qazi, Burhan Sharif and Noor Muhammad Khan (2013)
Research's goal is to identify the best cost-effective, energy-efficient structural solution that meets design
standards and is seamlessly incorporated into the overall architectural scheme. Various tall building structural
systems have been examined and assessed in this study. The scope of this study does not extend to considering
each system alone and then in conjunction with others and at various heights. As a result, the study is restricted
to comparing the costs (in terms of steel mass) of different structural systems for a prismatic steel structure
that is square in shape and has a uniform height under gravity and wind loads.
III. METHODOLOGY
Fazlur Khan developed "Heights for Structural Systems" diagrams in 1969 to classify tall building structural
systems according to their heights and efficiency (Khan, 1969). This marked the start of a new era of skyscraper
revolution in terms of a variety of structural systems. Later, he tweaked these schematics to make them more
up-to-date (Khan, 1972, 1973). His work is demonstrated in Figures 3.1a and 3.1b, which illustrate his steel and
concrete plans (Ali, 2001; Ali & Armstrong, 1995; Schueller, 1986). Khan stated that the rigid framework, which
had long dominated tall building design and construction, was not the only technology that could be used to
construct such buildings. With a better understanding of material and member behaviour, he was able to infer
that the structure might be approached holistically, that is, in three dimensions using computer simulations
rather than as a collection of planar systems in each main direction. Stiff frames, sheared walls, interactive
combinations of frames and shear walls, belt trusses, and other tubular systems, according to him, are all viable
structures.
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Figure 1: Fazlur Khan's classification of tall building structural systems (Steel structures)
Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4
RCC FRAME STRUCTURE DIAGRID STRUCTURE BUNDLED STRUCTURE TUBE IN TUBE
IV. CASE STUDY
BUILDING DESCRIPTION
Model 1:To begin, a 30-storey reinforced concrete frame structure in zone V is selected for research as the
basis for the initial model. The building's floor space is 18 × 18m, and the usual storey height is 3m. It has six X-
direction bays and six Y-direction bays. The structures had a combined height of 90 metres.
Table 1: Dimensions of a 30-story structure
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Table 2: Buildings in Zone V.summarises the construction.
Figure 5: Isometric Views of Models Figure 6: Elevation of Model Figure 7: Model Plan View of
Buildings
Model 2: The second concept has 30 storeys of reinforced concrete frame construction in zone V. The
building's floor area is 18m2, with a 3m storey height. It features six X- and six Y-axis bays. The buildings were
90 metres tall.
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Table 3: Dimensions of a 30-story structure
Table 4: Buildings in Zone V.summarises the construction
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Figure 8: Isometric Views of Models Figure 9: Elevation of Model Figure 10: Model Plan View of Buildings
Model 3: The third model is a 30 storey Diagrid frame structure in zone V. The building is 18m x 18m with 3m
storeys. It has 6 X and 6 Y bays. The towers were 90m high.
Table 5: Dimensions of a 30-story structure
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Table 6: Buildings in Zone V.summarises the construction
Figure11: Isometric Views of Models Figur12: Elevation Model Figure13: Model Plan View of Buildings
Model 4: In the fourth model, a 30 storey Diagrid frame structure with a two-storey module in zone V is
studied. The building's plan area is 18 x 18m, with 3m storey heights. It has 6 X-bays and 6 Y-bays. The
structures were 90m tall.
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Table 7: Dimensions of a 30-story structure
Table 8: Buildings in Zone V.summarises the construction
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Figure 14: Isometric Views of Models Figure 15: Elevation Model Figure 16: Model Plan View of Buildings
Model 5: The fifth model is a 30 storey Tube in Tube building in Zone V. The building's plan area is 18 x 18m,
with 3m storey heights. It has 6 X-bays and 6 Y-bays. The structures were 90m tall.
Table 9: Dimensions of a 30-story structure
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Table 10: Buildings in Zone V.summarises the construction
Figure 17: Isometric Views of Models Figure 18: Elevation Model Figure 19: Model Plan View of Buildings
Model 6: This model uses a 30-story Bundled Tube skyscraper in Zone V as a case study. It is the Sixth model.
The building's floor space is 18 × 18m, and the usual storey height is 3m. It has six X-direction bays and six Y-
direction bays. The structures in this complex have a combined height of 90m.
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Table 11: Dimensions of a 30-story structure
Table 12: Buildings in Zone V.summarises the construction
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Figure 20: Isometric Views of Models Figure 21: Elevation Model Figure 22: Model Plan View of Buildings
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In addition to Storey drifts and Base shear, the findings also contain Modal Periods, Torsion, and other
variables. A Non-Linear Time History Analysis of Thirty-Storey Buildings yielded the following results.
Model 1: RCC
Model 2: RCC with Shear wall
Model 3: Diagrid – One storey module
Model 4: Diagrid – Two storeys Module
Model 5: Bundled Tube
Model 6: Tube in Tube
As a consequence, there are discussions on the results derived from the storey drifts and base shear of
symmetric structures individually as well as the influence of the storey on symmetric buildings through
comparison of the Structure Responses for Thirty-story Buildings.
Displacement of Models are given below Drift of Models are given below
STORY DISPLACEMENT STORY DRIFT
0.0068
552.49 0.0057
484.71 0.0041
442.57 0.0030 0.0030
387.84 0.0027
353.1 346
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Base Shear of Models are given below
BASE SHEAR BASE MOMENT
RCC 4.523 4.494
RCC WITH SHEARWALL 4.071 3.692
DIAGRID 45 3.371 3.344
DIAGRID 63.33 1.676 1.705
BUNDLED TUBE 1.346 1.163
TUBE IN TUBE 8.953 8.338
Figure shows the reduction in displacement of Rcc with 552.49, Rcc with shear wall 484.71, Diagrid (45) with
442.59, Diagrid (63) with 353, Tube in Tube with 387.84, and bundled with 346 at the top storey level. When
compared to RCC, there is a 63 percent reduction in packaged Tube and a 2 percent reduction with Diagrid
(63). When bundled Tube is compared to RCC, the narrative drift is decreased by 53%. (17.06mm to 8mm).
Figure 5.3 shows that when bundled tubes are compared to RCC structures, the reduction in moment in the 3-3
direction is 17 percent smaller..Figure shows that bundled Tube reduces the time period by 25% when
compared to Rcc and other designs. Figure 5.5 shows how the base shear of bundled tubes is reduced by 70%
when compared to Rcc and other structures. When bundled Tube is compared to Rcc and other structures, the
base moment is decreased by 74%.
VI. CONCLUSION
The top storey displacement in a diagrid construction is significantly less than in a basic frame building since
the lateral stresses are resisted by diagonal columns. In order to control the seismic response of high-rise
buildings, bundled Tube was modelled, and the results showed that storey displacements and storey drifts
were reduced by 63 percent and 53 percent, respectively, when compared to other symmetric buildings. When
the number of storeys increases, the height of the building increases, the diagrid angle 63.3°, and bundled Tube
gives better results in terms of seismic response. Because the time period is shorter, the structure's mass is
lower and its stiffness is higher, the time period is shorter in bundled Tube and Tube in Tube structures,
indicating higher stiffness and lower mass. When compared to other symmetric structures, the base shear and
base moment in bundled tube structures are reduced by 70% and 74%, respectively. When compared to a
standard frame structure with and without a shear wall, the storey drift and storey shear for the Diagrid
(63.33) structural system are significantly lower.
Diagrid provides additional resistance in the structure, resulting in a more effective system. Both structures are
designed with the same member size, however in the case of a basic frame construction, the member sizes do
not meet the design standards, and failure occurs due to excessive top storey displacement. As a result, larger
member sizes are chosen to avoid the failure condition. The diagrid structural system allows for additional
freedom in the design of internal space and the building's façade. Overall, the results indicated that bundled
Tube provides good seismic control for symmetric high-rise buildings. Most current structural systems are
technologically sophisticated in terms of structural efficiency and aesthetic quality, but they lack the geometric
flexibility that is required. As we've seen, the bundled, diagrids, the most recent mutation of tubular structures,
has the additional feature of geometric flexibility, making it the best suitable structural system in this regard. As
a result, the combined Tube and Diagrid, with its ideal mix of artistic expression, structural efficiency, and
geometric adaptability, is the modern-day builder's language.
VII. REFERENCES
[1] Smith, B. S. and Coull, A.Tall Building Structures: Analysis and Design ", John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1991
[2] A. Coull & E.stafford Smith, "Tall Buildings, with particular reference to shear wall structures",
Pergamon Press, 1967
[3] 6 Mir M. Ali, Performance characteristics of tall framed tube buildings in seismic zones ", Elsevier
Science Ltd,1996
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[4] Journal of Structural Engineering vol. 120 Nos. 1-4, 1994, P 1221- "Simple Method for Approximate
Analysis of framed tube structures "
[5] S.M.A. Kazini, R. Chandra, "Analysis of Shear-walled Buildings "
[6] Chen, Genda, and Jingning Wu. 2001. "Optimal Placement of Multiple Tune Mass Dampers for Seismic
Structures."Journal of Structural Engineering 127 (9): 1054–1062.
[7] Moon, Kyoung Sun. 2008. "Optimal Grid Geometry of Diagrid Structures for Tall Buildings."
Architectural Science Review 51 (3): 239–251.
[8] Pankaj Agarwal and manish shrikhande, (2006), ''earthquake resistant design of structures'', eastern
economy edition publisher of engineering books.
[9] (9) R. Clough, and J. Penzien(1993), "Dynamics of Structures", Second Edition, McGraw-Hill, Inc., ISBN
0-07- 011394
[10] Kyoung S. Moon, Jerome J. Connor and John E.Fernandez, "Diagrid Structural Systems for Tall Building:
Characteristics and Methodology For Preliminary Design", Willey Inter science Publication
[11] Kyoung S. Moon, "Diagrid Structures for Complex Shaped Tall Building", Published by Elesevier Ltd
[12] J. Kim, Y.Jun and Y.Ho Lee, "Seismic Performance Evaluation of Diagrid System Buildings", 2nd Specially
Conference on Disaster Mitigation, Manitoba.
[13] Charnish B. and McDonnell T. "The Bow: UniqueDiagrid Structural System for a Sustainable Tall
Building", CTBUH 8th World Congress, Dubai.
[14] B. Smith and A. Coull, Tall Building Structures: Analysis and Design, New York: Wiley, 1991.
[15] Structural Design and Construction of Complex-Shaped Tall Buildings Kyoung Sun Moon
[16] "Strategies to reduce lateral forces on high-rise buildings that use diagrid structural system" Authors:
Binh K.Nguyen and Hasim Altan, School of Architecture The University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
[17] "Analysis and design of diagrid structural system for high rise steel buildings" Authors: Khushbu Jania,
Paresh V. Patel (3rd Nirma University International Conference on Engineering (NUiCONE-2012)).
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