Spanish Conquest and Settlement By: Teodoro A.

Agoncillo

The Magellan Expedition

Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese who went to Spain to offer his

services to the King, He had seen battles in Malacca and Africa for his King.
But instead of rewarding him, the King of Portugal ignored him. Magellan was
hurt and so he left Portugal for Spain. With the help of his father-in-law and
Don Juan de Aranda, a man occupying a very high position in the Spanish India
House of Trade, Magellan was able to see King Charles I of Spain. The meeting
between the two was held in 1518. Magellan, with the help of illustrations,
explained to the young King that he could reach the Moluccas, then known as
the Spice Islands, by sailing west. Moreover, he told the King that the
Moluccas belonged to the Spanish side of the demarcation line drawn according
to the Treaty of Tordesillas. So impressed was the youthful King that he agreed
to send an expedition to the Spice Islands under the command of Magellan.
 The expedition consisted of five ships: the flagship Trinidad, the
Concepcion, the Victoria, the Santiago, and the San Antonio.
On September 20, 1519, the expedition left port and sailed southward
across the Atlantic.
After resting his men and procuring provisions, Magellan continued his
voyage. On March 17, 1521, he sighted the mountains of what is now Samar.
This event marked the coming of the first Spaniards in the Philippines. The next
day, Magellan ordered his men to land at Homonhon islet so the sick men
could be taken care of. Having rested his men, Magellan proceeded to the islet
o Limasawa. It was then ruled by Raja Kulambu. He befriended the raja and
his brother Si Agu and pealed their friendship with a blood compact. This was
the first blood compact between Filipino and Spaniards.
On Easter Sunday, March 31, Magellan ordered Mass celebrated. Father
Pedro de Valderrama, who accompanied the expedition, celebrated Mass near
the seashore. This was the first Mass celebrated in the Philippines.
Magellan took possession of the islands in the name of King Charles and
called them the Archipelago of St. Lazarus because it was on St. Lazarus day
that he found the islands.
The Battle of Maktan
Magellan stayed only a week in Limasawa because there was not enough
food in the islet. Hearing of a rich island not far away, he ordered his captains
to sail for what is now Cebu. Guided by Raja Kulambu, the ships entered the
harbor of Cebu. Magellan told his Malay slave, Enrique, to assure the people of
Cebu that they came as friends and not as enemies. The Cebu chieftain, Raja
Humabon, welcomed the Spaniards and soon a blood compact was made
between him and Magellan. Gifts were exchanged between the parties to the
blood compact. On April 15, Mass was celebrated in Cebu. A cross was erected
and Magellan persuaded the Cebuanos to become Christians. Some 800 natives
became Christians, among them Raja Humabon who was given the Christian
name Carlos in honor of King Charles of Spain, and his wife, who was given
the name Juana, in honor of King Charles’ mother. To commemorate this
event, Magellan presented Juana an image of the Infant Jesus. This is now the
Patron of Cebu.
Meanwhile, a quarrel between two chieftains of the neighboring island of
Maktan occurred. Raja Sula asked Magellan’s help to defeat his rival, Raja Si
Lapulapu, who, according to Sula, refused to recognize the King of Spain as his
sovereign. Magellan at once accepted the invitation to interfere in the local
quarrel in order to show his might. He and some sixty of his men, all well-
armed, sailed for Maktan early in the morning of April 28. Si Lapulapu, who
refused to listen to Magellan’s demand that he pays tribute, prepared to fight to
the last. In the battle that followed, Magellan was wounded in the leg. Seeing
this, the brave warriors/people of Maktan rushed at him and killed him with
their spears. With the death of Magellan, the Spaniards tied to their ships and
left. Some of them, however, returned to Cebu and there, While attending a
party given by Raja Humabon, they were massacred. The Cebuanos massacred
them because some of them not only robbed the natives, but also raped some
Cebu women.

The Importance of the Expedition

The remaining Spaniards decided to leave Cebu, Of the three ships, one was
burned because it had become useless. Two ships remained: the Victoria and
the Trinidad. The former was to sail to Europe by way of Africa, while the
Trinidad was to return to Europe by way of the Pacific, the latter ship was
captured by the Portuguese, while the Victoria, commanded by Sebastian del
Cane, succeeded in reaching Spain. From this time on, Spain became supreme
in the building of a colonial empire that only Great Britain in later modern
times was able to equal. More important insofar as geography was concerned.
Magellan’s voyage proved conclusively that the earth was round.

The Villalobos Expedition

The return of the Victoria to Spain won the admiration of the King and the
Spanish people! Encouraged by the result of the Magellan expedition, King
Charles sent other expeditions which, however, were a failure. These were the
Loaysa expedition of 1525-26, commanded by Father Juan Garcia Jofre de
Loaysa; the Cabot expedition of 1526-1 530, commanded by Sebastian Cabot;
and the Saavedra expedition of 1527-1528, commanded by Alvaro de Saavedra,
which reached Mindanaw but did not succeed in settling his men in any of the
islands.
For many years after the conclusion of the Treaty of Zaragoza, Spain
respected its provisions. However, from 1538 to 1541, King Charles of Spain
agreed with his viceroys in Mexico and Guatemala that expeditions should be
sent to the East, that is, to the Spice or Moluccas Islands. The Viceroy of
Mexico chose his brother-in-law, Ruy Lopez de Villalobos, to command the
expedition. With six ships, Villalobos left Mexico on November 1, 1542,
crossed the vast Pacific, and reached Mindanaw in February, 1543. The natives
refused to have any dealing with the Spaniards. Faced with starvation,
Villalobos ordered his men to plant corn to save themselves from death. But the
crop failed and Villalobos was forced to send one of his men, Bernardo de la
Torre, to Tandaya (now Samar) to get some food. De la Torre met the local
Chieftain, Makandalai who gave him enough food. Villalobos, in his happiness,
named the islands of Samar as Ley Felipinas in honor of Prince Philip of
Spain, who later on became King Philip.

The Legazpi Expedition

Many years passed before another expedition, was sent to the Philippines.
Upon the suggestion of the Viceroy of Mexico, King Philip II, who succeeded
his father, King Charles II in 1556, sent an expedition to the East. King Philip
emphasized that the expedition should not enter territories belonging to
Portugal. The purpose of the expedition was to survey the trade in spices and
make a report on it. The King also specifically ordered that a new return route
from the Oriental islands to Mexico be discovered. The King chose Father
Andres de Urdaneta, who was a member of the Loaysa expedition, as pilot of
the expedition. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi was appointed head of the
expedition.’ With four ships and about 380 men, Legazpi sailed from the
Mexican port of Navidad on November 21, l564. One of the ships was lost on
the way and was found later to have returned to Mexico aher reaching
Mindanaw. The expedition reached Cebu in February, l565. Later Legazpi
sailed to Cibabao (Leyte) then to Samar. Here he concluded a blood compact
with some of the Chieftains. Early in March, he sailed to Camiguin Island, then
to Butuan in Mindanaw, and then to Bohol. The scarcity of food in Bohol led
Legazpi to order his men to sail for Cebu.

The First Settlement in Cebu

 Legazpi and his men entered Cebu harbor on April 27. The Cebuanos were
hostile to him probably because in the past some white men who looked like
Spaniards maltreated them. Legazpi explained to the Cebuanos that the white
men who maltreated them were not Spaniards but Portuguese. He also told
them that he wanted the Filipinos and the Spaniards to be friends. The Cebuano
Chieftain, Tupas, did not believe him and he fought them in skirmishes. Tupas
tied to the mountains after burning practically all the houses in what is now
Cebu City.
Legazpi, although a victor, tried his policy of attraction. He invited the
Cebuanos to come down from the mountains. He promised not to harm any of
them. Convinced that Legazpi was sincere, Tupas and his men returned to the
lowland and entered into an agreement with Legazpi, with the help of Tupas’
brothers, Si Makyo and Si Katapan. The agreement provided that (l) the
Filipinos promised to be loyal to the King of Spain and to the Spaniards; (2)
the Filipinos promised to help the Spaniards in any battle against an enemy; in
return, the Spaniards promised to protect the Filipinos from all enemies; (3) a
Filipino who had committed a crime against a Spaniard shall be turned over to
the Spanish authorities, while a Spaniard who had committed a crime against a
Filipino shall be turned over to the Filipino chieftain; (4) goods to be sold to
either the Spaniards or the Filipinos shall be priced moderately; and (5) an
armed Filipino shall not be allowed to enter the Spanish settlement.

The First Spanish Voyage to Manila

With Panay as his home base, Legazpi decided to spread Spanish rule to
other islands of the archipelago. He sent small expeditions to the other islands
of the Bisayan group. Masbate, Burias, and Ticao were claimed in the name of
the King of Spain. Then the same expedition, headed by Captain Enriquez de
Guzman, sailed for southern Luzon and reached Albay.
At almost the same time, Juan de Salcedo, Legazpi’s younger grandson, led
a small expedition to the north. With a few Spanish soldiers and about 500
Bisayans, Salcedo sailed to Ilim Island and claimed it for Spain. Then he
continued his voyage until he reached Lubang Island, near Mindoro, and fought
the Filipinos who refused to recognize him. Defeating the peoplé of Lubang,
Salcedo returned to Panay after reaching the outer rim of Manila Bay. He
reported to his grandfather that Manila was a prosperous Muslim kingdom.
Legazpi then decided to send as expedition to Manila. This expedition left
Panay on May 8, 1570 for Mindoro, staying here for five days. Then the voyage
to-Manila Bay was continued. The Spanish forces were now divided intc? two:
one was headed by Martin de Goiti, who succeeded Mateo del Saz as Master of
Camp, antj the other was commanded by Salcedo. When they reached
Batangas, Salcedo explored the Bonbof’ River in what is now Taal, while Goiti
explored Balayan. In Taal, Salcedo fought a skirmish with the Filipinos. He was
wounded in the leg, but the Spaniards with their superior weapons won the
skirmish in the end. Then Salcedo rejoined Goiti and the two proceeded to
Manila by sea.
At that time, Manila, or Malmila, as it was called by the natives, was a
Muslim kingdom ruled by Raja Sulayman. The kingdom was south of the Pasig
River in what is now Fort Santiago: Goiti demanded that Sulayman pay him
tribute but the Muslim ruler refused. On May 24 Goiti fired a cannon shot to
recall a boat he had sent on an errand. Sulayman and his men thought that if
was a sign of Spanish hostility, and so they answered with their native cannons
called lantaka. The superior fire power of the Spaniards led the Filipinos to
burn down their houses and left Manila in the hands of the enemy. But Goiti did
not stay in Manila. He returned to Panay to render a report to Legazpi.
The Founding of Manila
Legazpi was happy to hear from Goiti the news about Manila. He informed
his men that he received from the King of Spain instructions-making him
governor and captain-general, which is equivalent to governor-general. He
was, therefore, the first governor-general of the Philippines. Legazpi also
informed them that the King wanted him to colonize the rest of the archipelago.
At this time, food became scarce in Panay. Father Diego de Herrera, an
Augustinian friar, suggested that they settle in Luzon. So Legazpi decided to
leave for Luzon, with Manila as the object of his expedition. Leaving Panay on
April 20, the expedition sailed for Manila. Raja Sulayman, realizing the tire
power of the enemy, ordered his people to burn their houses and to retreat to the
interior. At the same time, he collected a force composed of warriors from the
barangays of Pampanga and Bulakan and fought the enemy. In the battle of
Bangkusay, in Tondo, he was defeated. What happened to Sulayman is not
clear. Some say he died in battle; others say that he escaped to the interior. At
any rate, the Filipinos were defeated and Legazpi took over Manila.
 Legazpi began laying the foundation of a new city. Manila was in ruins and
so he ordered his men to build new houses. A church was also constructed for
the missionaries, while a big house was built as the governor’s official
residence. On June 24, 1571, Legazpi made Manila the capital of the
Philippines. King Philip II later called Manila “Distinguished and Ever Loyal
City.” On the same day that Legazpi made Manila the capital, a city
government or ayuntamiento was organized.

Foundations of Spanish Rule By: Teodoro A. Agoncillo

Reasons for Spanish Colonization.

When King Charles I decided to send an expedition to the Moluccas, his
purpose was primarily commercial. Spices commanded high prices during that
time so trade in spices was very profitable. It was for this reason that King
Charles was persuaded to send the Magellan expedition to the Orient in search
of the Spice Islands. However, when Legazpi succeeded in founding Spanish
settlements and in laying the foundation of Spanish colonization of the
Philippines, the Spanish claim to the Philippines was based on two reasons. The
first was that since the “discovery” of the Philippines was made under the
auspices of Spain, therefore the Philippines was rightfully owned by Spain. The
second was that Spain, being in actual possession of the Philippines was
therefore its owner. In other words, Spain claimed the Philippines by right of
“discovery” and by right of actual occupation or conquest. As such, the
Philippines was a possession or property of the King of Spain and, therefore, a
crown colony.
As a crown colony, the Philippines was administered by the Council of the
Indies. Even so, the Spanish officials in the Philippines were appointed by the
King of Spain, who issued Royal orders and decrees dealing with the proper
administration of the colony. In 1863, the Philippines as a colony was placed
under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of the Colonies or Overseas Ministry
(Ministerio de Ultramar). In order to make the administration of the Philippines
efficient, the Overseas Ministry was advised and aided in its work by the
Council of the Philippines.
The Central Government
The Spanish colonizers organized in the Philippines a highly centralized
form of government. By this is meant that the central or national government
was so powerful that almost everything had to be done with its knowledge and
consent. The central government was headed by the governor and captain-
general, or governor-general, who was appointed by the King of Spain. As
governor-general, he was the King’s official representative in the colony. He
possessed vast executive, legislative, and judicial powers. There were; however,
only two branches of government: the executive and the judicial. There was no
legislature or congress because the laws for the Philippines were made by
Spaniards in Spain and, to a certain extent, by the governor general. The
governor-general issued orders with the force of law. These orders were called
'superior decrees’, On the other hand, decrees or orders coming from the King
of Spain were called Royal decrees or orders.
The governor-general was a member of the Audiencia, being its president or
presiding officer. He was also the vice-royal patron in the Philippines. It means
that as the King’s representative, he could appoint minor officials in the
government and also the parish priests. He was also the Commander-in-chief of
the armed forces. Combining all these powers, the governor- general war truly a
powerful official. This power is best shown in the right of cumplase bestowed
upon him by the King. The cumplase was the right of the governor to
suspend the Operation of a Royal decree or order relative to the
Philippines if in his opinion said order or decree would not be beneficial
try the administration of the country. The usual formula in exercising the
right of cumplase was: “I obey but do not comply.”
Social Status

Peninsularis – full-blooded Spanish living in the Philippines and born in Spain.

Insulares – full-blooded Spanish living in the Philippines and born in the
Philippines as well.
Ilustrados (the Enlighted ones) – wealthy group of individuals born in the
Philippines and were able to study abroad.
Chinese/Spanish Mestizos – people with mixed racial origins and
economically sufficient.
Indio – native/full-blooded Filipino people.
Sangley – full-blooded Chinese living in the Philippines.

The Audiencia.
The judicial powers of the government were exercised by the Audiencia and
the lower courts. The Audiencia was established in the Philippines in 1584 in
order to give justice to the aggrieved people in the colony. Governor Santiago
de Vera was its first president. The Audiencia was the highest court insofar as
civil and criminal cases were concerned. When there was no governor or when
the latter could not perform his duties, the Audiencia exercised his political an
administrative power. It also audited the finances of the government.
Some powerful persons in the colonial government were against the
Audiencia. The reasons given were that the population of the Philippines was
still small to justify having an Audiencia and that the natives were very poor.
This being the case, the Audiencia was a financial burden to the King of Spain.
Because of this Opposition, the Audiencia was abolished in 1590. In its a place,
a council composed of 400 members headed by the governor-general was
created. This body was unsatisfactory to many, especially because of the big
number of its members. So the King ordered the re-establishment of the
Audiencia in 1595. It was, however, actually established in 1598.

Local Government.
Below the central government was the provincial government. Provinces
which were already peaceful and recognizing the authority of Spain were
governed by civil provincial governors. Those not yet fully pacified and
conquered were ruled by military officers. The provincial governor was called
alcalde mayor. He was appointed by the governor general. His salary was small
but he could collect a part of the tributes to increase his income. What made
him rich and powerful was the right given to him to engage in trade. This right
is called indulto de comercio. In almost all cases, the provincial governor
abused this power so that he committed graft and corruption. Because this
power was so abused as to scandalize even Spaniards, it was abolished in 1844.
Another anomalous practice was the provincial governor’s being at the same
time judge of the province. Since many abuses were committed by the governor
judge, the king in 1886, ordered that the provincial governor should remain as
judge only. Another man was appointed governor whose main duty was to
administer the province.
Below the provincial government was the municipal government. The
town or municipality. composed of several barrios, was headed by the
gobernadorcillo (little governor), also called capitan municipal or simply
capitan. Today, he is called Mayor. The capitan was elected by thirteen electors
who were prominent in the town. Six of these electors were former cabezas de
baranggay: six were actual cabezas de barangay, and the thirteenth elector
was the outgoing capitan. The one selected had to be approved by the Spanish
friar-curate. If approved, his name was sent to the provincial governor who, in
turn, sent it to the office of the governor-general in Manila for final approval.
The capitan was aided in the administration of the turn by deputies called
tenientes, a chief of police, and subordinate officials called alguaciles.
Each barrio or barangay of the town was headed by a cabeza or head who
did not receive any salary. However, he was given a part of the taxes collected
in his barrio. Also, he was considered a member of the principalia or the
aristocracy.

The City and Its Government.

During the first century of Spanish rule, there were only two cities: Cebu
and Manila. As conquest and settlement continued, the Spanish officials created
one city after another. By the seventeenth century, the Philippines had six
cities: Cebu, Manila, Vigan, Nueva Segovia (now Lal-loc), Arevalo (now a part
of Iloilo City), and Nueva Caceres (now Naga). The city, then and now, was the
center of social, commercial, religious, and cultural life. Its government was
different from that of the town. It was called ayuntamiento, now the city hall,
and consisted of two alcaldes, twelve regidores (now called councilors), a chief
of police, a city secretary, and few other lesser officials.

Propagating the Catholic Faith.

When Legazpi sailed for the Philippines, he was accompanied by some
friars belonging to the Augustinian Order. Many Filipinos converted to the
Catholic faith by the first Augustinians who came with Legazpi in 1565 later
on returned to their old pagan religion. The King then decided that the entire
Philippines should be converted to the Catholic faith. Missionaries were sent to
the colony after the death of Legazpi. The Augustinian Order continued to send
its missionaries to make converts. In 1581, the Jesuits, who were not friars,
arrived in the Philippines. They spread Catholicism in Manila, Leyte, Cebu,
Bohol, Samar, and later, in Mindanaw. The Dominican missionaries came to
Manila in 1587 and labored to spread the Catholic faith in Manila, the Cagayan
region, and Pangasinan. The Franciscan missionaries came in 1606 and
propagated the faith in Manila, Bataan, Zambales, Mindoro, Masbate, Ticao,
Burias, Cuyo, Romblon, Negros, and some parts of Mindanaw.

The Residencia and the Visita.

Because of the abuses committed by many Spanish officials sent to the
Philippines, the King and Ministers of Spain introduced two institutions in their
colonies, including the Philippines. These were the residencia and the visita.
These two institutions were introduced in order to stop the abuses of high
Spanish officials in the colonies. The residencia was the public investigation
and trial of outgoing colonial officials in order to ascertain whether they had
committed abuses in the performance of their duties. The procedure was for the
incoming governor-general to conduct the investigation and trial of his
predecessor and other officials of the government. The result of the
investigation and trial was sent to Spain for final decision. While the residencia
was instituted with a good purpose, in many cases it was abused by the
investigating governor-general and his men in order to harass his predecessor
who was denounced to him by his enemies. It was common during those days
for enemies of an outgoing official to invent charges in order to embarrass him.
Govemor-General Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera (1635-1644) was a good
example. His enemies filed unfounded charges against him, resulting in his
imprisonment. The visita, on the other hand, was a secret investigation of an
official’s acts as a public servant whose purpose was to make him work
honestly and efficiently as he was expected to do.

Forced Labor.
The Spanish officials in the Philippines compelled the Filipinos to work in
the construction of churches, roads, bridges, ships, and in the hauling and
timber-cutting industries. However, some conditions were set for the forced
labor, called polo y servicio. These conditions included: (1) that Filipinos to be
drafted for work must be paid for their work; (2) that Filipino laborers should
not be made to work in distant places where they could not return to their
families; (3) that the drafting of laborers should not coincide with the planting
and harvest seasons; (4) that physically incapable men should not be
overworked; (5) that forced labor should be resorted to only in a clear case of
absolute necessity; and (6) that the number of laborers drafted should be
diminished as soon as laborers from other countries (probably referring to the
Chinese) had volunteered to work.
On paper, the forced labor was good, for it protected Filipino laborers from
exploitation. In practice, it was cruel, for the laws regarding forced labor
were violated. For example, Filipinos were not paid their wages. They were
separated from their families by making them work in very far provinces. They
were not given food, as required by law, but instead they had to provide their
own food. Moreover, they were overworked and as a result thousands of
Filipino laborers died. This was one of the causes of the decrease in the
population of the Philippines during some years in the sixteenth and the
seventeenth centuries. For a Filipino laborer to be exempted from forced labor,
he had to pay a fee called falla. This fee was high, which the laborer could not
pay.

The Tribute.
In order to have enough money to finance the administration of the
Philippines and, especially, the construction of churches, government buildings,
roads, bridges, and improvements in transportation and communication, the
Filipinos were compelled to pay tribute to the Spanish colonial government.
The tribute was a form of recognition of the Filipino’s loyalty to the King of
Spain. When it was introduced officially in 1570, the tribute was small. Those
who paid tribute were persons above sixteen years and those below sixty. In
1589, the tribute was increased of which a small part went to the Church. This
was called sanctorum. Because of the opposition to the tribute and to the
abuses connected with its collection, the King abolished it 1884 and the cedula
personal, the present equivalent of which is the “residence certificate class" was
introduced.

Taxes.
Aside from the tribute, the Filipinos also paid other taxes. They are the
diezmos prediales, the donativo de Zamboanga, and the vinta. The diezmos
predrales was a tax which consisted of one-tenth of the produce of the land. The
donativo de Zamboanga, which was introduced in 1635, was a tax specifically
used for the conquest of Jolo. The vinta, on the other hand, was a tax paid by
the people of some provinces along the coast of western Luzon for the defense
of the coasts from Muslim pirates.

The Galleon Trade.

Even before, the arrival of the Spaniards, the Philippines had already been
trading with her neighbors. Jolo and Manila were trading centers of the
archipelago. After the Spanish conquest and the settlement of a large part of the
Philippines, Manila became a leading commercial center of the Orient. The
early Spanish colonial officials encouraged trade between Manila and other
countries of the Orient because it was so lucrative as to make them rich within a
short time. Ships from Japan, China, Siam (Thailand), India, Cambodia,
Malacca and what is now Indonesia, anchored in Manila to discharge their
valuable cargoes. These, in turn, were shipped by Spanish traders to Mexico
where they commanded high prices.
Not all could engage in the galleon trade. It was a government monopoly
and only privileged persons, such as high officials of the State and the Church
and the crew of the galleons were allowed to engage in the trade. So restrictive
was the galleon trade that the prosperity of the Spaniards in Manila depended
solely on the success of the voyage to and from Mexico. In some cases, the
galleons were captured by English buccaneers. Others, however, sank off the
southern coast of Luzon near Samar. In the nineteenth century when
commercial liberty was adopted as a European policy, the monopolistic galleon
trade declined. In 1811, the last galleon from Manila sailed for Acapulco,
Mexico, and the government’s monopoly of the galleon trade came to an end.
Other ports in the America, as in Peru and Ecuador, were opened to Philippine
trade and the Manila-Acapulco trade declined further.

The Birth of Nationalism

Nationalism – an extreme feeling of love for one’s country.

Factors that paved way to the birth of nationalism:

1. Opening of the Philippines to the world commerce.
2. Influx of liberal ideas
 3. Secularization Movement
4. Liberal regime of Dela Torre
5. The Cavite Mutiny
6. Execution of GomBurZa

Opening of the Philippines to the World Commerce

On 1834, different ports were officially opened;

 Sual
 Iloilo
 Zamboanga
 Cebu
 Legazpi

 This stimulate vigorous economic activity in the colony that makes the
life of the Filipinos to prosper.
 Introduction of modern method of agriculture.
  Improved means of transportation and communication that stimulate
economic process.
 Emergence of Middle-Class.
 Middle class took advantage of the economic boom of the Philippines
acquired material wealth
 They were able to improved their social standing
 Able to send their children in schools and in Europe
 Clamored for reforms and equality
 Children become a member of Propaganda Movement.

Influx of Liberal Ideas

 Suez Canal (November 17. 1869)

o Shortened the distance between the Spain and the Philippines.
o Paved way for the entry of liberalism in the Philippines.
 Spanish Republic
o Upon establishment more Spaniards arrived in our country
o Impart liberal ideas to the Filipino people
 o Brought with them liberal magazines and books

Secularization Movement

 1565
o Religious took control of the parishes in the Philippines (Agustinian,
Recollects, Dominicans and Franciscans)
 Council of Trent
o Stated that the parishes should be controlled by Secular priest
o But there are only few secular priest that are available because some of
them were sent to America.
 19th Century
o Majority of the Filipino priests were qualified as a secular priest
 Regular Priest
o Called as Friar Curates
o Do not want their parishes to turn-over to the Secular priest that created
tension between them
 Parish Priest
 o Very influential and prestigious position
 Governor-General Dela Torre
o Boost and inspired the secularization movement

Liberal Administration of Dela Torre

 Spanish Civil War (1868)

o Cadiz, Spain
o Led by Juan Prim and Francisco Serrano
o Overthrew Queen Isabela II
 Spanish Republic
o Established in 1873
o Replaced the Monarchy
 Carlos Maria Dela Torre
o The most well loved Governor-General
o Arrived in 1869
 o Applied Democratic and liberal ideas
o Avoided an extravagant life
o Encouraged the freedom of speech
o Abolished flogging as a form of punishment
o Allowed the formation of different organization
 Spanish Conservatives
o Resented the liberal policy of Dela Torre

The Cavity Mutiny

 1870 – Spanish Republic ended resulting immediate shifting from Liberal to

Autocratic
 Rafael De Izquierdo (1870-73)
o Autocratic and oppressive ruler
o Decided to restore old orders
o Repealed the exemption of the Filipinos from Polo Y servicio and
tribute that the Cavity workers were enjoying
  January 20, 1872
o 200 Filipino soldiers and workers mutinied against Spaniards
o Led by Ferdinand La Madrid
o Took control of the Spanish arsenal in Cavite
o Gov, Izquierdo immediately dispatched soldiers to quell the rebellion
o La Madrid was killed

Execution of GomBurZa

Martyr – people who are fighting for a certain rights and privileges of a
particular group.
Hero – man of distinguished valor of performance admired for their noble
qualities.

Three Martyrs:
 Mariano Gomez
 Jose Burgos
  Jacinto Zamora

Francisco Zaldua – a Bicolano soldier who testified against the GOMBURZA.

February 10, 1872 – the day of execution of the 3 priests in Luneta

(Bagumbayan) by garotte.
 the crown paid respect +-when they remove their hats and knelt down.
 The bells rang all over the city upon the of Archbishop Melito Martinez.

Propaganda Movement

 Peaceful crusade or campaign for reforms

 It was organized by the Ilustrados
 Dr. Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. Del Pilar, and Graceano Lopez Jaena are the
leaders of the said movement.

Rise of Propaganda Movement (PG)

  it all began when the 3 priests (GOMBURZA) were executed at the Luneta.
 Filipino exiles of 1872 and many patriotic students abroad met in
Hongkong, Singapore, Barcelona, Madrid, Paris, London, and other foreign
cities.
 They work promoting the welfare and happiness of the beloved motherland.
 Aggressively but peacefully by the means of writing and speech, they
crusaded for reforms to rectify the evils of the Spanish Colonial System.

FREDDOM AND INDEPENDENCE