Earth Shields us from nearly all harmful radiation from the sun.

● is the only planet in its solar system known to harbor life Protects as from meteors.
● Is the third planet from the sun and the fifth largest in LAYERS OF ATMOSPHERE
solar system. Habitable 1. Troposphere starts at the surface of the earth and
● Earth’s axis is tilted 23 degrees extends 8 to 14.5 km high.
● The length of the year in 365 days 6 hours and 16 mins 2. Stratosphere starts just above the troposphere and
● The length of a day is 23 hours and 56 minutes extends to 50 km high. Ozone layers located to filtered
● Minimum weather temperature is -87.8 degrees celsius. UV rays
● Maximum weather temperature is 57.8 degree celsius 3. Mesosphere starts just above the stratosphere and
● Important requirements that are necessary in supporting extends to 85 km high. Melt the falling object from outer
life on earth include the presence of liquid water, space (meteor comets)
available heat source and the existence of an 4. Thermosphere starts just above the mesosphere and
atmosphere. extends to 600 km high. Astronaut, satellite
REASONS WHY THERE IS LIE ON EARTH
1. Liquid Water
The habitable zone or also called as goldilocks zone
provides just the right amount of heat and provides
earth with the capacity to maintain water in its liquid
state.
Allows the first photosynthesis organisms to thrive.
Came from two possible sources:
a. water released through volcanism
b. water that came from the icy meteors of the outer
regions of the solar system that bombarded earth. SUMMARY OF REASONS THAT MAKES LIFE ON EARTH
2. Heat Source POSSIBLE
Derives from two sources: 1. Our location if far from many hazards
a. Internal heating of earth 2. Our sun is a stable and long-lasting star.
b. External heating from the sun. 3. We are at just the right distance from the sun.
3. Atmosphere 4. We have a big moon to stabilize our axial wobble.
Is a thin layer of gases that surrounds the earth. 5. We have an ozone layer to block harmful ray.
Composed of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and 1% other gases. 6. Water is 70% while 30% is land.
Insulates the earth from extreme temperatures SUN heat source, control other celestial body, ROYGBIV, not
It keeps heat inside the atmosphere. normal star, will pass through layers of the earth.
Solar system is made up of CELESTIAL BODY ( planets, 4. HYDROSPHERE
comets, astroid, dwarf planet, sun) Is all the water held on the earth including subsurface and
Water serves as stabilizer of temperature sources of water atmosphere water.
came from volcanism/icy meteors break apart magma called About 70% of the earth is covered with liquid water and much
molten material/melted rocks. of it is in the form of ocean water.
*Atmosphere is at place because of magnetic field & ozone Only 3% of earth’s water is fresh ⅔ are in the form of ice, and
layer in atmosphere to not be dragged by solar flare etc. the remaining ⅓ is the present in streams,lakes, and
*Earth rotates in axis to feel 4 seasons groundwater
*Phenomenon that will slip away the atmosphere is solar COMMON MINERAL-FORMING ELEMENTS IN THE
winds, flares, cosmic rays. EARTH’S CRUST
Integumentary system.
SYSTEM system is a set of interconnected components ELEMENT SYMBOL Percentage of the
interacting from one another to form a unify whole. earth’s crust by weight
OPEN SYSTEM - energy, matter (subsystem)
CLOSE SYSTEM - energy ( earth ) oxygen O 46.6

silicon Si 27.7
THE 4 MAJOR GEOLOGICAL SUBSYSTEMS OF EARTH
ATMOSPHERE it contains water vapor and other gases which aluminum Al 8.1
help to moderate our daily temperatures.
iron Fe 5.0
It also serves as our protection from meteors by burning it up
before hitting the earth’s surface. calcium Ca 3.6
2. GEOSPHERE
Solid proportion of the earth sodium Na 2.8
It covers earth’s interior composed or rocks, minerals and Potassium K 2.7
landforms.
Allows occurrence of geologic events that shape the earth and Magnesium Mg 2.1
generate materials need by living organisms.
Other elements 1.4
Earthquake,landslide, volcanic eruption
3. BIOSPHERE MINERALS-a naturally occurring,inorganic, solid with an
Is the set of all life forms on earth orderly crystalline structure and a definite chemical
It extends as far as 12,500 meters from the surface that composition.
includes the depths of the ocean. -basic building blocks of rocks.
It maintains the ecosystems.
MINERAL PROPERTIES C. Poor- cleavage is generally characterized by rough
1. Luster - it is the quality and In- tensity of reflected light structures.
exhibited by the mineral. d. Indiscernible or indistinct cleavage is hardly noticeable
a. Metallic - generally opaque and exhibit a resplendent shine e. None- mineral never exhibit any cleavage.
similar to a polished metal 6. Density & Spectric Granty
b. Non-metallic vitreous - (glassy), adamantine (brilliant/ DENSITY- describes the amount of matter present in a certain
diamond-like), resinous, silky, pearly, dull (earthy), greasy, amount of space or volume
among others. Absord SPECIFIC GRAVITY-is a measure of a mineral's density as
2.Hardness-Is a measure of the resistance of a mineral to water.
abrasion. 7. Diaphaneity also transparency indistinct
3. Crystal Form and Habit it is the degree by mineral transmit light.
Crystal Form is the growth pattern exhibited by minerals age is hardly noticeable
Crystal Habit Is the external shape of a mineral A.Opaque
4. Color and streak B.Translucent
A lot of minerals can exhibit same or similar colors. Individual C.Transparent
minerals can also display a variety of colors resulting from
Impurities and also from some geologic processes like
weathering.
Examples of coloring: quartz can be pink (rose quartz), purple,
(amethyst), orange (citrine), while (colorless quartz) etc.
Streak is the mineral's color In powdered form.
Examples of streak: Pyrite (FeS2) exhibits gold color has a
black or dark gray streak.
5. Cleavage & Fracture
CLEAVAGE is the property of some minerals to break along
specific planes of weakness to form smooth, flat surfaces.
WEAKPOINT
FRACTURE refers to the chipping shape of a mineral when
broken Cleavage categories:
A. Perfect- mineral cleaves into smooth without leaving any IGNEOUS ROCK
rough surfaces forming full flat surfaces. DESCRIPTION PLUTONIC VOLCANIC
B. Good-mineral cleaves into smooth surfaces but with some
rough edges. Other call Intrusive Extrusive
 Formation Solidified magma Solidified lava * from solidified lava at or near the surface of the Earth.
fast rate of cooling/crystallization due to huge variance in the
Location of the Beneath the At the surface of the temperature between Earth's surface and underneath
solidification & surface of the earth common textures: porphyritic and vesicular aphanitic.
crystallization earth IGNEOUS ROCKS CLASSIFICATION AC- CORDING TO
Rate of cooling Slow rate Fast rate SILICA CONTENT
1.Felsic- also called as granitic >65% silica, generally light-
Amount of With many Few or even no crystals colored
minerals observable 2. Intermediate- also called andesitic 55-65% silica, generally
Crystal form crystals crystals medium colored (medium gray)
3. Mafic also called basaltic- 45-55% silica; generally dark
Texture phaneritic aphanitic,porphyritic colored
4. Ultramafic <45% silica
Example granite,gabbro Basalt,obsidian,
rhyolite,pumice,vesicular - generally very dark colored composed mainly of olivine and
pyroxene which are the major constituents of the upper mantle
NOTE!!
ROCKS- are aggregate of minerals. It can be composed of
HIGH temperature,amount,size because of slow rate of cooling
single or more commonly, as an aggregate of two or more
LOW temperature,amount,size because of fast rate of cooling
minerals. Naturally occurring , solid
ROCK CLASSIFICATIONS
1.IGNEOUS ROCKS
rocks that are formed from the solidification of molten rock
material (magma or lava).
A. PLUTONIC IGNEOUS ROCKS- molten
rock material solidify below the surface of the Earth.
B. IGNEOUS ROCKS- solidify at the surface of the Earth.
FORMATION OF PLUTONIC OR INTRUSIVE ROCKS
* from solidified magma underneath the earth
* gradual lowering of the temperature gradient a depth towards
2. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
the surface would cause slow cooling/crystallization
- these are rocks that formed through the accumulation,
*phaneritic texture
compaction, and cementation of sediments. Only rock has
* Examples: Granite, Diorite,Gabbro
fossils.
FORMATION OF VOLCANIC OR EXTRUSIVE ROCKS
*Sediments are fragments of rock that have been broken down 2. CHEMICAL - formed when standing water evaporates and
as a result of weathering (wind, ice, running water, etc.) precipitates, leaving dissolved mineral.
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO SIZE 3. BIOCLASTIC/ NON-CLASTIC formed from compacted
1.Clay 4. Pebble organic matter.
2.Silt 5. Cobble Ex. Coal, coquina
3.Sand 6.Boulder * Sedimentary rocks are the only type of rocks that may
TYPES contain fossils, or evidence of past life.
1. CLASTIC-form from the accumulation and lithification of METAMORPHIC ROCKS- rocks that form from the
sediments derived from the breakdown of pre-existing rocks. transformation of pre-existing rocks (igneous, sedimentary, or
can be classified according to size: metamorphic rocks) through the process of metamorphism.
A.Conglomerate composed of all sizes of sediments - can involve changes in the physical and chemical properties
rounded sediments of rocks in response to heat, pressure, and chemically active
B. Breccia also composed of different sizes of sediments fluids.
angular and pointy sediments - are commonly formed underneath the earth through
C. Sandstone metamorphism
made up from compacted sand grains TWO TYPES
D. Siltstone 1.Contact metamorphism
made up from compacted silt -Heat as the main factor: occurs when a pre-
E. Shale made up of clay particles existing rocks get in contact with a heat source (magma).
- Creates non-foliated metamorphic rocks (e.g. hornfels)
2. Regional metamorphism
Pressure as main factor: occurs in areas that have undergone
deformation during orogenic event resulting in mountain belts .
Creates foliated metamorphic rocks such as schist and gneiss
*Non-foliated rocks like marble also form thru regional
metamorphism, where pressure is not intense, far from the
main geologic event.
 - breaks apart rocks without chang- ing their chemical
composition.
A.BLOCK DISINTEGRATION (HIGH TEMP)
- caused by successive heating and cooling which causes the
expansion and contraction of rocks.
B.EXFOLIATION
- is the stripping of the outer layers of rocks due to intense
heating.
C. FROST WEDGING/ WEATHERING (WATER)
refers to the alternate freezing and thawing of water inside the
Formation Needed Classification Location Process/e joints of the rocks, causing them to split into small particles or
material s Fragments.
D. SALT CRYSTAL GROWTH- force exerted by salt that
IR Molten magma,la Volcanic, Beneath, Solidificati formed as water evaporates from pore spaces or cracks in
materials va plutonic at the on, rocks can cause the rock to fall apart.
surface, cooling
E. ABRASION- wearing away of rocks by constant collision of
SR weathering Forms Clastic, At the ACC loose particles.
sediment non-clastic surface 2. CHEMICAL WEATHERING
s - is the weakening or disintegration of rocks and the formation
of new compounds or new substances caused by chemical
MR heat,press Pre-existi contact Beneath metamorp
ure ng rocks ,regional the hism reactions.
surface A.OXIDATION- is the process in which oxygen reacts with the
rock and changes its mineral composition.
B.CARBONATION- is the process involving the formation of
EXOGENIC PROCESS - the processes which occur on
various types of carbonates in rocks.
Earth's surface due to influence of exogenic forces
C. HYDRATION- is the result of the absorption or combination
weathering, mass wasting, erosion and deposition are the
of water and a particular substance on the rock, leading to a
main exogenic processes.
change in shape.
1.WEATHERING- is the disintegration and decomposition of
D. SOLUTION- is the process in which Some of the minerals in
rock at or near the Earth surface.
rocks are directly dissolved in water
TWO TYPES:MECHANICAL & CHEMICAL WEATHERING
3. BIOTIC/BIOLOGICAL WEATHERING
1.MECHANICAL WEATHERING
- is the weathering or disintegration of rocks caused by living
organisms.
A.Plants B.Animals C. Humans B. Discharge-volume of water passing through a cross section
FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE RATE OF WEATHERING: of a stream during a given time.
1. Rock composition 2. Ocean or sea waves
2. Rock Structure: many joints, break=fast A.Crest and trough; wave length (L), wave height (H),
3. Climate: hot,wet steepness (H/L), period (T), velocity
4. Surface area high surface Area - fast weathering/low B.Waves are classified based on gen- eration force: wind
surface - slow weathering. generated waves, tsunami, tides, seiches.
5. Topography - steeper than = fast *seiches like reservoir trap wave made by wind.
6. Time; the more time it is exposed to very high 3. Glaciers a moving body of ice on land that moves
temperature the faster the rate of weathering. downslope or outward from an area of accumulation.
- there are several types of glacier based on their shape and
where they came from.
TYPES OF GLACIERS
1. CONTINENTAL
GLACIERS (ice sheets)
the biggest type of
glacier that can even
extend over the ocean as
ice sheets.
- occur only in Antarctica
and in Greenland.
2. VALLEY GLACIERS
glaciers that flow down a
EROSION is the acquisition and transportation of rock debris
valley.
by geomorphic agents like running water, wind, waves, etc.
3. OUTLET GLACIERS
AGENTS OF EROSION
are valley glaciers that
1.Running water encompasses both overland flow and stream
flows out from an ice cap
flow.
or ice sheet.
A.Factors that affect stream erosion
4. PIEDMONT GLACIERS forms when the glaciers flow into
* Velocity- dictates the ability of stream to erode and transport;
flat, lowland areas and the ice spreads out.
controlled by gradient, channel size and shape, channel
5. TIDEWATER GLACIER glaciers that flow directly to the sea
roughness and the amount of water flowing in the channel.
* Form in regions where more snow falls than melts. Snow B. Sediment flow materials flow downhill mixed with water or
accumulates then goes through compaction and air: Slurry and granular flows are further subdivided based on
recrystallization, eventually transforming into glacial ice. velocity at which flow occurs.
4. Wind erosion by wind is known as Aeolian erosion and Subaqueous mass movement occurs on slopes in the ocean
occurs almost in deserts. basins. This may occur as a result of an earthquake or due to
responsible for the formation of sand dunes. an over-accumulation of sediment on a slope or submarine
- wind erodes by: deflation (removal of loose, fine particles canyon.
from the sur- face), and abrasion (grinding action and 3 Types:
sandblasting). a.Submarine slumps similar to slumps on land
- can carry sediments such as; bedload (consist of sand b. Submarine debris flow similar to debris flows on land
hopping and bouncing through the process of saltation), c. Turbidity current sediment moves as a turbulent cloud
suspended load (clay and silt-sized particles held aloft)
5. Groundwater The main erosional process associated with * Events that trigger mass wasting Processes
groundwater is solution. Slow-moving groundwater cannot a.Shocks and vibrations earthquakes and minor shocks such
erode rocks by mechanical processes, as a stream does, but it as those produced by heavy trucks on the road, man-made
can dissolve rocks and carry these off in solution. explosions.
Deposition is the exogenic process that happens after b.Slope modification creating artificially steep slope so it is no
erosion. This process adds sediments, soil and rocks to a longer at the angle of repose.
landform or land mass. c. Undercutting due to streams eroding banks or surfaction
1.Water undercutting a slope.
2. Wind happens through saltation d. Changes in hydrologic characteristics heavy rains lead to
3.Glacial/ Ice water- saturated regolith increasing its weight, reducing grain
Mass wasting the downslope movement of soil, rock, and to grain contact and angle of repose.
rego- lith under the direct influence of gravity. e. Changes in slope strength weathering weakens the rock and
Factors that control mass wasting processes include: leads to slope failure.
* As the slope angle increases, the tendency to slide down the f. Volcanic eruptions produce shocks; may produce large
slope becomes greater. volumes of water from melting of glaciers during eruption,
* Role of water: adds weight to the slope, has the ability to resulting in mudflows and debris flows.
change angle of repose, reduces friction on a sliding surface, Earth’s Internal Heat
and water shear pore pressure reduces strength of materials 1. Primordial Heat residual heat from the formation of the
Mass Wasting Processes earth.
a. Slope failures sudden failure of the slope resulting in Note!!
transport of debris downhill by rolling, sliding, and slumping. Homogenous same particles combined together.
 Accretion combination of particles Takes place at the asthenosphere (below crust above
Bombardment produced heat mantle,magma form, molten material melted)
2. Radiogenic Heat produced by THREE TYPES OF MAGMAS
the radioactive decay of isotopes in 1. BASALTIC - basalt less explosive
the mantle and crust. 2. ANDESITIC - andesite
Radioactive isotopes/elements: 3. RHYOLITIC - granite explosive
Th-thorium, K-potassium, U-uranium, isotopes(hydrogen). MAGMA FORMATION PROCESSES
Convection it is the made of heat transfer where the heat 1. Decompression melting involving the upward
transfer takes within in the field ( fluid ) movement of earth’s mostly-solid mantle.
Movement of heat from warmer to cooler. This hot material rises to an area of lower pressure through the
Move plates earth crust & happen outer & inner core. process of convection.
Conduction occurs when heat is transfer between objects with This process occurs at the mid-ocean ridges underwater
direct contact. ( solid - solid ) mountain system.
Radiation heat transfer through electromagnetic waves. Conduction in mantle happens when heat is transferred from
Magma & Its Composition hotter molten rocks to the earth’s cold crust.
1.Magma is It happens at convergent boundaries where tectonic plates are
composed of crashing together.
semi-liquid hot 3. Flux Melting occurs when water or carbon dioxide are
molten rocks added to rock. These compounds cause the rock to melt at
located lower temperatures. This creates magma in places where it
beneath the originally maintained a solid structure.
earth, specially Occurs around subduction
in the melted zones
mantle rock
and oceanic The surface layer of the earth
plate. When is called the CRUST. This
magma is ejected by a volcano or other vent, the material is layer is broken up into pieces
called lava called EARTH’S
It is made up only eight elements; in order of importance: PLATE.These Plates “float”
oxygen,silicon,aluminum,iron,calcium,sodium,magnesium, and on the mantle. Heat rising and
potassium. falling inside the mantle
2.Magmatism the process under the earth’s crust where creates current called
formation and movement of magma occur CONVECTION
CURRENT.The convection current move the plates. This Quartzite is a decorative stone and can be used to cover
movement is known as PLATE TECTONICS the movement of walls, as rooting tiles, flooring and stairsteps.
the earth’s plates causes EARTHQUAKE and VOLCANIC
ERUPTION.

METAMORPHISM Its from the greek word “meta” means

change and “morphe” means form. It undergo change to form
new type of rock or Alteration of rocks. directly/inversely
proportional
AGENTS OF METAMORPHISM
a. Temperature recrystallization is involve when pre
existing rock is exposed in a high heat it can change.
b. Pressure it will result a foliation that create a visible
layers.
c. Fluid Phase incharge for the fluid movement
convention current is example of it.
d. Time The longer it exposed to certain metamorphism
process the higher the certain rock to fully melted.
METAMORPHIC GRADE the main factor is the temperature
because we will be able to know the degree of metamorphism.
“ temperature & pressure increases then grade of
metamorphism increases”
Low grade metamorphism temperature between 200 to 320
degree celsius and relatively low pressure.
Medium grade metamorphism approximately 200 to 320
degree celsius at moderate pressure.
High-Grade metamorphism temperatures above 450 degree
celsius.

Marbles used for buildings and monuments interior

decoration,statutory and novelties one of its most important
qualities are color and appearances.