ROOF SYSTEM

A Roof System
• A Roof System consists of roof rafters,
purlins and sheeting panels which are
specifically designed to install onto a planned
or an existing substructure.
• The substructure is normally made of
concrete or masonry.
• A Roof System is assumed that the
supporting substructure was handled
by a professional engineer and it can
withstand the load reactions resulting
from the steel Roof System.
• The engineer must also ensure that
its substructure is able to physically
accommodate the required steel
anchor bolts and to properly transfer
the loads from the Roof System to
the foundation.
• Potential problems
encountered in Roof Systems
arise from the incorrect
concrete dimensions (at rafter
connection elevations) during
the construction process.
• The tolerances required for
proper anchor bolts setting
(± 5mm) demand extreme
care.
• Close attention must be given to the interface
between the concrete structure and the steel
sheeting surface.
• Irregularities and height variations in the concrete
may contribute to building leakage problems in
the future.
• A Roof System is generally not economical when
compared to a complete pre-engineered building,
especially for intermediate and large spans.
• This is due to the fact that the rigid frame action
of a pre-engineered steel building distributes
stresses optimally throughout the frames resulting
in a lighter and more economical overall structure.
• In a Roof System, stresses are concentrated at the
mid-span of the roof rafter that requiring heavier
rafters.
 Clear Span
• A clear span is an open area without
usual structural supports that allows
the users to stack items in a variety of
configurations without any obstacles.
• The clearer a span is, the spacious it
will be.
AIRPORT HANGARS
 MULTIPLE SPAN
A Multi-Span frame is
consisting of more
than one span across
the width of the
building. Multi-gable
buildings and single-
gable buildings which
have the interior
columns are examples.
 Multi-Span frames are well-suited
The building’s maximum for large buildings with low-
practical width is up to sloped roof designs.
150m (2-span building) and
200m (building with more
than 2 spans).

The flexibility of the Multi-

Span column design allows
it to be utilized for any
warehouse, distribution
centers, large
manufacturing plants,…
• The weight and cost of a
building can be reduced
by adding interior
columns to the structure.
• Although these columns
may reduce the clear
space available, they can
be strategically located to
complement the final use
of the buildings.
 Multi-Gable
Multi-Gable (MG)
buildings consist of
two or more gable
buildings sharing
common sidewall
columns.
 EXAMP[LE
The use of Multi-Gable building frames should be
carefully considered because of the following practical
reasons:
• The valley between gables requires a frequent
maintenance to avoid the accumulation from residue
such as sand, leaves, etc.
• Accessing to the valley for cleaning is more
cumbersome than accessing to the eave gutters. The
maintenance traffic on the roof may cause deterioration
or damage to the roof panels.
• Risk of the overflow of rainwater at the valley during
periods of extremely heavy rain (especially when the
valley gutter between the buildings has not been
maintained periodically).
• In long Multi-Gable buildings, the interior
downspouts have to be provided inside the buildings
with horizontal drain pipes or concrete along the
length of the buildings, under each valley gutter, to
carry the water from the roof to an exterior location.
• The construction of such a water draining system is
expensive and risky since the blockage of these pipes
can cause flooding inside the building.
• • Wind bracing design for Multi-Gable buildings
requires the provision of wind bracing members
between the interior columns of the buildings.
• This bracing arrangement restricts interior
movement and ease of access across the building.
GIRDER SYSTEM
 GIRDER SYSTEM
• A girder is a support beam used in
construction. It is the main horizontal support
of a structure which supports smaller beams.
• Girders often have an I-beam cross section
composed of two load-bearing flanges separated
by a stabilizing web, but may also have a box
shape, Z shape, or other forms.
•
That is the purpose of a girder?
Image result for what is girder in
bridge
What are Girders Used For?
Girders are the main supports of a
large structure and will support the
smaller beams.
Girders are intended to be the
primary structural supports, and
they have a much larger load-
bearing capability.
They can carry dynamic and rolling
loads.
• What are 3 types of girders?
• Image result for what is girder in
bridge
• A girt is a vertically aligned girder
placed to resist shear loads. Small
steel girders are rolled into shape.
• Larger girders (1 m/3 feet deep or
more) are made as plate girders,
welded or bolted together from
separate pieces of steel plate.
• What is an example of a girder?
• Girder Sentence Examples
• It is the junction between the Oudh & Rohilkhand and
East Indian railways, the Ganges being crossed by a steel
girder bridge of seven spans, each 350 ft.
• Each girder is 1511 ft.
• A main girder consists of an upper and lower flange,
boom or chord and a vertical web.
• What are the types of girder?
• Image result for What are 3 types
of girders?
• The two most common types of
modern steel girder bridges are
plate and box.
• Two different girder bridges.
• The top is a plate girder bridge,
while the bottom is a concrete
girder bridge.
• The term "girder" is often used
interchangeably with "beam" in
reference to bridge design.
Girder bridge sample
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PLUMBING SYSTEM
• What is plumbing system in building?
• Plumbing, system of pipes and fixtures installed
in a building for the distribution and use of
potable (drinkable) water and the removal of
waterborne wastes.
• It is usually distinguished from water and sewage
systems that serve a group of buildings or a city.
• What are the 3 types of plumbing systems?
• It's so important to keep clean water separate from
used or dirty water that there are three discrete
plumbing systems in most municipalities: potable
water, sanitary drainage, and storm drainage.
• Each of them is vital in its own way to keeping a
city healthy.
• What are the 4 types of plumbing?
• There are five main types of plumbing pipe materials that are still in use
today: copper, galvanized steel, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), acrylonitrile
butadiene styrene (ABS), and cross-linked polyethylene (PEX).
• PVC Pipes. ...
• PEX Pipes. ...
• ABS Pipes. ...
• Copper Pipes. ...
• Cast Iron and Galvanized Steel Pipes.
• What are the elements of plumbing system?
• (Section 217.6 The Revised National Plumbing Code
of the Philippines 1999) PLUMBING SYSTEM
Plumbing System includes all potable water supply
and distribution pipes, all plumbing fixtures and
traps; all sanitary and storm drainage systems; vent
pipes, roof drains, leaders and downspouts; and all
building drains
• What are the 2 main objectives of plumbing?
• The main purpose of a plumbing system is
to deliver clean water in every residential
and commercial building and, at the same
time, eliminate all wastewater.
• These two factors will work side-by-side to
bring comfort and safety to everyone's health.
 What is the purpose of plumbing?
• Having an effective and properly installed plumbing
system is very important in every residential and
commercial building.
• The main purpose of a plumbing system is to deliver
clean water in every residential and commercial building
and, at the same time, eliminate all wastewater.
• These two factors will work side-by-side to bring comfort
and safety to everyone’s health.
• Health has always been one the top priorities
of plumbing companies in constructing
effective plumbing system.
• But as the years’ pass and technology has
developed, the purpose of the plumbing
system is broadening.
• Now, plumbing systems also serve the purpose
of the following:
• Effectively delivering clean and drinkable water to
regions that are affected by water shortages.
• This becomes possible with the help of the latest
plumbing products.
• Promoting the use of water efficiently.
• This is another good advantage of the latest plumbing
products (e.g. pressure reducing valve) offered today
because they are designed with helpful features.
• These products lessen the amount of water that is being
used in the bathroom, kitchen and other parts with
plumbing products installed.
• This is a great assurance for everyone that no water will
go to waste.
• Effectively conserve energy.
• If you use less water consistently, the amount of water
that you need to heat, and transport will lessen as well.
Types of Foundation and their Uses
 Following are different types of foundations used in construction:
• Shallow foundation
• Individual footing or isolated footing
• Combined footing
• Strip foundation
• Raft or mat foundation
• Deep Foundation
• Pile foundation
• Drilled Shafts or caissons
 Types of Shallow Foundations
• 1. Individual Footing or Isolated Footing
• Individual footing or an isolated footing is the most common
type of foundation used for building construction.
• This foundation is constructed for a single column and also
called a pad foundation.
• The shape of individual footing is square or rectangle and is
used when loads from the structure is carried by the columns.
Size is calculated based on the load on the column and the safe
bearing capacity of soil.
• Rectangular isolated footing is selected when the
foundation experiences moments due to the
eccentricity of loads or due to horizontal forces.
• For example, Consider a column with a vertical load
of 200 KN and a safe bearing capacity of 100
KN/m² then the area of the footing required will be
200/100 = 2 m².
• So, for a square footing, the length and width of the
footing will be 1.414 m x 1.414 m.
 2. Combined Footing
• Combined footing is constructed when two or
more columns are close enough and their isolated
footings overlap each other.
• It is a combination of isolated footings, but their
structural design differs.
• The shape of this footing is a rectangle and is used
when loads from the structure is carried by the
columns.
 3. Spread footings or Strip footings and
Wall footings
• Spread footings are those whose
base is wider than a typical load-
bearing wall foundations.
• The wider base of this footing
type spreads the weight from the
building structure over more area
and provides better stability.
Spread footings
• Spread footings and wall footings are used for individual
columns, walls and bridge piers where the bearing soil layer is
within 3m (10 feet) from the ground surface.
• Soil bearing capacity must be sufficient to support the weight
of the structure over the base area of the structure
• These should not be used on soils where there is any
possibility of a ground flow of water above bearing layer of
soil which may result in scour or liquefaction.
 4. Raft or Mat Foundations
• Raft or mat
foundations are the
types of foundation
which are spread across
the entire area of the
building to support
heavy structural loads
from columns and
walls. Raft or mat
• The use of mat foundation is for columns
and walls foundations where the loads from
the structure on columns and walls are very
high.
• This is used to prevent differential settlement
of individual footings, thus designed as a
single mat (or combined footing) of all the
load-bearing elements of the structure.
• It is suitable for expansive soils whose
bearing capacity is less for the suitability
of spread footings and wall footings.
• Raft foundation is economical when one-
half area of the structure is covered with
individual footings and wall footings are
provided.
• These foundations should not be used
where the groundwater table is above the
bearing surface of the soil.
• The use of foundation in such conditions
may lead to scour and liquefaction.
 Types of Deep Foundation
• 5. Pile Foundations
• Pile foundation is a type of deep foundation which
is used to transfer heavy loads from the structure to
a hard rock strata much deep below the ground level.
• Pile foundations are used to transfer heavy loads of
structures through columns to hard soil strata which
is much below ground level where shallow
foundations such as spread footings and mat .
• Pile Foundations footings cannot be used.
• This is also used to prevent uplift of the structure
due to lateral loads such as earthquake and wind . Pile Foundations
forces.
• Pile foundations are generally used for soils where soil
conditions near the ground surface is not suitable for
heavy loads.
• The depth of hard rock strata may be 5m to 50m (15 feet
to 150 feet) deep from the ground surface.
• Pile foundation resists the loads from the structure by skin
friction and by end bearing.
• The use of pile foundations also prevents differential
settlement of foundations.
 6. Drilled Shafts or Caisson Foundation
• Drilled shafts, also called as caissons, is a
type of deep foundation and has an
action similar to pile foundations
discussed above, but are high capacity
cast-in-situ foundations.
• It resists loads from structure through
shaft resistance, toe resistance and/or
combination of both of these.
• The construction of drilled shafts or Fig: Drilled Shafts or Caisson Foundation
caissons are done using an auger.
• Drilled shafts can transfer column loads larger than pile
foundations.
• It is used where the depth of hard strata below ground level is
located within 10m to 100m (25 feet to 300 feet).
• Drilled shafts or caisson foundation is not suitable when deep
deposits of soft clays and loose, water-bearing granular soils
exist.
• It is also not suitable for soils where caving formations are
difficult to stabilize, soils made up of boulders, artesian
aquifer exists.
• Summary:
• What are broad classifications of foundation?
• Building foundations are broadly classified as shallow and deep
foundations.
• What are Types of Shallow Foundation?
• Types of shallow foundations are individual footing or isolated footing,
combined footing, strip foundation, raft or mat foundation.
• What are Types of Deep Foundation?
• Types of deep foundations are pile foundation and drilled shafts or
caissons.
• What are difference between pile foundation and drilled shafts?
• Drilled shafts has an action similar to pile foundations but are high
capacity cast-in-situ foundations.
• It can transfer column loads larger than pile foundations. It is used
where the depth of hard strata below ground level is located within
10m to 100m (25 feet to 300 feet).
• What are difference between isolated and combined footing?
• Combined footing is constructed when two or more columns are close
enough and their isolated footings overlap each other.
• It is a combination of isolated footings, but their structural design
differ
• When is Raft or Mat Foundations used?
• The use of raft or mat foundation is for columns
and walls foundations where the loads from the
structure on columns and walls are very high.
• Rafts are used to prevent differential settlement of
individual footings, thus designed as combined
footing of all the load-bearing elements of the
structure.
• END