SELF LEARNING MODULE

MATH IN THE MODERN WORLD

MIDTERM

GE3 - Math in the Modern World

Module 2
(Week 6 to Week 9)

Philippine Women’s University CDCEC Calamba Inc.

Alva Center Building, Brgy Uno, Calamba City
Landline:
Email Address:

GE3- Math in the Modern World Page1

Dear Parents,
The Philippine Women’s University CDCEC CalambaInc. is one with every Filipino family in
coping with the demands of our modern times.
The current situation we are experiencing right now has caused immediate changes in our
lives. Above anything else, our priority is your sons/daughter health and safety, but this does not
prevent us from making education happen. Even if your child will miss regular schooling this year, we
want to assure you that no student will be left behind, because learning is possible anytime, anywhere.
Thus, we present to you this Self Learning Module (SLM) to help your son/daughter meet the
most essential learning competencies in every subject and grade level, and will serve as your
son/daughter major learning tool, whether your child opts for online, modular or blended learning
modality. The learning activities in this SLM are arranged to lead your child to think critically, act
skillfully, and reflect deeply on each lesson and practice into real life skills. Most importantly, this SLM
promotes self-paced learning as your child can always review the least understood lessons as often as
he/she pleases.
Since the students will be seeing their teachers less than before and will be staying with you at
home more often, then we wish to request one thing from you: please encourage your child not to stop
learning. Consider your child like our hero and fellow Calambeño Jose Rizal who, despite his studies
overseas, would always recall the most significant learning experience he had – his lessons with his
parents.
Thank you very much in being one with us! Together, let us envision that, by the end of this
school year, we will see your child as one responsible young person with a heart and mind for
humanity, for nature, for the country, and for God.
Dear Student,
Welcome to a brand-new year of learning! We hope you are doing fine, although we
understand that you already miss going to school and spending fun, learning moments with your
teacher in front and your classmate’s just right beside you. Unfortunately, we have to wait a bit further
for the situation to go back to normal mode. But one thing is for sure—the opportunity for your learning
cannot wait any longer.
By this time, you have already chosen your learning modality. Is your access to internet strong
enough for online learning mode or does your lack of resources make you prefer modular learning?
Well, you do not have to worry as to what your case may be, because even if you cannot come to
school, PWU-CDCEC Inc. is bringing the school right in your homes.
This is our gift to you: The modules that will help you meet the knowledge and skills necessary
for every subject in your grade level. Your teachers have worked hard in designing these modules, and
we guarantee that through this, every day will be a wonderful learning experience for you.
Please take time to read and do the activities in this Self Learning Module (SLM) as if you are
reporting in school. Set a regular study schedule for you as much as possible, but keep in mind that
these SLM will enable you to learn at your own pace. If you don’t understand a particular lesson, the
SLM would not mind you flip back the pages over and over again for review. Also, remember to keep in
touch with your teachers. Send them a message through your online sessions or write them a note as
you do your modular activities. With this, we wish you good luck in your studies, and we hope that you
will remain happy and enthusiastic in learning!

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I. TITLE

Math in the Modern World

II. LEARNING OBJECTIVES

∙ Organize and present data in forms that are both meaningful and useful to decisions makers; ∙
Use a variety of statistical tools to process and manage numerical data;
∙ Advocate the use of statistical data in making important decision

III. OVERVIEW

1. Data Management
2. Codes
3. Geometric Design
4. Graphs

III. DISCUSSION

Lesson 1

Data Management

Basic Statistical Concepts

The study of statistics can be organized in different ways. One way is to subdivide statistics into two
branches: descriptive statistics and differential statistics. To understand the difference between
two, definitions of population and sample are helpful.

Population – generally consists of the totality of the observation, individuals or objects in which the
investigator is interested.

Sample – is a portion of a population. This is a small but representative cross section of population. It is
used to give inferences on the population from which it was extracted.

Descriptive Statistics – If a researcher is using data gathered on a group to describe or reach

conclusions about that same group, the statistics.

Inferential Statistics – If a researcher gathers data from a sample and uses the statistics generated to
reach conclusions about population from which the sample was draws.

Variable – is a characteristic of interest about an object under investigation that can take on different
possible outcomes, such as age, hair color, weight, and religious preference.
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There are basically two kinds of variables:

1. Qualitative – variables are variables that can be placed into distinct categories. According to
some characteristics or attribute. For example, if subjects are classified according to sex ( male
or female) then the variable gender is qualitative. Some other examples of qualitative are
religious preference and geographic location.
2. Quantitative – variables are numerical and can be ordered or ranked. For example, the variable
age is numerical, and people can be ranked according to their ages. Some other examples of
quantitative variables are height, weight, and body temperature.

Quantitative variables can be further classified into two groups: discrete and continuous.

Discrete - variables cam assigned values such as 0, 1, 2 and 3 and are said to be countable. The data
are obtained by means of counting.

Examples of discrete variables are the number of children in a family and the number of call received
by a telephone operator each day for a month.

Continuous - variables, on the other hand, can assume an infinite number of values in an interval
between any two specific values. The data for this variable are obtained by means of direct or indirect
measuring.

Temperature, for example is a continuous variable can assume an infinite number of values of
between any two given temperatures.

The bulk of data gathered everyday should not be analysed the same way statistically because the
values are represented differently. For this reason, data are categorized according to four levels of data
management.

1. Nominal Level – is the lowest level of data measurement. The numbers representing nominal
data are used only for identification or classification. This number may serve as labels and
have no meaning attached to their magnitude. Examples are ID number of the student,
numbers on the uniform jerseys of basketball player and plate numbers of vehicles.
2. Ordinal Level - is higher level than nominal level. The number are used only classify items but
also to reflect some rank or order of the individuals or objects. It indicates that objects in one
category are not only different from those in the other categories of the variable, but they may
also be ranked as either higher or lower, bigger or smaller, better or worse than those in the
other categories. Examples are rank given to the winners in a singing contest, hotel
classification and military ranks.
3. Interval Level - is second to the highest level data measurement. The measurements have all
the properties of ordinal data; in addition, the distances between consecutive numbers have
meaning. The zero point value on this level is arbitrary; that is zero is just another point on the
scale relative to a certain concept and does not mean the absence of the phenomenon.
Example is temperature reading in Celsius scale, scores in intelligence tests, and grades of
students.

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 4. Ratio Level - is the highest level of data measurement. It has the same properties as interval
level but the zero point of value of this level is absolute, that is, the zero value represents the
absence of characteristics being considered. Examples are height, weight, time and volume.

Data that are collected must be organized and presented effectively for analysis and interpretation.
They can be presented in different forms as follows.

1. Textual Presentation – presents data in a paragraph form which combines text and figures.
Examples are data in business, finance, economics, or industries which are used to make
emphasis to make comparison, contrast, syntheses, generalization or findings.
2. Tabular Presentation – presents data in tables. Tabulation is a process of summarizing
classified data and arranging them in a table. It gives a more precise, systematic, and orderly
presentation of data in rows and columns. It makes comparison of figures easy and
comprehensible.
3. Graphical Presentation – is an effective method of presenting statistical results and can
present clear pictures of the data. These are several kinds of graphs, and some of these are as
follows.
∙ Bar Graph - consists of bar either vertically or horizontally and usually constructed fr
comparative purposes. The lengths of the bars represent the frequencies or
magnitudes of the quantities being compared.
∙ Line Graph – shows the relationship between two or more sets of quantities. It may show

the relationship between two variables and its best used to establish trends. ∙ Pie Chart –
is used to represent quantities that make up a whole. It is a circular diagram cut into
subdivisions. The size of each section indicates the proportion of each component part of
the whole. The pie chart can be constructed using percents or the actual figures.

Measures of Central Tendency

One type of measure being used to describe a data set is the measure of central tendency, which
yields information about the center or majority of a group of numbers. It is a single value that stands for
or represents a group of values in the data set. The most common measures are the arithmetic mean,
median and mode.

Arithmetic Mean (denoted by ̅) or simply mean is the sum of all values in a data set divided by the
number of values that are summed. It is written mathematically as

̅= ∑
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Where x = individual value

n = total number of values

The mean is a more stable or reliable measure of central tendency in which its value is dependent upon
every item in the data set. It is preferred for interval or ratio measurements and is used in the
computation of some other advanced statistical measures.

Example:

The following are the scores in a quiz by ten students in Algebra. Find the mean score of the data set.

5 12 20 16 15 23 10 18 7 11

Solution: From the given data set, n = 10. Solve for the mean.

̅=

̅ = 13.7

Sometimes each value in the data set is associated with certain weight or degree of importance. In
such cases, the weighted mean is computed.

The weighted mean (denoted by ̅

) of a set of values can be computed by multiplying each value with
its corresponding weight and taking the sum of the products and then divided by the total number of
weights written as

̅
∑

Where = individual value

= weight of each value

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Example: The final grades of a student in six courses were taken and are shown below. Compute the
student’s weighted mean grade.
Course No. of units Final Grade

Math 112 3 2.5

English 101 6 2.0

PS 25 3 1.5

Fil 1 3 1.4

Chem 1 5 2.4

PE1 2 1.1

Solution: Solve for the weighted grade of each course.

Course No. of units ( w ) Final Grade ( x ) WX

Math 112 3 2.5 7.50

English 101 6 2.0 12.00

PS 25 3 1.5 4.50

Fil 1 3 1.4 4.20

Chem 1 5 2.4 12.00

PE1 2 1.1 2.20

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 ∑ ∑( )

Thus, the weighted mean is

̅
∑

The median (denoted by ̅) is the most middle most value in the data set. It is found midway between
the highest and lowest value in a rank order distribution and divides the distribution into two equal parts.
It is not easily affected by the size of extreme values but by the number of items in the data set. It is
used to know whether the individual values fall within the upper halves or the lower halves of the
distribution.

Example: Find the median of the following set of measurements.

25 41 56 34 28 67 49 37 52

Solution: Arrange the data in ascending order

25 28 34 37 41 49 52 56 57

Locate the middlemost value. The middlemost value is the median

̅= 41

Example: Find the median of the given data set

4.5 2.8 5.6 9.2 3.5 6.7 3.9 8.4

Solution: Arrange the data in ascending order.

2.8 3.5 3.9 4.5 5.6 6.7 8.4 9.2

Locate the middlemost value

In this case, there are two middle values in the distribution. Obtain the mean of the middle value and
the mean is the median of the distribution.

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 ̅=
̅= 5.05

The mode (denoted by ̅) is the value which occurs most frequently or has the highest frequency in the
data set. It is the value that occurs most often, and it is not affected by the extreme values.

Example: Find the mode of the following data sets.

a. 12 15 13 12 14 17 16 12 13 19
b. 3.4 2.2 3.5 3.4 2.2 2.6 2.1 3.9 2.2 3.4
c. 105 200 159 110 225 170 115 250 285 190

Solution:

a. in the first data set 12 has the highest frequency in the distribution therefore, the mode is

̅= 12

b. In the second data set, two values have the highest frequency; therefore, there are two modes and
the distribution is called bimodal. The modes are

̂ = 3.4 and = 2.2

c.In the third data set. There is no value that occurs most often; therefore, there is NO mode in the
distribution.

̅= does not exist

Example: Compare the mean, the median and the mode for the salaries of 5 employees of a small
grocery store. Which average could best represent the salaries of the employees?

Salaries: 25,000 10,000 5,000 3,000 3,000

Solution: Computing the mean, median and mode of salaries of employees, we got

Mean = 9,200

Median = 5,000

Mode = 3,000

The median of 5,000 better present the average of the salaries than does either the mean or the mode

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Example: Consider the following data on the test scores for two students.
Student English History English and
History
combined

Maria 84,65,70,90,99,84 89,75,85 Average = 82.33

Average = 82.00 Average = 83.00

Sarah 66,84,75,77,94,96, 72,78,98,81,68,92,88, Average = 82.40

81 Average = 86 Average = 82.88

81.66

Is this an example of Simpson’s Paradox? Explain

Measures of Dispersion

The measures of central tendency give information about the center of data set. Such descriptions,
however, do not adequately describe the characteristic of the distribution. To do this, we need to
compute the degree of dispersion of the values from the average. These measures are called
measures of dispersion or variability. It describes how spread the individual value is from the
average. Among these measures are the range, variance, and standard deviation.

Range – is the simplest and the easiest to compute among the measures of dispersion, but it is also
the most unstable and the most unreliable measure because it can easily be affected by the extreme
values. It is the difference between the highest and the lowest values in the distribution

R=HV – LV

Variance - is the average of the squared deviation of the values about the arithmetic mean. The
difference of the values from the mean will produce the negative differences if values are below the
mean. To avoid this, variance is developed as an alternative mechanism for overcoming the zero-sum
property of deviations from the mean.

2
The population variance is denoted by and can be obtained using the formula

()

Where: x = individual value

µ = population mean

N = population size
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The standard deviation is the square root of the variance. It is popular, and it is the most reliable
measure of variability expressed in the same units as the raw data, unlike the variance, which is
expressed in squared units. The population standard deviation is denoted by and can be computed
as follows

2=
√ √( )

Sample Variance is denoted by and sample standard deviation by s. These are used as estimates of
population variance and population standard deviation. Using n -1 in denominator of a sample variance
or sample deviation, rather than n, results in a better estimate of the population values. The sample
variance can be obtained using the formula.
̅̅̅ ̅
( ) ̅̅

Where = individual value

̅ = sample mean
= sample size

While the sample standard deviation is

√ 2 = √ ( ̅)

Example: A sample of six street vendors along San Pedro St. were surveyed and obtained their
average daily income as follows.

Php 560 Php 320 Php 440 Php 650 Php 200 Php 490

Solution: Arrange the data in column

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Income (x) ( x-x) ( x-x) 2

200 -243.33 59,209.49

320 -123.33 15,210.29

440 -3.33 11.09

490 46.67 2,178.09

560 116.67 13,611.89

650 206.67 42,712.49

Σx = 2660 (x-x) = no = 132,933.34

Compute for the mean:

̅= =
Compute for the variance:

( ̅)

Compute for the standard deviation.

√ ( ̅̅̅)
√ = 163.05
Therefore the sample variance is Php 26,586.67 and the sample standard deviation is Php 163.05

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 Data Management

Activity A
50 points

A.
Cell phones, computers and television have now improved so rapidly that to make use of the
latest technological breakthrough, people have replaced and discarded most of the electronic
equipment they possesses. The discarded item end up in landfills where the chemicals from
batteries and other electronic part and poisonous substances to the environment. The following
table shows the amount of tonnage of the most common types of electronic equipment
discarded in 2015.
Electronic Equipment Thousands of Ton Discarded

CRT TV’s 751.1

CRT Monitors 38.8

Printers , Keyboards, Mice 32.9

Desktop Computers 25.5

Laptop Computers 3.8

Projection TV’s 12.8

Cell Phones 0.7

LCD Monitors 0.9

Present and analyse the data using the bar graph and pie chart.
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Activity B
50 points

Answer the following:

1. The mean salary of ten employees is Php 32,000, and the median is Php 30,000. The highest
paid employee gets a Php 5,000 raise

a. What is the new mean salary of the ten employees?

b. What is the new median salary of the ten employees?

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Activity C
50 points

1. The Department of Trade and Industry surveyed the price of unleaded gasoline at gas stations in
Tagum City and Digos City. The raw data, in pesos per gallon, are given in the table below.
Tagum 48.75 49.25 48.65 50.10 47.80 49.10
City

Digos City 50.10 48.90 47.95 48.99 48.25 49.85

a. Find the mean price in each city. Which city has the lowest mean?

b. Find the standard deviation of prices in each city.

c. Which city has the more consistently priced gasoline? Why?

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