Scribd
Upload
1K views9 pages

Solutions l1 Chemistry Class 12 Cbse by Ashu Sir

This document discusses mixtures and solutions. It defines a mixture as a combination of two or more chemically non-reactive substances, and describes homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures. A solution is defined as a homogeneous mixture whose composition can vary within limits. The solute is the substance that dissolves, while the solvent dissolves the solute. Various methods are provided for expressing the concentration of a solution, including mass percentage, volume percentage, parts per million, mole fraction, molarity, and molality.

Uploaded by

vedantu495
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
1K views9 pages

Solutions l1 Chemistry Class 12 Cbse by Ashu Sir

This document discusses mixtures and solutions. It defines a mixture as a combination of two or more chemically non-reactive substances, and describes homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures. A solution is defined as a homogeneous mixture whose composition can vary within limits. The solute is the substance that dissolves, while the solvent dissolves the solute. Various methods are provided for expressing the concentration of a solution, including mass percentage, volume percentage, parts per million, mole fraction, molarity, and molality.

Uploaded by

vedantu495
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 9

SOLUTIONS

Lecture-1
MIXTURE:
When two or more chemically non-reactive substances
are mixed they form a mixture. Most of the materials we
encounter in our daily lives are in the form of mixtures.
Example:
i) The air, we breathe, is gaseous mixture of primarily
oxygen and nitrogen.
ii) Blood is a mixture of many different components; rock
are solid mixtures of different minerals.
It is of two types:
i) Homogeneous mixture
It consists of single phase i.e., it is uniform and its
properties are same throughout the mixture. Its
components cannot be seen by the naked eye or with the
help of a microscope.
ii) Heterogeneous mixture
It consists of distinct phases (i.e.,) it is not uniform. Its
components can be seen by naked eye or with the help of
microscope.
SOLUTION:
A homogeneous mixture of two or more components
whose composition can be varied within certain limits is
termed as a solution. We can’t filtrate out the
components of solution. All solutions are characterized by
i) Homogeneity (ii) Absence of settling (iii) Particle size
range is (10-7 -10-8 cm)
Note: When the solution is composed of two components,
it is termed as a binary solution. Similarly, ternary and
quaternary.
Solute and solvent:
The substance which dissolved into another substance is
called solute and the substance which dissolved solute
into it, is called solvent.
Methods of expressing the concentration of a solution:
i) Mass percentage (W/W):
It is defined as the amount of solute in grams in 100g of
the solution.
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆
Mass percentage of solute = X 100
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
ii) Volume percentage (V /V):
It is defined as the volume of solute in mL present in
100mL solution.
𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆
Percentage of solute by volume = X 100
𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
iii) Mass by volume % (W/V):
Defined as the mass of solute present in 100mL of solution.
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆
Percentage of solute mass by volume= X100
𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
iv) Parts per million:
When the solute is present in trace quantities, it is
convenient to express the concentration in parts per
million (ppm). It is defined as the quantity of solute in gm
present in 106 gm of the solution
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆
Ppm= X 106
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
v) Mole fraction:
It is defined as the ratio of number of moles of one
component to the total no. Of moles of the solution.
𝒏𝒐.𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆
Mole fraction of solute = 𝒏𝒐.𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆+𝒏𝒐.𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕

𝒏𝒐.𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆
Mole fraction of solvent =
𝒏𝒐.𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆+𝒏𝒐.𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕

Mole fraction is unit less quantity


vi) Molarity:
Molarity is defined as the number of moles of solute
dissolved in one litre of solution. It is denoted by M. The
unit of molarity is mol/litre.
𝒏𝒐.𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆
Molarity = 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏(𝒊𝒏 𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒓𝒆)
vii) Molality:
Number of moles of solute is dissolved in 1kg of solute. It
is denoted by ‘m’. S.I unit of molality is mol/kg.
𝒏𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆
Molality=
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕(𝒊𝒏 𝒌𝒈)

You might also like