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introduction_python - Jupyter Notebook

Python Tutorial

Created by Mustafa Germec, PhD

1. Introduction to Python

First code

In [4]:

1 import handcalcs.render

In [2]:

1 # First python output with 'Print' functions

2 print('Hello World!')
3 print('Hi, Python!')

Hello World!
Hi, Python!

Version control

In [10]:

1 # Python version check

2 import sys
3 print(sys.version) # version control
4 print(sys.winver) # [Windows only] version number of the Python DLL
5 print(sys.gettrace) # get the global debug tracing function
6 print(sys.argv) # keeps the parameters used while running the program we wrote in a list.
7

3.10.0 (tags/v3.10.0:b494f59, Oct 4 2021, 19:00:18) [MSC v.1929 64 bit (AMD64)]

3.10
<built-in function gettrace>
['c:\\Users\\test\\AppData\\Local\\Programs\\Python\\Python310\\lib\\site-packages\\ipykernel_laun
cher.py', '--ip=127.0.0.1', '--stdin=9008', '--control=9006', '--hb=9005', '--Session.signature_scheme="hm
ac-sha256"', '--Session.key=b"ca6e4e4e-b431-4942-98fd-61b49a098170"', '--shell=9007', '--transport="t
cp"', '--iopub=9009', '--f=c:\\Users\\test\\AppData\\Roaming\\jupyter\\runtime\\kernel-17668h2JS6UX
2d6li.json']

help() function

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In [11]:

1 # The Python help function is used to display the documentation of modules, functions, classes, keywords, etc.
2 help(sys) # here the module name is 'sys'
dllhandle -- [Windows only] integer handle of the Python DLL
winver -- [Windows only] version number of the Python DLL
_enablelegacywindowsfsencoding -- [Windows only]
__stdin__ -- the original stdin; don't touch!
__stdout__ -- the original stdout; don't touch!
__stderr__ -- the original stderr; don't touch!
__displayhook__ -- the original displayhook; don't touch!
__excepthook__ -- the original excepthook; don't touch!

Functions:

displayhook() -- print an object to the screen, and save it in builtins._

excepthook() -- print an exception and its traceback to sys.stderr
exc_info() -- return thread-safe information about the current exception
exit() -- exit the interpreter by raising SystemExit
getdlopenflags() -- returns flags to be used for dlopen() calls
getprofile() -- get the global profiling function
getrefcount() -- return the reference count for an object (plus one :-)
getrecursionlimit() -- return the max recursion depth for the interpreter
getsizeof() -- return the size of an object in bytes
tt () t th l b l d b t i f ti

Comment

In [12]:

1 # This is a comment, and to write a comment, '#' symbol is used.

2 print('Hello World!') # This line prints a string.
3
4 # Print 'Hello'
5 print('Hello')

Hello World!
Hello

Errors

In [13]:

1 # Print string as error message

2 frint('Hello, World!')

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
~\AppData\Local\Temp/ipykernel_13804/1191913539.py in <module>
1 # Print string as error message
----> 2 frint('Hello, World!')

NameError: name 'frint' is not defined

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In [14]:

1 # Built-in error message

2 print('Hello, World!)

File "C:\Users\test\AppData\Local\Temp/ipykernel_13804/974508531.py", line 2

print('Hello, World!)
^
SyntaxError: unterminated string literal (detected at line 2)

In [15]:

1 # Print both string and error to see the running order

2 print('This string is printed')
3 frint('This gives an error message')
4 print('This string will not be printed')

This string is printed

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
~\AppData\Local\Temp/ipykernel_13804/3194197137.py in <module>
1 # Print both string and error to see the running order
2 print('This string is printed')
----> 3 frint('This gives an error message')
4 print('This string will not be printed')

NameError: name 'frint' is not defined

Basic data types in Python

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In [27]:

1 # String
2 print("Hello, World!")
3 # Integer
4 print(12)
5 # Float
6 print(3.14)
7 # Boolean
8 print(True)
9 print(False)
10 print(bool(1)) # Output = True
11 print(bool(0)) # Output = False
12

Hello, World!
12
3.14
True
False
True
False

type() function

In [29]:

1 # String
2 print(type('Hello, World!'))
3
4 # Integer
5 print(type(15))
6 print(type(-24))
7 print(type(0))
8 print(type(1))
9
10 # Float
11 print(type(3.14))
12 print(type(0.5))
13 print(type(1.0))
14 print(type(-5.0))
15
16 # Boolean
17 print(type(True))
18 print(type(False))

<class 'str'>
<class 'int'>
<class 'int'>
<class 'int'>
<class 'int'>
<class 'float'>
<class 'float'>
<class 'float'>
<class 'float'>
<class 'bool'>
<class 'bool'>

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In [25]:

1 # to obtain the information about 'interger' and 'float'

2 print(sys.int_info)
3 print() # to add a space between two outputs, use 'print()' function
4 print(sys.float_info)

sys.int_info(bits_per_digit=30, sizeof_digit=4)

sys.float_info(max=1.7976931348623157e+308, max_exp=1024, max_10_exp=308, min=2.2250738585

072014e-308, min_exp=-1021, min_10_exp=-307, dig=15, mant_dig=53, epsilon=2.220446049250313e-
16, radix=2, rounds=1)

Converting an abject type to another object type

In [35]:

1 # Let's convert the integer number 6 to a string and a float

2
3 number = 6
4
5 print(str(number))
6 print(float(number))
7 print(type(number))
8 print(type(str(number)))
9 print(type(float(number)))
10 str(number)

6
6.0
<class 'int'>
<class 'str'>
<class 'float'>

Out[35]:

'6'

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In [37]:

1 # Let's conver the float number 3.14 to a string and an integer

2
3 number = 3.14
4
5 print(str(number))
6 print(int(number))
7 print(type(number))
8 print(type(str(number)))
9 print(type(int(number)))
10 str(number)

3.14
3
<class 'float'>
<class 'str'>
<class 'int'>

Out[37]:

'3.14'

In [42]:

1 # Let's convert the booleans to an integer, a float, and a string

2
3 bool_1 = True
4 bool_2 = False
5
6 print(int(bool_1))
7 print(int(bool_2))
8 print(float(bool_1))
9 print(float(bool_2))
10 print(str(bool_1))
11 print(str(bool_2))
12 print(bool(1))
13 print(bool(0))

1
0
1.0
0.0
True
False
True
False

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In [46]:

1 # Let's find the data types of 9/3 and 9//4

2
3 print(9/3)
4 print(9//4)
5 print(type(9/3))
6 print(type(9//4))

3.0
2
<class 'float'>
<class 'int'>

Experesion and variables

In [47]:

1 # Addition
2
3 x = 56+65+89+45+78.5+98.2
4 print(x)
5 print(type(x))

431.7
<class 'float'>

In [48]:

1 # Substraction
2
3 x = 85-52-21-8
4 print(x)
5 print(type(x))

4
<class 'int'>

In [49]:

1 # Multiplication
2
3 x = 8*74
4 print(x)
5 print(type(x))

592
<class 'int'>

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In [50]:

1 # Division
2
3 x = 125/24
4 print(x)
5 print(type(x))

5.208333333333333
<class 'float'>

In [51]:

1 # Floor division
2
3 x = 125//24
4 print(x)
5 print(type(x))

5
<class 'int'>

In [52]:

1 # Modulus
2
3 x = 125%24
4 print(x)
5 print(type(x))

5
<class 'int'>

In [54]:

1 # Exponentiation
2
3 x = 2**3
4 print(x)
5 print(type(x))

8
<class 'int'>

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In [56]:

1 # An example: Let's calculate how many minutes there are in 20 hours?

2
3 one_hour = 60 # 60 minutes
4 hour = 20
5 minutes = one_hour *hour
6 print(minutes)
7 print(type(minutes))
8
9 # An example: Let's calculate how many hours there are in 348 minutes?
10
11 minutes = 348
12 one_hour = 60
13 hours = 348/60
14 print(hours)
15 print(type(hours))

1200
<class 'int'>
5.8
<class 'float'>

In [57]:

1 # Mathematica expression
2 x = 45+3*89
3 y = (45+3)*89
4 print(x)
5 print(y)
6 print(x+y)
7 print(x-y)
8 print(x*y)
9 print(x/y)
10 print(x**y)
11 print(x//y)
12 print(x%y)

312
4272
4584
-3960
1332864
0.07303370786516854
1067641991672876496055543763730817849611894303069314938895568785412634039540022
1668842874389034129806306214264361154798836623794212717734310359113620187307704
8553130787246373784413835009801652141537511130496428252345316433301059252139523
9103385944143088194316106218470432254894248261498724877893090946822825581242099
3242205445735594289393570693328984019619118774730111283010744851323185842999276
1218679164101636444032930435771562516453083564435414559235582600151873226528287
4086778132273334129052616885240052566240386236622942378082773719975939989126678
9683171279214118065400092433700677527805247487272637725301042917923096127461019
9709972018821656789423406359174060212611294727986571959777654952011794250637017
9853580809082166014475884812255990200313907285732712182897968690212853238136253
3527097401887285523369419688233628863002122383440451166119429893245226499915609
9033727713855480854355371150599738557878712977577549271433343813379749929657561
1090329888355805852160926406122231645709135255126700296738346241869701327318850
6363349028686981626711602285071129130073002939818468972496440163596801441600675

Variables
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Variables

In [58]:

1 # Store the value 89 into the variabe 'number'

2
3 number = 90
4 print(number)
5 print(type(number))

90
<class 'int'>

In [62]:

1 x = 25
2 y = 87
3 z = 5*x - 2*y
4 print(z)
5
6 t = z/7
7 print(t)
8
9 z = z/14
10 print(z)

-49
-7.0
-3.5

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In [68]:

1 x, y, z = 8, 4, 2 # the values of x, y, and z can be written in one line.

2 print(x, y, z)
3 print(x)
4 print(y)
5 print(z)
6 print(x/y)
7 print(x/z)
8 print(y/z)
9 print(x+y+z)
10 print(x*y*z)
11 print(x-y-z)
12 print(x/y/z)
13 print(x//y//z)
14 print(x%y%z)
15

842
8
4
2
2.0
4.0
2.0
14
64
2
1.0
1
0

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