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Single Row Function: - Operates On Character Datatype

This document describes SQL functions categorized as single row functions and multiple row functions. Single row functions operate on a single value and return a single value, while multiple row functions can operate on multiple rows and return multiple rows. The document then lists and provides examples of various string, numeric, and date/time functions, including their syntax, arguments, and examples of usage and output.

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Bhuvan Krishna
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30 views

Single Row Function: - Operates On Character Datatype

This document describes SQL functions categorized as single row functions and multiple row functions. Single row functions operate on a single value and return a single value, while multiple row functions can operate on multiple rows and return multiple rows. The document then lists and provides examples of various string, numeric, and date/time functions, including their syntax, arguments, and examples of usage and output.

Uploaded by

Bhuvan Krishna
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SQL

FUNCTIONS

SINGLE ROW MULTIPLE ROW


FUNCTION FUNCTIONS

• Operates on character
STRING datatype

• Operates on integer datatype


NUMERIC

DATE AND • Operates on date&time datatype


TIME

Single Row Function


It operates on single value to return single value as
output.

One or more arguments are passed but returns only


one result
String
1. Trim ( ) : It removes spaces from beginning and
ending of the string.
No. of arguments: 1

Argument: String Return: String

Syntax: SELECT TRIM ( str );

Example: SELECT TRIM (“ name “);

O/p: TRIM ( name )

name

2. Ltrim ( ) : It removes only space from


beginning of the string
No. of arguments: 1
Argument: String Return: String

Syntax: SELECT LTRIM (str);

Example: SELECT LTRIM (“ BK”);

O/p: LTRIM( BK)


BK
3. Rtrim ( ) : It removes only space from ending of
the string
No. of arguments: 1
Argument: String Return: String

Syntax: SELECT RTRIM (str);

Example: SELECT RTRIM (“BK ”);

O/p: RTRIM(BK )
BK

4. Instr ( ) : It searches one string in another string.


No. of arguments: 2
Argument: String, String Return:String

Syntax: SELECT INSTR (str1,str2);

Example: SELECT INSTR (“Bhuvan”, “bhu”);

O/p: INSTR(Bhuvan, van)


4

Example2: SELECT INSTR(“Bhuvan”, “kri”);


O/p : INSTR(Bhuvan,kri)
0

5. length ( ) : It returns number of character in the


string(inc. space)
No. of arguments: 1

Argument: String Return: Integer

Syntax: SELECT LENGTH(str);

Example: SELECT LENGTH(“Balaji sir”);

O/p: LENGTH(Balaji sir)


10

6. left ( ) : It returns N numbers of characters from


beginning of string
No. of arguments: 2

Argument: String, Integer Return: String

Syntax: SELECT LEFT(str, N);

Example: SELECT LEFT(“Balaji sir”, 4);


O/p: LEFT(Balaji sir,4)
Bala

7. right ( ) : It returns N numbers of characters


from ending of string
No. of arguments: 2

Argument: String, Integer Return: String

Syntax: SELECT RIGHT(str, N);

Example: SELECT RIGHT(“Balaji sir”, 3);

O/p: RIGHT(Balaji sir,3)


sir

8. lower ( ) / Lcase( ) : converts the string to


lowercase
No. of arguments: 1

Argument: String Return: String

Syntax: SELECT LOWER(str);

Example: SELECT LOWER(“CLASS 12C5”);


O/p: LOWER(CLASS 12C5)
class 12c5

Example2: SELECT LOWER(“classroom”);

O/p: LOWER(classroom)
classroom

9. upper ( ) / ucase( ) : converts the string to


UPPERCASE
No. of arguments: 1

Argument: String Return: String

Syntax: SELECT UPPER(str);

Example: SELECT UPPER(“staffroom”);

O/p: UPPER(staffroom)
STAFFROOM

10. concat: used to combine one or more string


with another string
No. of arguments: Infinite
Argument: String1, String2,…. Return: String
Syntax: SELECT CONCAT(str1,str2,…);

Example: SELECT CONCAT(“Bhuvan”,


“Krishna”);

O/p: CONCAT(Bhuvan, Krishna)


BhuvanKishna

Example2: SELECT CONCAT(“NJ12”, “ ”,


“C5”);

O/p: CONCAT(NJ12, ,C5)


NJ12 C5

11.substr( ) / mid( ) / substring( ):

It returns N number of character from middle of


the string

No. of arguments: 3

Argument: String, Integer, Integer

Return: String
Syntax: SELECT MID(str,n1,n2);

n1 – starting position

n2 – number of characters

Example: SELECT MID(“informatics


practices”,3,6);

O/p: MID(informatics practices,3,6)


format
_________________________________________

Numeric
1. pow( ) / power( ) : It returns X raised to power
of Y. (xy )
No. of arguments: 2

Argument: Integer Return: Integer

Syntax: SELECT POW(x,y);

Example: SELECT POW(2,4);

O/p: POW(2,4)
8
2. mod( ) : It returns the reminder of X divided
by Y. ( X )
Y
No. of arguments: 2

Argument: Integer Return: Integer

Syntax: SELECT MOD(x,y);

Example: SELECT MOD(12,5);

O/p: MOD(12,5)
2

Example2: SELECT MOD(4,2);

O/p: MOD(4,2)
0

3. round( ) : It rounds number to n decimal places.


• n can be both positive and negative
• if n is not given by default n = 0
No. of arguments: 1/2

Argument: Integer Return: Integer


Syntax: SELECT ROUND(int,n);

Example1: SELECT ROUND(4261.533,4);

O/p: ROUND(4261.53375,3)
4261.534

Example2: SELECT ROUND(4261.53375,-2);

O/p: ROUND(4261.53375,-2)
4300

Date And Time


(YYYY--MM--DD:HH:MM:SS)
1. now ( ) : It returns current date and time
No. of arguments: None
Argument: None Return: Date and time

Syntax: SELECT NOW ( );

Example: SELECT NOW ( );

O/p: NOW ( )
2022--07--13 08:05:10
2. sysdate( ) : It returns the date and time at the
time of result
No. of arguments: None
Argument: None Return: Date and time

Syntax: SELECT SYSDTATE ( );

Example: SELECT SYSDATE ( );

O/p: SYSDATE ( )
2022--07--13 08:05:08

3. day: It returns only date from the argument


No. of arguments: 1
Argument: Date and Time
Return: Date and time

Syntax: SELECT DAY (date&time);

Example: SELECT DAY (date&time);

O/p: DAY (“2022--03--28 09:30:10”)


28
4. month: It returns only month from the argument
No. of arguments: 1
Argument: Date and Time
Return: Date and time

Syntax: SELECT MONTH (date&time);

Example: SELECT MONTH (date&time);

O/p: DAY (“2022--03--28 09:30:10”)


03

5. year: It returns only year from the argument


No. of arguments: 1
Argument: Date and Time
Return: Date and time

Syntax: SELECT YEAR (date&time);

Example: SELECT YEAR (date&time);


O/p: YEAR (“2022--03--28 09:30:10”)
2022
6. dayname( ): It returns day name from the
argument
No. of arguments: 1
Argument: Date and Time
Return: Date and time

Syntax: SELECT DAYNAME (date&time);

Example: SELECT DAYNAME (date&time);

O/p: DAYNAME (“2022--03--28 09:30:10”)


monday

7. monthname( ): It returns month name from the


argument
No. of arguments: 1
Argument: Date and Time
Return: Date and time

Syntax: SELECT MONTHNAME (date&time);


Example: SELECT MONTHNAME (date&time);

O/p: MONTHNAME (“2022--03--28 09:30:10”)


march

8. date( ): It returns date part from the argument


No. of arguments: 1
Argument: Date and Time
Return: Date and time

Syntax: SELECT DATE (date&time);

Example: SELECT DATE (date&time);

O/p: DATE (“2022--03--28 09:30:10”)


2022--03--28
________________________________

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