&F 3 eee Eeo 3 2 Effect of electric field on non-frler molecule oe or. unit of & dn mw? Dieectricn + The non- conducting materials in which equal and ofperite inelucedl changes are produces on theix opposite faces on the application of ehectric fief ore Called olielectricn. eg. Air , glass bic. Electric Polarization » gt iv the porocenr eof tnelucin Fe equal anol epperite charges on the twe epporite faces of the dielectric on the application ef efectric -ffetel. 8 E- & : Ep = Se z ia aan bo) B= Eo-be = £-& Es ©- 6p €e Dielectuc comtant kK = Eo ot Ss Cn E ° ee Ao Er E 2e K7L3 ‘Relation between Swface charge cenrity (©) and 4yducecl nunface charge chensity (6p) E = E,- Ep Eetiegrettee K Sok 2 SH 2 © —6% €sK & eS 3 S fee teeter = (Rye Ay Ket Spee dn Coase of Conduct E=0 9 E,=Ep £ Spee The Petarization vecter + 44 in oltfinecl as the SSH SI Ii eu pees Imemnenetpertent tices of the potanizect olielectric $4 on ws ne- of cetomy oc molecules /Volume thn PP =nPp ST. unit > Cyr IPL = Sp SPH ity £ Dielectric conntant £ Dictectric Constant POE E oo PH GaueE See Ne Uni oe Xe = 2, ¢ +) ke & E=E,-Ep *& E,> E+E > E +S 2 +P Reatim between am Dek wten mb, = Et Slee = O4+xS' e DK = Be a 14k, Diekecbic whength > The wmascimum voluz of ehectrte +tidel Untensity thet Can be abpliecl te velectric without electric ‘brwakelown . Epa = Vora [al Esectric Dinfbtacement vector E =E,- Ep Ae Oe a Es o-6p ». PR = © - FM Ce ep = PA)Electuiical Capacitance Electrical Capacitance » the Meanwu of -the Qbility, cf & Conductor te wtort electric Charge or energy dn Rnewn an electrical capacitance. 44% be the Charge on a conolucter Lv te dh petentich then FCV ow t=cv ow C= & Sf vet ,C=4y SI. Unit Fanacl (F) ot C [vy Cory ip uit) other practical unity MF, pF, ne Capaciter > A capacctoe Conpints of tue Concluctin beolier xeparatect by a nen- Conctuctin Meolium wuch that ut can wtow targe amount of Chorge in small pace. Capacitance Sf divola tect Bpherical Ceroluc toe Potential at ony point om the PUrface S$ wpherne in given by ve £& UTre, Now co 7 FU tL suTer 3 COOnr * iE w Capacitance of Earth Parallet phate ane CO STU KE = TIX yo-b Capactter eet Principle > capacitance of a Chargecl Concluctor sy rpprueciably dnertezsecl oy bringing a nether unchargedt or Low petential Con lic tor Cennecteol te Eaxth neaw wit previclel thew i» waome Wen ~ Cn lucting meolium between them, Capacitance Ea € 2 Electric fielol eo Pet eee os 2 E- ¥ - ay a veed od Ex Sle. oe = . yoda | —— pee Ai Now C= Vly = GAla : e— oh —ee Capacitance of Poraltel pdate capacites With cielecdric snob 4 Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor vhaving, We oe vacuum between the plates CG = &f ol Potential difference between the twe phater of the Capaciter tL» V=E@-t) +Et = Es zk oe Es Ee Vv = —,@-4) + Eee = Eo (A-t4t)_) a Ve S fd-tt t} = bf a-t+t = kJ a, f Ik] a ee EoA = & v (A-t4t/k) of iH f+E 7 tee] => c7a 4h ted thn C= KG om K=C]e, Combination of Capacitors CR aa = OD An series —m fal RE VEY 4M + 5 7 So ow te ae Cc + so @ dn pareltel ut (G Yay +r tos Gt jee Vey, +CrVa + 3¥y = C+ Cr+lsv Sg Ce =O +Cr +z 4 . Energy snteud in a charged capacter Let at any instant 4 be the change on Capaciter See eee a Nour ol W = AV = Vag = dd (omall work olene ) uo = [hee 2 g2\Q@ © gr i< EA 2 Wine ow Ue Weve =Iwav | ¥(28) © Egpect of dielectic Introduced between the plates ck the capacitor mm emerpy pimed in capecite Gi When battery ty olin conectest Us = er Ner C=KGQ = U = Us, ZCo K Ary K?71 2 U v=zkyu e UP (Conergy Ancrearer) Energy totertd in Combination of Capacitors aE BR Ce ODO Sertes Combination SP geese ce 6 tet Cn U= 8 2 OQ? eh yp hee Kb : 5, eae Le ao & wus 2 2 oe sete Ve Qe + G4 —— BF 2 U tlar Uy QD Parallel Combination Cpe GQ tlt —— Cy 2 Ue Lepr = (G+ + cy) ew Ue IME EGY + — byt = UUs +— Energy density un parallel pate Capacitor Caos aie ee Seater elev ites = Vetev feces fee a oA Erq? = L & DS U=L Shera 2 Lande : : IE ; 2 ea) eect = | m? 4 Energy cumsity =U = 2b ee / Common Petential when twe capaciters having Cafacitances C £t art Cmvected un parallel then Ye OYtaK After Commection jon sharing 4'= CV +GY = Sa CY tan =Q+ayv Charge conrervation’! S Vz GoM 4Gr “a Cy Ce ‘ KTTRow in Low of energy en whoring charger6) Cwurent Etectricity —1 Electric Cworent > The nate of fiw of electric charges flowing. through any Crormr- nection of a Conolucter- = a8 | qs flat Direction of conventional current is the direction of fl of peritive charges S-I. unit > oe = 1 Coulomb /se¢. ~ Gp Vaiable Direct Cwvrent Gi) AAternatng cwcent (Ac) Douft velocity > dt Jn the average veloc ty with which free cectronn in a Conduct get cbufted in a cUrectin opporite te the cliectin of applic electuic | pitta. | Force. es eoY a freee Bier bel ty gen by ge =-eF aiieudts = “SE By le Fee velocity luc te thermal guelaxcetion time then grt a4 encrgy LT pasty > Ya = = Bot © Cau, au Bite+ th + 4 Gi +a+—th) n y = 0 + Try 3 Ue - -RE tw ™ [et = . 10a) = 2Et ave = T ] vAGY Mobility CH) > Douft velocity per unit electuic fielol ; Ms Mal et Ee oe Relation het ween CWrrent £ dnigt Welecity Let A be arta of Comms rection eee Ain Aength of conclucter [ene <9 New eee + k Sf Ww is Number dlennity of elec trons then total ne of electrons is NAL A Total charge on conctucter = MAtye New aati Vou => r-RQ _ nate va = neAw eae a For the (New Vy = EET Awuivetion = ot = T= netAte ew AT Y JSwWryistivi Sear eet mL Meow T= Ko oy Re mt R nert A Ace eae eee = & A a fF - nero ohms Jour The current flowing through a Cencluct ib Anectly profper- tinal te fpetential lfference (V) across the ends ef cmolucter prrevicled Pphyrical tmalitions ” remain bame. INV ew ver 3S v=etTR & ZR From above R = ms, ow RA £ REL ST Unit > ohm = Volt | Ampere(28) Factors affecting rusistivity or specie ris tence = M_ 5 ne*c a pe , pat Uy Reriotivity is Aifferent per Lifferent materials (for clifferent values of n). Se ut olepends om rnatwe of materiel. Gi) Relaxation time T cleceeaney weth increase Un temperatut in conductors 26 increase dn temperatuu misults in Anerxase in sepedbvity in conducts. « 4n demicomeluctrs, Pe fy efsleer Se a tempera tue Uncreases , resistivity Ole erearty . KR dn Unoulatered , at abnolute Zee , seeristivity Us Vinginitely tange £ f= Pp efFIKT Cworent Density > de tn lefinedl as the ameunt Sea pf EC Ue Ye porring per unit aren of Cenolucter hell perpenclicular to the flor of Chargers tices ft ab & verter co wh oe lirec ty Uy dame an the olbrec bien of cnventiomal -AA(er Relation between J o LE Ce eae ree eee (Micxorcepic form of chm’s Laur) We now that T= neay Nor Va = CET mm => re: nereEta ya pe eee ee ceed eet ear CE eee 4 ™ Sie aee eo eel net nett £ m pie eye ore Dela Oleweer Cites 0 seeds les arasess RR (1+ « de) er x = R-Re R, 46 x K dy poritive for metallic Concluctorrs me iy Ve for insulators and remiconducters kK in very math 4% alleys (eq. constantan ana manganin ) Limitations of ohms Aa Trassem VOT in not Valiol for high voltages L cwwurents ws tempercture lotr not main Conmtant in that Cart chm'n Laws ia net velid for (a) Semicencluctsr dicde, (b) Tocanpist err (©) Thyrtrters (a) For materials ike Gahs, 1 clecreaser with unvware in V after Certain Velie: (i) few Carer an(30 Theemintors > dt in highly temperotwu olefenclent Spy Lore . Thermistorvs can be of tue types: CQ) Thecmist t i — ai negative temperature Coefficient CW) Therminter with “positive temperatuce co-efficient of ovenintivity * They we used dn electronic circuits controtRing, the variations in apbliedt vettages (eo Voltage regutetrrr) Rei Suthex « coneluctivity > St sin the fpneporty “by vwinkuc of Which a metal | albey , oniole or a pore conductor hows almost Z2ers scesistance at a very Los temperetune iy called vapor concluct vi ty. €9 The sueristance ef meroury (H) olnopss te wwe belles 42k Corben cole Coole Jetrinters eee (erneenrieaseiint® Tetra ce. BBROYG BY &W Grote Sidven EHH aH EEE GLEE 4 SY. lof. 20, 6, 8: Bs 8y Black , Brown , Real , orange , Yellow , Goreen , Blue , vielet , rey , ushite u eq. 8, > Green 5 1X le + S57. By — Brown 8,8, X10 + Byt By yellow By GoldElectutc Energy. > wer ome WW) ib Yren by we Vy =VIt Nes vee = We Enogy = TR ve es SI. unit = Joule Electric Power 4 Paolld 2 W oT*RE_ 72 ree ee aE +: ees er PeV* 2VI SI unit—-+ watt R 14-p. =746 watt (other Unt) 1 KWatt = Looo Watt K Commercial unit of electrical energy ds Kihr LkWhe = 3-6 x joo T Combination of reste Vey, GeV Ci) Sn Serues eens VeYtVity, Ea TR, = TR, +TRrtI Rs => Rs = AytRitRa QQ) 4n “parallel 4A T=, tls +25 Je> Vv Vv v v Is sea te x R Ro BR RR ; | < Lat en eter v Rp Ret R5 a of a are. ae susistes then 2 = 1 41 or Rp = Ry Ro Re RR R, + Ra@ EMe. of a cell > 94 os potential clifhenence TE hetusten the terrrinals of the Cell When ne cwwrent flowy (Ae Sen Circuit) Terminal petenbul difference » 44 4s potential difference between | the terminals of the Cell ain Chesed circuit. Intemal serivtance sf a cell» 4x dv opposition “— othored by the electrolyte or electroctes of a Cell te the ow of cwrrent. Jt ds clenoted by Se. Reletion Setween Emme £Teminel P-D. of cell es armen ete oe lee 54 E be the ems. of tt i: | Cuh 4 VY be the P-D. then E = I Rt R eae ee Rie Now V=eTR =» Ev $+In oe. wu = = E-v » E=W* -(E -1)R wv be =[& -1R Voriatims ef E and VW with R E E v Me Sit ¥ : _ L re ° a> R >R o a 3 Tt i ol * When the cell / battery un charge a teen charger Veltage V > emf CE) of the ay VeetinCombination ef cells ® dm Serier (a) Tolentical cells in reriey Fogg = NE » Teepe. = Nie T= NE Rtnxe * 92 ROM they = ne ‘i rR J4 R< Jt tates thet the | um of all the Crrrens entedng any peint (or function) must be epual te the »um of all currents Acaving that peint, Zil=o Ty+I.+I3 =Ty +2, ow I,+I2 +I3-Iy-Is=0 et ZI =o $s @ Kirchhoff veltae Jew > dx tater thet the wgebsaic mura of att veltager ie. the potential Aiffertnces across all cements and emfs of all ounces in any closed. eRecbucol Circuit is zeng | ZE+ Zav 20 Wheetrtone Bridge > 44 vs an arrangement of few seerintirs in the form of a bsiclge | Prindple + when Rey K in Closecl . And R is adjusted uch that galvanometer shore ne cleflection then Po Kk Q $ oe 5 = (AYR Knowing P,@ £R , the value of § Can be Coleulateot.ee) Preof > Abplying Kinchheff’» Aas , Lewp apd -1, P-I, @+IR =0 dn Lop 6cDB - CIi-Ig) @ +(@)+Tg)s +1y = ab Uheatrtene briclge +» balanced then “TAP ATR =e fs | £ -,a+1,5 = > 1,P=T,R & Tig = 7S P ge ae fn ES = | CHence Proved ) Meter Bridge (Gliole Wire byielge) Pi Renintance of wire between A LI Q > Rerirtance 6f Woe between BLT gh oe te ousintance per unit Length of wire then Perk £ Q = rt(loo-t) P R ~~ A_ or $=/leo-t)R Lied Qe £ is $ Jook (ee ) Knowing the valurr of AER , the value of Unknown wieyintance § Can be Calculated. : Petentiometer >A potentiometer iv a olevice that can be ureol te mearune othe emf of a rowrce (cell) witheut clawing any coment doum the rowece. Principk » VEL ow V= RA in principle of potentiometer wher hk = ISIaCe Heel @ Comparinen of @mfs ef two cells wring potentiometer When circuit iv Cloded and Rey ir inserted i “oe wit between 1 £3 then Cell E, in brought A 8 din the chit £ oe wh “point ow cleflection) E> ds obtained at T “ve fat E, = Vay Noe Vey = RA, > €& =kit —1 Nor cell E, +» brought inte the Wreuct by putting the “hey between 2 23. Now null point iv obtained at JT! Ue. E, 2 Vash Now Vag = Ro 3 & =hkhi, — From TL € It we get ae Ey Ae By Rowing the values of 4, £4, , We Can Calulate &, le, @ Determination ef internal rursivtance of cele eae uP een amete chose the Rey k, heebing E Ki ki oben , find the null Howe 4oint om woe at : and new Put Rey fe & 33 7 and find the null peint TI Lior Kaey Ler Ateae4t, & AT eho > E=My=kdy When “Rey in Clerecl , potential difference Vo = Riba = My! > £2. Vv de No se = (2-1) R = vy Ay to ee Ge vee By femowing the values of 1,, 6 ¢R, Unternal susistance Se, can be caleutated. @ Meas urement of Unknown mall sristence Wring petentiome tex. ee Pee enome tex k Te fint the unknown EEE eee) owirtance S , find the ry Rh yw peint om AB ue TOA Now accereling te hy Aa 8 halanced Wheatrtme Ss R ovidge Con ctition eit eee Ai, de