Metals and Non- Elements can be Classified into th, two groups depending on their p chemical properties: * Metals such as iron, copper, tin, Gold. In general, metals are h in appearance. * Non-metals such as sulphur In general, they are not so appearance, There are also certain elements, silicon, arsenic, antimony and germaniur have some Properties of metals and some Properties of non-metals. They are known as metalloids. following hysical and silver and ard and shiny and phosphorus, hard and dull in such as m, which From the electronic viewpoint, metals are OCCURRENCE OF METALS AND non METALS E NON-METALS 48 © MATERIALS IN THIS CHAPTER PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON-METALS USES OF COMMON METALS AND NOBLE METALS metals defined as elements by losing electrons valence electrons. atom loses 1 electron 2 electrons and which form positive igh They contain 1, 2 999 For example, a sodium 2 calcium atom lose an aluminium atom loses 3 electrons, to form the respective positively charged ions. Non-metals are defined as elements which form negative ions by gaining” electrons: They cont: ain 5, 6 or 7 valence electrons: Fl example, chlorine contains 7 valence electofs and gains 1 electron to form a negatielt charged chlorine ion, Oxygen contains 6 valence electrons and gains 2 electrons to form the negatively-charged oxygen ion. THE REACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS CORROSION OF METALS » ALLOYSElements with 4 valence electrons are normally _metalloids. The noble gases with 8 valence electrons do not form ions and cannot really be classified as metals or non-metals. However, since they are gases they show the physical characteristics of gases. OCCURRENCE OF METALS In nature, most metals occur in the combined state as minerals. Nearly all rocks contain some metallic minerals. Often the amount of metal present in the rock is so little that it is too expensive to mine these rocks and extract the metal from them. If the amount of metal is more, it is profitable to mine the rocks and extract the metal. Such rocks are called ores. 7 Inores, the useful metallic mineral is mixed S with other minerals which are not of much use. ) These minerals, present as impurities, are called ( gangue (pronounced as ‘gang’). \ Some metals, such as silver, platinum and gold, are not very reactive. They occur in the free state in nature. Their ores contain particles of metals mixed with large quantities of impurities. They are known as noble metals. The ores of very reactive metals, such as sodium or calcium, contain chlorides or carbonates of the metals, for example, rock salt (NaCl), dotomite (CaCO,-MgC0,). The ores of other metals, such as aluminium, jron, copper or zinc, contain mostly oxides or sulphides, for example, bauxite (AL0,), iron pyrites (FeS,), haematite (Fe,0,), copper glance (Cu,5), and zinc blende (ZnS). The series of processes carried out to extract pure metals from their ores is called metallurgy: OCCURRENCE OF NON-METALS AND METALLOIDS Hydrogen Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe—it is the chief element that METALS AND NON-METALS @ 49 makes up the sun and othe hydrogen mainly occurs in cor a constituent of water (about _ of water is hydrogen), pe coal, clay, and alla Nitrogen Nitrogen mainly occurs in the free state in the atmosphere. About 76% by mass of air js nitrogen. In the combined state, it is a constituent of minerals such as chile saltpetre (NaNO. and nitre (KNO,). Oxygen Oxygen is the most abundant element in the j earth’s crust. It occurs in the free state in the atmosphere, forming about 23% by mass of the atmosphere. In the combined state, it constitutes about 89% by mass of water. It ; is also present in the combined state in the earth's crust as oxides, carbonates and silicates of metals. Carbon In the free state, carbon occurs as graphite, diamond and coal. Diamond and graphite are pure forms of carbon. Coal contains 60-90% of carbon. In the combined state it occurs in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. In the earth’s crust, it occurs as carbonates of metals and as fossil fuels. Carbon is the central element of all living matter. Si Silicon is the second most abundant element in the earth’s crust. It does not occur in the free state. In the combined state, it occurs as silica (Si0,) and silicates. The most common form of silica is sand, 4 Sulphur Sulphur occurs in the free state in the earth’scrust. In the combined state, it occurs in i Iso as metal_sui and_sulphides. It als “OCCUTS as hydrogen sulphide (H,S) which is presen in aetrlaun-an Ta as. Noble gases, such as helium, neon, argon, krypton and xenon occur in elemental form in Extraction of non-metals from their sources is equally important. Non-metals so obtained help in the production of many useful chemicals, PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON-METALS Physical properties of metals and non-metals Physical state: Metals are generally solid at room temperature. Mercury is an exception—it is a liquid at room temperature, Non-metals occur as solids Liquids (bromine) or gases (ox tustre: Metals have a me they have-arshiny appearance. Non-metals do not have a metallic lustre, Some exceptions are Graphite (a form of carbon) and iodine. Hardness and strength: Metals are generally hard and strong. Some exceptions are sodium and potassium which are soft and can be easily cut with a knife. Non-metals are generally not So hard and'strong. Diamond (a form of carbon) Wan exception: It-is the hardest substance known. Malleability and ductility: Do Activity 1 to observe a well-known difference between metals and non-metals. 2¢g ANTIMONY (carbon, sulphur), ygen, nitrogen). tallic lustre, i.e, CHROMIUM Fis. 4.1 Some metals 50 © MATERIALS Malleability of metals Collect pieces of the following thick copper wire, thick aluminium 4 iron nail, coal, ‘lead’ of pencil (graphite) (Note that both coal and graphite are. of carbon.) Beat each of them with the help of a hammer. Record what happens to theiy On beating. Do they break or not? Do they get flattened or not? OBJECT/MATERIAL, CHANGE IN SHAPE OM BEA Copper wire Aluminium wire Tron nail Coal Graphite You will find that copper, aluminium a ‘ron can be flattened “on beating.” Coal-and Graphite break On Beating, 1.e. they are brittle, The property of metals by which they ean beaten into thin sheets is known as mall You have seen wires of copper ali aluminium. In general, metals-can be drawn ‘into Wires. However, have you ever seen wires of coal or graphite? Non-metals cannot be drawn into Wires, > The property of metals by which they can be drawn into thin wires is known ee Gold and silver are the most malleable a ductile metals= Non-metals are neither malleable nor ductile; they are brittle, ou MeRcuRYFis. 4.2 Aluminium foil Conductivity: The following activity demonstrates another property of metals and non-metals, on which various applications in our daily life are based. Acnviy 2 (Experimental investigation): Electrical conductivity of metals and non-metals Set up an electric circuit, as shown, by using copper wire. Test if the following conduct electricity or not, by putting them in the circuit, one at a time: aluminium foil, iron nail, coal, ‘lead’ of pencil (graphite). In which cases does the bulb light up? Tabulate your results. OBJECT/MATERIAL CONDUCTING OR Nor Aluminium foil Tron nail Coal, Graphite “wee a (ae Fis. 4.3 Testing for electrical conductivity What do you find? Metals are good conductors of electricity. + In general, non-metals are bad conductors of electricity. However, graphite is an exception. METALS AND NON-METALS @ 51 and not of non-meta of cooking of wood or plastic. Why? “Metals are good conductors of heat. Therefore, heat gets properly cor the fire into the food being cooked. However, if the handles of cooking utensils were made of metals, they would become very hot to hold. Therefore, handles are made of plastic or wood, which are bad conductors of heat. In general, metals are good conductors of heat and electricity. Silver and copper are ‘the best conductors of electricity, folio by gold and aluminium. If you examine electric wires,, you will find that they are made of copper or aluminium. ae ~~ Non-metals are bad conductors of heat and electricity. Graphite is an exception. It is a good conductor of heat and electricity. Sonorous: When wood is struck, does it produce a ringing sound? Do the following activity to listen to sounds produced by different materials. Acnviry 3. (Experimental investigation): Sound produced by metals and non-metals when struck Strike a metal utensil with a metal spoon. Note the kind of sound emitted. Now strike a piece of coal with the same spoon. Do you find a difference in the kind of sound produced? Most metals produce a ringing sound when struck, i.e. they are sonorous. Non-metals are oe cums Not sonorous. “Melting and boiling points: generally have high me n Exceptions are “sodium and potassi vi have low meltin.7, lead 11.3, Chemical properties of metals and non-metals As in the case of physical properties, metals and non-metals differ in their ability to chemically combine with other elements and compounds. Reaction with oxygen: Oxygen reacts with metals and non-metals to produce oxides. Acriviy 4 (Experimental investigation): Reaction of metals with oxygen Hold a piece of magnesium wire with a pair of tongs over a flame. After some time the magnesium burns with a dazzling flame. Collect the white ash of magnesium oxide thus formed in a glass dish. PM Ghee cts i.0 magnesium —> —2Mg0 magnesium oxide 5 ‘oxygen Dissolve a little of the magnesium oxide in water taken in a test tube. Test it with red litmus. Fic. 4.4 Magnesium burning The litmus will turn blue, showing that the solution is a base. Thus, magnesium burns in air to produce a basic oxide. 52 @ MATERIALS 19.3. Exceptions are sodium of which have specific To prevent this reaction, ti ese stored in kerosene. : Others, such as iron and copper on heating at very high temperati not burn while reacting. 2u Soa copper ‘oxygen 2cu0 copper oxide Activiry 5 (Experimental investig Reaction of non-metals with o Take a small amount of sulphur in a deflagrating spoon. Heat it over a B burner flame. As soon as it starts burnii introduce it into a gas jar and cover it wit a lid, After the sulphur stops burning, remo the spoon, j Add a small amount of water into the gas jar, quickly replace the lid and shake the jar so that the gas formed dissolves in the water. Test the solution with blue litmus Papers. Does it turn red? The litmus turns red, showing that h solution is an acid. Thus, sulphur burns— in acidic oxide. to produce @ eee SO, oxygen sulphur dioxide sulphur When the sulphur dioxide is dissolved in water, it forms sulphurous acid. Pee HO HO, sipnarionde (water sulphurous acid s When phosphorous burns in air, it forms phosphorous pentoxide, which is also an acidic oxide. ee 50, > —-2P,0, shosphonss oxygen phosphorus pentoxide In general, non-metals react with oxygen togive acidic oxides, _ Reaction with water: Metals react with water to form oxides or hydroxides, and hydrogen. Acnviry 6 (Experimental investigation): Reaction of sodium with water (Note: This activity should be demonstrated by the teacher as it is dangerous.) Half-fill a beaker with water. Cut a small piece of sodium, about the size of a wheat grain. Dry it with a filter paper. Hold it with a pair of tongs and gently drop it in the beaker. Note your observations. Touch the beaker after the reaction is over, Is it hot? Test the water with red and blue litmus paper. Is the solution acidic or basic? Sodium, potassium and calcium react vigorously with water, giving off a lot of heat. 2Na + 2H0 —> 2NadH + H, sodium water sodium hydrogen hydroxide Magnesium reacts with hot water or steam. Mole HO > MoO at HT) magnesium hot water magnesium oxide hydrogen The reaction of aluminium with water is interesting. It reacts with water to form aluminium oxide which gets deposited as a thin layer on aluminium and prevents further reaction from taking place. zal aluminium 3H0 —> ALO, + water aluminium oxide 3H,7 hydrogen Zinc reacts only with steam. In + > HO) = zn0te He zine steam Zinc oxide hydrogen Iron reacts with steam when it is heated strongly. Copper, gold or platinum do not react with water or steam. The reaction of metals with water show that different metals have different reactivities. Non-metals do not react with water. Very reactive non-metals such as phosphorous, which catch fire when exposed to air, are therefore stored in water. Reaction with acids: Let us observe how dilute acids react with metals and non- metals. Acviy 7 (Experimental investigation): Reaction of dilute acids with metals and non-metals Take samples of the following metals and non-metals: magnesium ribbon, aluminium foil, iron filings, copper wire, charcoal powder, sulphur powder. Keep the samples in separate test tubes. To each test tube, add about 5mL of dilute hydrochloric acid. Note if a reaction occurs. If it does, bring a burning matchstick to the mouth of the test tube. What happens? If a reaction does not occur, heat the test tube. Does a reaction occur now? Test with a lighted matchstick. Now try the same with dilute sulphuric acid instead of hydrochloric acid. Which metals and non-metals did not react with dilute acids at all? METALS AND NON-METALS # 53You will find that the nails in test and B have not rusted, while that in test t has rusted. What do you conclude? The experiment shows that for rusting to place, both air (oxygen) and water are esse The more moist tl man corrosion. Corrosion causes re metimes corre’ a i ih e newly cut piece of Se un ea form a layer of aluminium © col its surface. This layer prote from further corrosion. ee Acrivry 10 (Experimental investigation); cts the aluminium Nature of rust ‘ To test the nature of rust, scrape off some rust from an old iron gate. Collect a spoonful RUSTING OF IRON of the rust and add a small amount of water investigate the conditions under which iron to it. Shake it well and test with blue and red Bc esorm the following activity. litmus. Is the solution acidic or basic? “Acnviry 9 (Experimental investigation): Rust is iron oxide, that is, it is an oxide of Conditions for rusting a metal. Will it be acidic or basic? rake three clean iron nails without any rust on ‘them and three test tubes with corks. In test tube A, put a few lumps of anhydrous calcium chloride (a good drying agent which absorbs Corrosion of other metals Copper gets corroded in the i A itt water vapour from the atmosphere). Put a presence of moist air. It first i layer of cotton wool and then the nail. Close tarnishes, then gradually if the test tube with a cork (Fig. 4.8). In test changes to dark brown or ; tube B, take some pure (distilled) water. Boil black, and finally to green. it for one minute to drive off any dissolved The green coating is a mixture F'% 4-9 A corroded air, Then drop in the nail. To keep the air of copper compounds. copper coin out, seal the water surface in the test tube by Silver does not get easily corroded in unpolluted air. However, if the air is polluted with sulphur compounds such as hydrogen { sulphide, silver reacts with it to form a black coating of silver sulphide. pouring molten wax on it (wax will solidify on comon| | carcum Gen) ee oor Se hn On exposure to air, aluminium reacts BOL with oxygen to form a protective coating of A B WATER ¢ aluminium oxide that prevents further corrosion. Fis. 4.8 Rusting of iron salle a0 SeAtON 58 @ MATERIALSSome metals such as gold and platinum do not corrode in air. That is why gold ornaments do not lose their shine even after several years. Prevention of corrosion Rusting of iron, and corrosion of other metals can be prevented by not allowing air to come in contact with the metal. Some methods for doing this are as given below. Painting or applying oil: Painting the surface of the metal after cleaning it thoroughly is the most common method of preventing corrosion. The paint keeps air away from the metal surface. Applying grease or oil on the surface has a similar effect. However, if there is a break in the layer of paint, grease or oil, the metal starts corroding at that point. Covering with another metal: Depositing a layer of another metal which is more resistant to corrosion is another commonly used method for the prevention of corrosion of metals. The metals mostly used are tin and zinc. Covering a metal with another metal can be done by the following ways: Galvanizing: Clean iron sheets are dipped in molten zinc to deposit a layer of zinc on_it. This process is called galvanization. The G.I. water pipes available in the market are made of galvanized iron. Galvanized iron does not rust. even if there is a scratch on the zinc layer. + Electroplating: The process of electroplating is also used to deposit a metallic layer to prevent corrosion. Tin is electroplated on iron to make food containers commonly called tin cans. However, if the tin layer gets scratched, the iron starts rusting at that place. The tin can is then no longer suitable for storing food. Chromium is electroplated on steel furniture and bicycle handles to prevent rusting. In addition, the chromium layer also gives steel an attractive shine. METALS AND NON-METALS @ 59 corrosion of aluminium. If this | made more uniform, it protects the aluminium underneath more effectively. This is done by a process called anodizing. It consists of passing an electric current through sulphuric acid using aluminium as anode. Oxygen is evolved at the anode which reacts with aluminium to form a uniform protective layer of aluminium oxide. ~» Alloying: Some metals become corrosion- resistant when alloyed with other metals. For example, stainless steel which is an alloy of iron, chromium and nickel, does not rust easily. the chemical Alloys of plati